Manipulating feared self-perceptions in an analogue sample using virtual reality and its impact on harm-related intrusions and urges to neutralise

Aardema, 2017, The role of feared possible selves in obsessive-compulsive and related disorders: A comparative analysis of a core cognitive self-construct in clinical samples, Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 25, 19, 10.1002/cpp.2121 Aardema, 2013, Fear of self and obsessionality: Development and validation of the fear of self questionnaire, Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 2, 306, 10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.05.005 Aardema, 2007, The menace within: Obsessions and the self, Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: International Quarterly, 21, 182, 10.1891/088983907781494573 Aardema, 2020, Feared possible selves in cognitive-behavioral theory: An analysis of its historical and empirical context, and introduction of a working model, Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 24, 100479, 10.1016/j.jocrd.2019.100479 Aardema, 2018, Reduced fear-of-self is associated with improvement in concerns related to repugnant obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder, British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 10.1111/bjc.12214 Aardema, 2010, The expanded version of the Inferential Confusion Questionnaire: Further development and validation in clinical and non-clinical samples, Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32, 448, 10.1007/s10862-009-9157-x Alcolado, 2011, Believe in yourself: Manipulating beliefs about memory causes checking, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 42, 10.1016/j.brat.2010.10.001 Bennett-Levy, 2004 Bhar, 2007, An investigation of self-ambivalence in obsessive-compulsive disorder, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 1845, 10.1016/j.brat.2007.02.005 Carl, 2019, Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 61, 27, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.08.003 Carver, 1999, Self-discrepancies and affect: Incorporating the role of feared selves, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 783, 10.1177/0146167299025007002 Clark, 2005, Thinking is believing: Ego-dystonic intrusive thoughts in obsessive-compulsive disorder, 145 Clark, 1993, New perspectives for a cognitive theory of obsessions, Australian Psychologist, 28, 161, 10.1080/00050069308258896 Cougle, 2014, Pathological and non-pathological features of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Revisiting basic assumptions of cognitive models, Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 3, 12, 10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.11.002 Doron, 2005, Obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review of possible specific internal representations within a broader cognitive theory, Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 415, 10.1016/j.cpr.2005.02.002 Doron, 2007, Sensitive domains of self-concept in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): Further evidence for a multidimensional model of OCD, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 433, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.05.008 Falconer, 2016, Embodying self-compassion within virtual reality and its effects on patients with depression, BJPsych open, 2, 74, 10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.002147 Falconer, 2014, Embodying compassion: A virtual reality paradigm for overcoming excessive self-criticism, PLoS One, 9, 10.1371/journal.pone.0111933 Gagné, 2017, Manipulating beliefs about losing control causes checking behaviour, Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 15, 34, 10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.08.013 Gagné, 2020, Beliefs about losing control, obsessions, and caution: An experimental investigation, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 126, 103574, 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103574 Garcia-Palacios, 2007, Comparing acceptance and refusal rates of virtual reality exposure vs. in vivo exposure by patients with specific phobias, CyberPsychology and Behavior, 10, 722, 10.1089/cpb.2007.9962 Grisham, 2011, Risk factors prospectively associated with adult obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions and obsessive-compulsive disorder, Psychological Medicine, 41, 2495, 10.1017/S0033291711000894 Hayes, 2013 Henry, 2005, The short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample, British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 227, 10.1348/014466505X29657 Higgins, 1987, Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect, Psychological Review, 94, 319, 10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.319 Higgins, 1989, Self-discrepancy theory: What patterns of self-beliefs cause people to suffer?, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 93, 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60306-8 Jaeger, 2015, The role of fear of self and responsibility in obsessional doubt processes: A bayesian hierarchical model, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 34, 839, 10.1521/jscp.2015.34.10.839 Kannan, 2013, A review of client self-criticism in psychotherapy, Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 23, 166, 10.1037/a0032355 Krause, 2020, It's not so much about what you touch: Mental contamination mediates the relationship between feared self-perceptions and contact contamination, Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 25, 100507, 10.1016/j.jocrd.2020.100507 Lovibond, 1995 Mattick, 1998, Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 455, 10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10031-6 Melli, 2016, Fear of self and unacceptable thoughts in OCD, Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 23, 226, 10.1002/cpp.1950 Miloff, 2016, Single-session gamified virtual reality exposure therapy for spider vs. traditional exposure therapy: Study protocol for a randomized controlled non-in-feriority trial, Trials, 17, 60, 10.1186/s13063-016-1171-1 O'Connor, 2012 Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group, 2001, Development and initial validation of the obsessive beliefs questionnaire and the interpretation of intrusions inventory, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 987, 10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00085-1 Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group, 2005, Psychometric validation of the obsessive belief questionnaire and interpretation of intrusions inventory - Part 2: Factor analyses and testing of a brief version, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 1527, 10.1016/j.brat.2004.07.010 Padesky, 1994, Schema change processes in cognitive therapy, Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 1, 267, 10.1002/cpp.5640010502 Preacher, 2004, SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models, Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 36, 717, 10.3758/BF03206553 Purdon, 1999, Metacognition and obsessions, Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 6, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199905)6:2<102::AID-CPP191>3.0.CO;2-5 Rachman, 1997, A cognitive theory of obsessions, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 793, 10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00040-5 Rachman, 2003 Rachman, 2015 Rachman, 1978, Abnormal and normal obsessions, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 16, 233, 10.1016/0005-7967(78)90022-0 Rachman, 1996, How to remain neutral: An experimental analysis of neutralization, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 889, 10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00051-4 Radomsky, 2014, Part 1. You can run but you can't hide: Intrusive thoughts on 6 continents, Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 3, 269, 10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.09.002 Radomsky, 2010, Cognitive-behavior therapy for compulsive checking in OCD, Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 17, 119, 10.1016/j.cbpra.2009.10.002 Rassin, 2007, Content difference between normal and abnormal obsessions, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2800, 10.1016/j.brat.2007.07.006 Ruscio, 2010, The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the national comorbidity survey replication, Molecular Psychiatry, 15, 53, 10.1038/mp.2008.94 Salkovskis, 1985, Obsessional-compulsive problems: A cognitive-behavioural analysis, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 571, 10.1016/0005-7967(85)90105-6 Salkovskis, 1984, Abnormal and normal obsessions: A replication, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 22, 549, 10.1016/0005-7967(84)90057-3 Salkovskis, 2000, Responsibility attitudes and interpretations are characteristic of obsessive compulsive disorder, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 347, 10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00071-6 Slater, 2019, An experimental study of a virtual reality counselling paradigm using embodied self-dialogue, Scientific Reports, 9, 10903, 10.1038/s41598-019-46877-3 Steinberg, 2017 Thordarson, 2004, The vancouver obsessional compulsive inventory (VOCI), Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 1289, 10.1016/j.brat.2003.08.007 Timpano, 2011, Efficacy of a prevention program for postpartum obsessive-compulsive symptoms, Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 1511, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.06.015 Wahl, 2019, Prior beliefs about the importance and control of thoughts are predictive but not specific to subsequent intrusvie unwanted thoughts and neutralizing behaviors, Cognitive Therapy and Research Wong, 2019, Choice blindness, confabulatory introspection, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: Investigation in a clinical sample, Cognitive Therapy and Research