Management of Facial Asymmetry

George K.B. Sándor1,2,3,4,5,6,7, Taylor P. McGuire8, Leena P. Ylikontiola6,7, Willy S. Serlo9,10, Pertti M. Pirttiniemi6,11
1Graduate Program in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
2Pediatric Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the Hospital for Sick Children and Bloorview Kids Rehab Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
3Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
4Regea Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
5Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
6Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
7Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
8Facial Cosmetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Baptist Memorial-Golden Triangle, Columbus, MS, USA
9Pediatric Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
10Department of Pediatric Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
11Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland

Tài liệu tham khảo

Peck, 1991, Skeletal asymmetry in esthetically pleasing faces, Angle Orthod, 61, 43 Rhodes, 2006, The evolutionary psychology of facial beauty, Annu Rev Psychol, 57, 199, 10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190208 Bashour, 2006, An objective system for measuring facial attractiveness, Plast Reconstr Surg, 118, 757, 10.1097/01.prs.0000207382.60636.1c Bashour, 2006, History and current concepts in the analysis of facial attractiveness, Plast Reconstr Surg, 118, 741, 10.1097/01.prs.0000233051.61512.65 Peterson-Falzone, 1996, An introduction to complex craniofacial disorders, vol. 2, 112 Cohen, 1995, Perspectives on craniofacial asymmetry Part I: the biology of asymmetry, Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 24, 2, 10.1016/S0901-5027(05)80848-3 Pirttiniemi, 1989, Head posture and dentofacial asymmetries in surgically treated muscular torticollis patients, Acta Odontol Scand, 47, 193, 10.3109/00016358909007700 Sergueef, 2006, Palpatory diagnosis of plagiocephaly, Complement Ther Clin Pract, 12, 101, 10.1016/j.ctcp.2005.11.001 Bruneteau, 1992, Frontal plagiocephaly: synostotic, compensational, or deformational, Plast Reconstr Surg, 89, 21, 10.1097/00006534-199289010-00005 2005, Pediatrics, 116, 1245, 10.1542/peds.2005-1499 Littlefield, 2004, On the current incidence of deformational plagiocephaly: an estimation based on prospective registration at a single center, Semin Pediatr Neurol, 11, 301, 10.1016/j.spen.2004.10.003 Hummel, 2005, Impacting infant head shapes, Adv Neonatal Care, 5, 329, 10.1016/j.adnc.2005.08.009 Losee, 2005, Deformational plagiocephaly: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment, Clin Plast Surg, 32, 53, 10.1016/j.cps.2004.08.003 Fellows-Mayle, 2006, Testing causal mechanisms of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis using path analysis of cranial contents in rabbits with uncorrected craniosynostosis, Cleft Palate Craniofac J, 43, 524, 10.1597/05-107 Posnick, 1996, Upper facial asymmetries resulting from unilateral coronal synostosis: diagnosis and surgical reconstruction, vol. 4, 53 Wolfe, 1996, Craniofacial disorders and their surgical treatment: an overview for allied medical specialists, vol. 2, 243 Tamburrini, 2005, Intracranial pressure monitoring in children with single suture and complex craniosynostosis: a review, Childs Nerv Syst, 21, 913, 10.1007/s00381-004-1117-x Bristol, 2004, The effects of craniosynostosis on the brain with respect to intracranial pressure, Semin Pediatr Neurol, 11, 262, 10.1016/j.spen.2004.11.001 Speltz, 2004, Single-suture craniosynostosis: a review of neurobehavioral research and theory, J Pediatr Psychol, 29, 651, 10.1093/jpepsy/jsh068 Collmann, 2005, Hydrocephalus in craniosynostosis: a review, Childs Nerv Syst, 21, 902, 10.1007/s00381-004-1116-y Hayward, 2005, How low can you go? Intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, and respiratory obstruction in children with complex craniosynostosis, J Neurosurg, 102, 16 Cohen, 1979, Craniostenoses and syndromes with craniosynostosis: Incidence, genetics, penetrance, variability and new syndrome updating, Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser, 15, 13 Martinez-Lage, 1996, Craniosynostosis in neural tube defects: a theory on its pathogenesis, Surg Neurol, 46, 465, 10.1016/S0090-3019(96)00213-3 Ferreira, 2006, Early surgical treatment of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis, Surg Neurol, 65 Goodrich, 2004, Craniofacial surgery: complications and their prevention, Semin Pediatr Neurol, 11, 288, 10.1016/j.spen.2004.10.001 Mortenson, 2006, Quantifying positional plagiocephaly: reliability and validity of anthropometric measurements, J Craniofac Surg, 17, 413, 10.1097/00001665-200605000-00005 Pomatto, 2006, A study of family head shape: environment alters cranial shape, Clin Pediatr (Phila), 45, 55, 10.1177/000992280604500109 Meara, 2003, Anthropometric study of synostotic frontal plagiocephaly: before and after fronto-orbital advancement with correction of nasal angulation, Plast Reconstr Surg, 112, 731, 10.1097/01.PRS.0000069707.18185.23 Hutchison, 2005, Quantification of plagiocephaly and brachycephaly in infants using a digital photographic technique, Cleft Palate Craniofac J, 42, 539, 10.1597/04-059r.1 van-Vlimmeren, 2006, Plagiocephalometry: a non-invasive method to quantify asymmetry of the skull; a reliability study, Eur J Pediatr, 165, 149, 10.1007/s00431-005-0011-1 Littlefield, 2004, Development of a new three-dimensional cranial imaging system, J Craniofac Surg, 15, 175, 10.1097/00001665-200401000-00042 Lo, 1996, Plagiocephaly: differential diagnosis based on endocranial morphology, Plast Reconstr Surg, 97, 282, 10.1097/00006534-199602000-00003 Netherway, 2006, Three-dimensional computed tomography cephalometry of plagiocephaly: asymmetry and shape analysis, Cleft Palate Craniofac J, 43, 201, 10.1597/04-174.1 Prevot, 1996, Outcome of nasal deviation in plagiocephaly after bilateral frontocranial modeling in childhood, Ann Chir Plast Esthet, 41, 58 Pirttiniemi, 1991, Craniofacial asymmetries in shunt-treated hydrocephalic children, Cleft Palate Craniofac J, 28, 369, 10.1597/1545-1569(1991)028<0369:CAISTH>2.3.CO;2 Ghali, 2002, Management of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis, Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am, 10, 1, 10.1016/S1061-3315(01)00003-8 Hansen, 1997, Synostotic frontal plagiocephaly: anthropometric comparison of three techniques for surgical correction, Plast Reconstr Surg, 100, 1387, 10.1097/00006534-199711000-00002 Sgouros, 1996, Surgery for unilateral coronal synostosis (plagiocephaly): unilateral or bilateral correction?, J Craniofac Surg, 7, 284, 10.1097/00001665-199607000-00007 Esparza, 1998, Operative treatment of the anterior synostotic plagiocephaly: analysis of 45 cases, Childs Nerv Syst, 14, 448, 10.1007/s003810050258 Yamada, 2005, Cranial distraction for plagiocephaly: quantitative morphologic analyses of cranium using three-dimensional computed tomography and a life-size model, J Craniofac Surg, 16, 688, 10.1097/01.scs.0000168995.27882.66 Nonaka, 2004, Indication for and surgical outcomes of the distraction method in various types of craniosynostosis. Advantages, disadvantages, and current concepts for surgical strategy in the treatment of craniosynostosis, Childs Nerv Syst, 20, 702 Satoh, 2004, Hybrid of distraction osteogenesis unilateral frontal distraction and supraorbital reshaping in correction of unilateral coronal synostosis, J Craniofac Surg, 15, 953, 10.1097/00001665-200411000-00012 Czorny, 1994, Remodeling the cranial vault in anterior craniosynostoses. Our therapeutic experience of trigonocephaly and plagiocephaly, Neurochirurgie, 40, 222 Jimenez, 1995, The sunrise technique: the correction of occipital plagiocephaly using bandeau occipital plate and radial osteotomies, Pediatr Neurosurg, 22, 162, 10.1159/000120895 Kainulainen, 2006, Performance of six bone collectors designed for dental impant surgery, Clinical Oral Implants and Related Research, 17, 282, 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2005.01199.x Tolarova, 1998, Classification and birth prevalence of orofacial clefts, Am J Med Genet, 75, 126, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19980113)75:2<126::AID-AJMG2>3.0.CO;2-R Sándor, 2006, Patient evaluation of outcomes with external rhinoplasty in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients, Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 35, 407, 10.1016/j.ijom.2006.01.020 Pollock, 1985, Congenital hemifacial hyperplasia: an embryologic hypothesis and case report, Cleft Palate J, 22, 173 Hoyme, 1998, Isolated hemihyperplasia (hemihypertrophy): report of prospective multicenter study of the incidence of neoplasia and review, Am J Med Genet, 79, 274, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19981002)79:4<274::AID-AJMG8>3.0.CO;2-M Moss, 1959, Progressive facial hemiatrophy following cervical sympathectomy in the rat, Arch Oral Biol, 1, 254, 10.1016/0003-9969(60)90052-2 Marchac, 1994, Experience with the use of Biocoral in the craniofacial skeleton, J Craniofac Surg, 5, 213, 10.1097/00001665-199409000-00003 Rice, 2005, Craniofacial anomalies: from development to molecular pathogenesis, Curr Mol Med, 5, 699, 10.2174/156652405774641043 Cohen, 1989, Oculoauriculovertebral spectrum: an updated critique, Cleft Palate J, 26, 276 Tiner, 1996, Facial asymmetries in hemifacial microsomia, Goldenhar syndrome, and Treacher Collins syndrome, vol. 4, 37 Fan, 2005, An association between hemifacial microsomia and facial clefting, J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 63, 330, 10.1016/j.joms.2004.10.006 Werler, 2004, Vasoactive exposures, vascular events, and hemifacial microsomia, Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol, 70, 389, 10.1002/bdra.20022 Poswillo, 1975, Hemorrhage in development of the face, Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser, 11, 61 Johnston, 1995, Prenatal craniofacial development: new insights on normal and abnormal mechanisms, Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, 6, 368, 10.1177/10454411950060040601 Kaban, 1981, Three-dimensional approach to analysis and treatment of hemifacial microsomia, Cleft Palate J, 18, 90 David, 1987, Hemifacial microsomia: a multisystem classification, Plast Reconstr Surg, 80, 525, 10.1097/00006534-198710000-00008 Vento, 1991, The O.M.E.N.S. classification of hemifacial microsomia, Cleft Palate Craniofac J, 28, 68, 10.1597/1545-1569(1991)028<0068:TOMENS>2.3.CO;2 Huisinga-Fischer, 2004, Precision and accuracy of CT-based measurements of masticatory muscles in patients with hemifacial microsomia, Dentomaxillofac Radiol, 33, 12, 10.1259/dmfr/96661186 Maeda, 2006, 3D-CT evaluation of facial asymmetry in patients with maxillofacial deformities, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 102, 382, 10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.10.057 Troulis, 2002, Development of a three-dimensional treatment planning system based on computed tomographic data, Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 31, 349, 10.1054/ijom.2002.0278 Vargervik, 1996, Hemifacial microsomia: strategies to manage asymmetries, vol. 2, 273 Kearns, 2000, Progression of facial asymmetry in hemifacial microsomia, Plast Reconstr Surg, 105, 492, 10.1097/00006534-200002000-00002 Kahl-Nieke, 1998, Effect of early orthopedic intervention on hemifacial microsomia patients: an approach to a cooperative evaluation of treatment results, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 114, 538, 10.1016/S0889-5406(98)70174-X Sidiropoulou, 2003, Orthopedically induced condylar growth in a patient with hemifacial microsomia, Cleft Palate Craniofac J, 40, 645, 10.1597/1545-1569(2003)040<0645:OICGIA>2.0.CO;2 Cascone, 2005, Mandibular distraction: evolution of treatment protocols in hemifacial microsomy, J Craniofac Surg, 16, 563, 10.1097/01.scs.0000168765.56109.54 Polley, 1997, Distraction osteogenesis: its application in severe mandibular deformities in hemifacial microsomia, J Craniofac Surg, 8, 422, 10.1097/00001665-199708050-00017 Meazzini, 2005, Mandibular distraction osteogenesis in hemifacial microsomia: long-term follow-up, J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 33, 370, 10.1016/j.jcms.2005.07.004 Scolozzi, 2006, Simultaneous maxillo-mandibular distraction osteogenesis in hemifacial microsomia: a new technique using two distractors, Plast Reconstr Surg, 117, 1530, 10.1097/01.prs.0000206483.28661.e6 Satoh, 2002, Maxillo-mandibular distraction osteogenesis for hemifacial microsomia in children, Ann Plast Surg, 49, 572, 10.1097/00000637-200212000-00003 Ko, 2004, Correction of facial asymmetry with multiplanar mandible distraction: a one-year follow-up study, Cleft Palate Craniofac J, 41, 5, 10.1597/02-132 Wu, 2006, Analysis of the complications following mandibular distraction using internal distractors, Zhonghua Zheng Xing Wai Ke Za Zhi, 22, 18 Kane, 1997, Relationship between bone and muscles of mastication in hemifacial microsomia, Plast Reconstr Surg, 99, 990, 10.1097/00006534-199704000-00010 Lew, 1996, The use of autogenous fat grafts in the correction of facial asymmetries, Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am, 4, 67, 10.1016/S1061-3315(18)30108-2 Guichard, 2001, Reconstructive surgery of the soft tissue in hemifacial microsomia, Ann Chir Plast Esthet, 46, 551, 10.1016/S0294-1260(01)00051-6 Ji, 2002, Microsurgical anterolateral thigh fasciocutaneous flap for facial contour correction in patients with hemifacial microsomia, Microsurgery, 22, 34, 10.1002/micr.22008 Perrot, 1994, Costochondral graft construction/reconstruction of the ramus/condyle unit: long term follow-up, Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 23, 321, 10.1016/S0901-5027(05)80046-3 Wang-Norderud, 1977, Unilateral condylar hyperplasia and the associated deformity of facial asymmetry. Case report, Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg, 11, 91, 10.3109/02844317709025504 Marchetti, 2000, Hemimandibular hyperplasia: treatment strategies, J Craniofac Surg, 11, 46, 10.1097/00001665-200011010-00009 Lineaweaver, 1989, Posttraumatic condylar hyperplasia, Ann Plast Surg, 22, 163, 10.1097/00000637-198902000-00014 Slootweg, 1986, Condylar hyperplasia. A clinico-pathological analysis of 22 cases, J Maxillofac Surg, 14, 209, 10.1016/S0301-0503(86)80291-0 Obwegeser, 1986, Hemimandibular hyperplasia—hemimandibular elongation, J Maxillofac Surg, 14, 183, 10.1016/S0301-0503(86)80290-9 Rubenstein, 1985, Acquired unilateral condylar hyperplasia and facial asymmetry: report of case, ASDC J Dent Child, 52, 114 Khorsandian, 2001, Idiopathic noncondylar hemimandibular hyperplasia, Int J Paediatr Dent, 11, 298, 10.1046/j.1365-263X.2001.00278.x Dimonte, 2004, Bone SPECT in management of mandibular condyle hyperplasia. Report of a case and review of literature, Minerva Stomatol, 53, 281 Carlson, 1996, Pathological facial asymmetries, vol. 4, 19 Eslami, 2003, Histopathologic comparison of normal and hyperplastic condyles, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 96, 711, 10.1016/S1079-2104(03)00379-2 Toller, 1985, Surgery of the temporomandibular joint, vol. 1, 600 Chen, 1996, Hemimandibular hyperplasia, Plast Reconstr Surg, 97, 730, 10.1097/00006534-199604000-00007 Epker, 1986, Unilateral hyperplastic conditions of the mandibular condyle, vol. 2, 1108 Bohuslavizki, 1996, The value of bone scanning in pre-operative decision-making in patients with progressive facial asymmetry, Nucl Med Commun, 17, 562, 10.1097/00006231-199607000-00005 Henderson, 1990, Technetium-99m bone scintigraphy and mandibular condylar hyperplasia, Clin Radiol, 41, 411, 10.1016/S0009-9260(05)80603-8 Sarikaya, 2001, The role of single photon emission computed tomography in bone imaging, Semin Nucl Med, 31, 3, 10.1053/snuc.2001.18736 Pogrel, 1995, A comparison of single-photon emission computed tomography and planar imaging for quantitative skeletal scintigraphy of the mandibular condyle, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 80, 226, 10.1016/S1079-2104(05)80206-9 Hodder, 2000, SPECT bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis and management of mandibular condylar hyperplasia, Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 38, 87, 10.1054/bjom.1999.0209 Pripatnanont, 2005, The use of SPECT to evaluate growth cessation of the mandible in unilateral condylar hyperplasia, Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 34, 364, 10.1016/j.ijom.2004.11.002 Coutinho, 2006, The role of SPECT/CT with 99mTc-MDP image fusion to diagnose temporomandibular dysfunction, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 101, 224, 10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.03.018 Kimizuka, 2004, Usefulness of 201Tl and 99mTc MIBI scintigraphy in a case of oncogenic osteomalacia, Ann Nucl Med, 18, 63, 10.1007/BF02985616 Glaser, 1997, Clinical manifestations and diagnostic approach to metastatic cancer of the mandible, Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 26, 365, 10.1016/S0901-5027(97)80798-9 Wolford, 2002, Efficacy of high condylectomy for management of condylar hyperplasia, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 121, 136, 10.1067/mod.2002.118403 Bertolini, 2001, Hemimandibular hyperplasia treated by early high condylectomy: a case report, Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg, 16, 227 Eales, 1993, Condylar hyperplasia causing progressive facial asymmetry during orthodontic treatment—a case report, Int J Paediatr Dent, 3, 145, 10.1111/j.1365-263X.1993.tb00071.x Sugawara, 2002, The treatment of hemimandibular hyperplasia preserving enlarged condylar head, Cleft Palate Craniofac J, 39, 646, 10.1597/1545-1569(2002)039<0646:TTOHHP>2.0.CO;2 Proffit, 1980, Fractures of the mandibular condyle: frequently an unsuspected cause of facial asymmetry, Am J Orthod, 78, 1, 10.1016/0002-9416(80)90037-8 Waite, 2004, Management of facial asymmetry, 1208