Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Alzheimer’s Association, 2014 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s & Dementia. Volume 10, Issue 2. This paper provides up to date facts and figures about the high and increasing prevalence of Alzheimer’s and related dementia and profound negative impact they have on the individual, family and society.
Prince M, Bryce R, Albanese E, Wimo A, Ribeiro W, Ferri CP. The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9:63–75.
Kales HC, Gitlin LN, Lyketsos CG. Detroit Expert Panel on Assessment and Management of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia. Management of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia in clinical settings: recommendations from a multidisciplinary expert panel. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62(4):762–9. This paper provides state-of-the-science update on key elements that define management of BPSD and proposes the DICE approach (describe, investigate, create, evaluate) that can be used in research as well as clinical settings.
Geda YE, Schneider LS, Gitlin LN, Miller DS, Smith GS, Bell J, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease: Past progress and anticipation of the future. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9:602–8. This is the first of a series of documents by the Neuropsychiatric Symptoms – Professional Interest Group (NPS-IPG) within the International Society to Advance Alzheimer’s Research and Treatment (IPSTAART) and provides up to date information on the key neurobiological underpinnings of BPSD.
American Geriatrics Society: Guide to the management of psychotic disorders and neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with dementia in older adults. Available at http://dementia.americangeriatrics.org/GeriPsych_index.php Accessed June 8. 2014. This is the most recent practice guideline available for evidence-based and evidence-informed management of BPSD.
Desai AK, Schwartz L, Grossberg G. Behavioral disturbance in dementia. Curr Psychiatr Rep. 2012;14:298–309.
Bergvall N, Brinck P, Eek D, Gustavsson A, Wimo A, Winblad B, et al. Relative importance of patient disease indicators on informal care and caregiver burden in Alzheimer’s disease. Int Psychogeriatr. 2011;23(1):73–85.
Spalletta G, Musicco M, Padovani A, Rozzini L, Perri R, Fadda L, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms and syndromes in a large cohort of newly diagnosed, untreated patients with Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;18(11):1026–35.
Di Lulio F, Palmer K, Blundo C, Casini AR, Gianni W, Caltagirone C, et al. Occurrence of neuropsychiatric symptoms and psychiatric disorders in mild Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment subtypes. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(4):629–40.
Johnson DK, Watts AS, Chapin BA, Anderson R, Burns JM. Neuropsychiatric profiles in dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2011;25(4):326–32.
Okura T, Plassman BL, Steffens DC, Llewellyn DJ, Potter GG, Langa KM. Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms and their association with functional limitations in older adults in the United States: the aging, demographics, and memory study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58:330–7.
Selbaek G, Engedal K, Benth JS, Bergh S. The course of neuropsychiatric symptoms in nursing-home patients with dementia over a 53-month follow up period. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(1):81–91.
Vilalta-Franch J, Lopez-Pousa S, Calvo-Perxas L, Garre-Olmo J. Psychosis of Alzheimer disease: prevalence, incidence, persistence, risk factors, and mortality. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;21(11):1135–43.
Bergh S, Engedal K, Roen I, Selbaek G. The course of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia in Norwegian nursing homes. Int Psychogeriatr. 2011;23(8):1231–9.
Thompson C, Brodaty H, Trollor J, Sachdev P. Behavioral and psychological symptoms associated with dementia subtype and severity. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(2):300–5.
Van der Linde RM, Brayne C, Dening T. Depression and other behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia – separate research worlds in need of a common understanding. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(2):177–83.
Cohen-Mansfield J, Billig N. Agitated behaviors in the elderly: a conceptual review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1986;34:711–21.
Mortby ME, Maercker A, Forstmeier S. Apathy: a separate syndrome from depression in dementia? A critical review. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2012;24(4):305–16.
Peter-Derex L, Yammine P, Bastuji H, Croisile B. Sleep and Alzheimer’s disease. Sleep Med Rev. 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2014.03.007 .
Koopmans RTC, Zuidema SU, Leontjevas R, Gerritsen DL. Comprehensive assessment of depression and behavioral problems in long-term care. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;23(7):1054–62.
Hermann N, Lanctot KL, Hogan DB. Pharmacological recommendations for the systematic treatment of dementia: the Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia 2012. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2013;5 Suppl 1:S5. This paper gives up to date recommendations for appropriate use of psychopharmacological interventions for the management of BPSD.
Moore A, Patterson C, Lee L, Vedel I, Bergman H. Fourth Canadian Consensus Conference on the diagnosis and treatment of dementia. Can Fam Physician. 2014;60(5):433–8. This paper provides most recent guidelines for use of cholinesterase inhibitors and psychopharmacological agents for management of both cognitive as well as non-cognitive (BPSD) symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease as well as related dementias.
Desai AK, Grossberg GT. Psychiatric Consultation in Long-Term Care. A Guide for Health Care Professionals. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press; 2010.
Cohen-Mansfield J, Thein K, Marx MS, Dakheel-Ali M, Freedman L. Efficacy of nonpharmacologic interventions for agitation in advanced dementia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(9):1255–61.
Husebo BS, Ballard C, Cohen-Mansfield J, Seifert R, Aarsland D. The response of agitated behavior to pain management in persons with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013 Apr 30 [Epub ahead of print].
van der Roest HG, Meiland FJ, Maroccini R, Comijs HC, Jonker C, Droes RM. Subjective needs in people with dementia: a review of the literature. Int Psychogeriatr. 2007;19(3):559–92.
Scherder EJ, Bogen T, Eggermont LH, Hamers JP, Swaab DF. The more physical inactivity, the more agitation in dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(8):1203–8.
Pitfield C, Shahriyarmolki K, Livingston G. Systematic reviews of stress in staff caring for people with dementia living in 24-hour care settings. Int Psychogeriatr. 2011;23(1):4–9.
Orrell M, Hancock GA, Liyanage KC, Woods B, Challis D, Hoe J. The needs of people with dementia in care homes: the perspectives of users, staff and family caregivers. Int Psychogeriatr. 2008;20(5):941–51.
Luo H, Lin M, Castle N. Physical restraint use and falls in nursing homes: a comparison between residents with and without dementia. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Dement. 2011;26:44–50.
Li J, Porock D. Resident outcomes of person-centered care in long-term care: a narrative review of interventional research. Int J Nurs Stud. 2014. doi: 10.1016/ijnurstu.2014.04.003 .
Hori K, Konishi K, Watanabe K, Uchida H, Tsuboi T, Moriyasu M, et al. Influence of anticholinergic activity in serum on clinical symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychobiology. 2011;63:147–53.
Desai AK. Psychotropic side effects of commonly prescribed drugs in the elderly. Prim Psychiatry. 2004;11:27–34.
Cohen-Mansfield J, Billig N, Lipson S, Rosenthal AS, Pawlson LG. Medical correlates of agitation in nursing home residents. Gerontology. 1990;36(3):150–8.
Bourgeois J, Elseviers MM, Azermai M, Van Bortel L, Petrovic M, Vander Stichele RR. Benzodiazepine use in Belgian nursing homes: a closer look into indications and dosages. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;68(5):833–44.
Bourbonnais A, Ducharme F. The meanings of screams in older people living with dementia in a nursing home. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(7):1172–84.
Kitwood T. The experience of dementia. Aging Ment Health. 1997;1:13–22. This is a landmark paper that reminds us of the importance of keeping the personhood of the person with dementia foremost in all decisions and approaches to manage BPSD.
Desai AK, Grossberg GT. Palliative and end-of-life care in psychogeriatric patients. Aging Health. 2011;7(3):395–408.
Morley J. Dementia-Related Agitation. JAMDA. 2011;12:611–2.
Teri L, Logsdon RG, Uomoto J, McCurry SM. Behavioral treatment of depression in dementia patients: a controlled clinical trial. J Gerontol Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 1997;52:159–66.
Steinberg M, Lyketsos CG. Atypical antipsychotic use in patients with dementia: managing safety concerns. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(9):900–6.
Ballard C, Corbett A. Agitation and aggression in people with Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2013;26(3):252–9.
Seitz DP, Gill SS, Hermann N, Brisbin S, Rappoport MJ, Rines J, et al. Pharmacological treatments for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia I long-term care: a systematic review. Int Psychogeriatr. 2013;25(2):185–203.
Wang J, Yu JT, Wang HF, Meng XF, Wang C, Tan CC, et al. Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-308112 .
Stevenson DG, Decker SL, Dwyer LL, Huskamp HA, Grabowski DC, Metzger ED, et al. Antipsychotic and benzodiazepine use among nursing home residents: findings from the 2004 National Nursing Home Survey. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;18(12):1078–92.
Devanand DP, Mintzer J, Schultz SK, Andrews HF, Sultzer DL, de la Pena D, et al. Relapse risk after discontinuation of risperidone in Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(16):1497–507.
Lopez OL, Becker JT, Chang YF, Sweet RA, Aizenstein H, Snitz B, et al. The long-term effects of conventional and atypical antipsychotics in patients with probable Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170:1051–8.
Langballe EM, Engdahl B, Nordeng H, Ballard C, Aarsland D, Selbaek G. Short- and long-term mortality risk associated with the use of antipsychotics among 26,940 dementia outpatients: a population-based study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22:332–6.
Nasrallah HA, White T, Nasrallah AT. Lower mortality in geriatric patients receiving risperidone and olanzapine versus haloperidol: preliminary analysis of retrospective data. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;12:437–9.
Zheng L, Mack WJ, Dagerman KS, Hsiao JK, Lebowitz BD, Lyketsos CG, et al. Metabolic changes associated with second-generation antipsychotic use in Alzheimer’s disease patients: the CATIE-AD study. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166(5):583–90.
Vigen CL, Mack WJ, Keefe RS, Sano M, Sultzer DL, Stroup TS, et al. Cognitive effects of atypical antipsychotic medications in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: outcomes from CATIE-AD. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(8):831–9.
Mulsant BH. Challenges of the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22(4):317–20.
Henry G, Williamson D, Tampi RR. Efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, a literature review of evidence. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Dement. 2011;26(3):169–83.
Schwarz S, Froelich L, Burns A. Pharmacological treatment of dementia. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2012;25(6):542–50.
Zarros AC, Kalopita KS, Tsakiris ST. Serotoninergic impairment and aggressive behavior in Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neurobiol Exp. 2005;65:277–86.
Leong C. Antidepressants for depression in patients with dementia: a review of the literature. Consult Pharm. 2014;29(4):254–63.
Cummings JL, Back C. The cholinergic hypothesis of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1998;6 Suppl 1:64–8.
Roundtree SD, Atri A, Lopez OL, Doody RS. Effectiveness of antidementia drugs in delaying Alzheimer’s disease progression. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9:338–45.
Yeh YC, Ouyang WC. Mood stabilizers for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: an update review. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2012;28(4):185–93.
Gauthier S, Cummings J, Ballard C, Brodaty H, Grossberg G, Robert P, et al. Management of behavioral problems in Alzheimer’s disease. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(3):346–72.
Tariot PN, Schneider LS, Cummings J, Thomas RG, Raman R, Jakimovich LJ, et al. Chronic divalproex sodium to attenuate agitation and clinical progression of Alzheimer disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(8):853–61.
Dolder CR, Nealy KL. The efficacy and safety of newer anticonvulsants in patients with dementia. Drugs Aging. 2012;29(8):627–37.
Ng B, Camacho A, Bardwell W, Sewell DD. Lamotrigine for agitation in older patients with dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009;21:207–8.
Roserberg PB, Lanctot KL, Drye LT, Hermann N, Scherer RW, Bachman DL, et al. Safety and efficacy of methylphenidate for apathy in Alzheimer’s disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(8):810–6.
McCleery J, Cohen DA, Sharpley AL. Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in Alzheimer’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;3, CD009178.
Tampi RR, Tampi DJ. Efficacy and tolerability of benzodiazepines for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2014 Mar 6. [Epub ahead of print].
Woodward MR, Harper DG, Stolyar A, Forester BP, Ellison JM. Dronabinol for the treatment of agitation and aggressive behavior in acutely hospitalized severely demented patients with noncognitive behavioral symptoms. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22:415–9.
Wang LY, Shofer JB, Rohde K, Hart KL, Hoff DJ, McFall YH, et al. Prazosin for the treatment of behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease patients with agitation and aggression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;17(9):744–51.
Kyomen HH, Hennen J, Gottlieb GL, Wei JY. Estrogen therapy and noncognitive psychiatric signs and symptoms in elderly patients with dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(7):1225–7.
Peskind ER, Tsuang DW, Bonner LT, Pascualy M, Riekse RG, Snowden MB, et al. Propranolol for disruptive behaviors in nursing home residents with probable or possible Alzheimer disease: a placebo-controlled study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2005;19(1):23–8.
Kraus MF, Maki PM. Effect of amantadine hydrochloride on symptoms of frontal lobe dysfunction in brain injury: case studies and review. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1997;9:222–30.
Frakey LL, Salloway S, Buelow M, Malloy P. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of modafinil for the treatment of apathy in individuals with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(6):796–801.
Tucker I. Management of inappropriate sexual behaviors in dementia: a literature review. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(5):683–92.
Boeve BF, Silber MH, Ferman TJ. REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2004;17(3):146–57.
Burke RA, Faulkner MA. Review of the treatment of restless legs syndrome: focus on gabapentin enacarbil. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis. 2012;4:147–56.
Bogan RK, Cheray JA. Restless legs syndrome: a review of diagnosis and management in primary care. Postgrad Med. 2013;125(3):99–111.
Gitlin LN, Kales HC, Lyketsos CG. Nonpharmacologic management of behavioral symptoms in dementia. JAMA. 2012;308(19):2020–9. This is one of the two papers that provides critical evaluation of research to date that supports use of caregiver based psychosocial environmental interventions for the management of BPSD.
Brodaty H, Arasaratnam C. Meta-analysis of nonpharmacological interventions for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(9):946–53. This is one of the two papers that provides critical evaluation of research to date that supports use of caregiver based psychosocial environmental interventions for the management of BPSD.
O’Neil ME, Freeman M., Christensen V, Telerant R, Addleman A, Kansagara D. A systematic evidence review of non-pharmacological interventions for behavioral symptoms of dementia. VA Evidence-based Synthesis Program Reports. 2011 Mar.
Gitlin LN. Good news for dementia care: caregiver interventions reduce behavioral symptoms in people with dementia and family distress. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169:894–7.
Janzen S, Zecevic AA, Kloseck M, Orange JB. Managing agitation using nonpharmacological interventions for seniors with dementia. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Dement. 2013;28(5):524–32.
Manepalli J, Desai A, Sharma P. Psychosocial-Environmental treatments for Alzheimer’s disease. Prim Psychiatry. 2009;16:39–47.
Broday H, Burns K. Nonpharmacological management of apathy in dementia: a systematic review. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012;20:549–64.
Stanley M, Calleo J, Bush AL, Wilson N, Snow AL, Kraus-Schuman C, et al. The peaceful mind program: a pilot test of a cognitive-behavioral therapy-based intervention for anxious patients with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;21:696–708.
Houser WS, George DR, Chinchilli VM. Impact of TimeSlips creative expression program on behavioral symptoms and psychotropic medication use in persons with dementia in long-term care: a cluster-randomized pilot study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22:337–40.
Day K, Carreon D, Stump C. The therapeutic design of environments for people with dementia: a review of the empirical research. Gerontologist. 2000;40:397–416.
Chenoweth L, King MT, Jeon YH, Brodaty H, Stein-Parbury J, Norman R, et al. Caring for aged dementia care resident study (CADRES) of person-centered care, dementia-care mapping, and usual care in dementia: a cluster-randomized trial. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8:317–25.
Bakker TJ, Duivenvoorden HJ, van der Lee J, Olde Rikkert MG, Beekman AT, Ribbe MW. Integrative psychotherapeutic nursing home program to reduce multiple psychiatric symptoms of cognitively impaired patients and caregiver burden: randomized controlled trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011;19:507–20.
Nordgren L, Engstrom G. Effects of animal-assisted therapy on behavioral and/or psychological symptoms in dementia: a care report. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Dement. 2012;27(8):625–32.
Thune-Boyle IC, Iliffe S, Cerga-pashoja A, Lowery D, Warner J. The effect of exercise on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: towards a research agenda. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24(7):1046–57.
O’Connor CM, Clemson L, Brodaty H, Jeon H, Mioshi E, Gitlin LN. Use of the tailored activities program to reduce neuropsychiatric behaviors in dementia: an Australian protocol for a randomized trial to evaluate its effectiveness. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(5):857–69.
Kolanowski A, Litaker M, Buettner L, Moeller J, Costa PT. A randomized clinical trial of theory-based activities for the behavioral symptoms of dementia in nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59:1032–41.
Graff MJL, Vernooij-Dassen MJM, Thijssen M, Dekker J, Hoefnagels WHL, Olde-Rikkert MGM. Effects of community occupational therapy on quality of life, mood, and health status in dementia patients and their caregivers: a randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol Med Sci. 2007;62A:1002–9.
Lin Y, Chu H, Yang CY, Chen CH, Chen SG, Chang HJ, et al. Effectiveness of group music intervention against agitated behavior in elderly persons with dementia. Int J Gertiatr Psychiatry. 2011;26(7):670–8.
van der Ploeg ES, O’Connor DW. Methodological challenges in studies of bright light therapy to treat sleep disorders in nursing home residents with dementia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014. doi: 10.1111/pcn.12192 .
Forrester LT, Maayan N, Orrell M, Spector AE, Buchan LD, Soares-Weiser K. Aromatherapy for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2, CD003150.
Hall RCW, Hall RCW, Chapman MJ. Nursing home violence: occurrence, risks and interventions. Ann Long-Term Care. 2009;17(1):25–31.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Occupational Outlook Handbook: personal care aides (internet). Washington (DC), Department of Labor, 2014 January 8. Accessed April 20, 2014). Available at: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/heathcare/personal-care-aides.htm
van de Ven G, Draskovic I, van Herpen E, Koopmans RT, Donders R, Zuidema SU, et al. The economics of dementia-care mapping in nursing homes: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e86662.
Rees G. Dementia: Facing the epidemic. A vision for a world class dementia care system. Sydney: Alzheimer’s Australia; 2009.
Treloar A, Crugel M, Prasanna A, Solomons L, Fox C, Paton C, et al. Ethical dilemmas: should antipsychotics ever be prescribed for people with dementia? Br J Psychiatry. 2010;197:88–90.
Landau R, Werner S. Ethical aspects of using GPS for tracking people with dementia: recommendations for practice. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24:358–66.
Ujkaj M, Davidoff DA, Seiner SJ, Ellison JM, Harper DG, Forester BP. Safety and efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy for the treatment of agitation and aggression in patients with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012;20(1):61–72.