Malignant effusions: Diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic strategy

Starling, 1898, On the absorption of fluids from the connective tissue spaces, J. Physiol., 19, 312, 10.1113/jphysiol.1896.sp000596 Staub, 1974, Pathogenesis of pulmonary edema, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 109, 358 Black, 1972, The pleural space and pleural fluid, 47, 493 Lokich, 1973, The management of malignant pericardial effusions, J.A.M.A., 224, 1401, 10.1001/jama.224.10.1401 Dollinger, 1972, Management of recurrent malignant effusions, C.A., 22, 138 Clarke, 1952, Radioactive colloidal gold AU198 in the treatment of neoplastic effusions, Q. Bull. N.U.M.S., 26, 98 Ariel, 1966, Intracavitary administration of radioactive isotopes in the control of effusion due to cancer: Results in 267 patients, Cancer, 19, 1096, 10.1002/1097-0142(196608)19:8<1096::AID-CNCR2820190808>3.0.CO;2-N Anderson, 1974, The treatment of malignant pleural effusions, Cancer, 33, 916, 10.1002/1097-0142(197404)33:4<916::AID-CNCR2820330405>3.0.CO;2-U Martini, 1976, Malignant pericardial effusion, N.Y. State J. Med., 76, 719 Bisel, 1953, Incidence and clinical manifestations of cardiac metastases, J.A.M.A., 153, 712, 10.1001/jama.1953.02940250018005 Goldman, 1965, Malignant pericardial effusion. Review of hospital experience and report of a case successfully treated by talc poudrage, Can. J. Surg., 8, 157 Adler, 1967, Recurrent malignant pleural effusions and talc powder aerosol treatment, Surgery, 62, 1000 Braunwald, 1977, Pericardial disease, 1282 Lowell, 1959, Pleural effusion: A study of the literature, J. Okla. State Med. Assoc., 52, 510 Ultmann, 1962, Diagnosis and treatment of neoplastic effusions, C.A., 12, 42 Rudikoff, 1980, Early detection of pleural fluid, Chest, 77, 109, 10.1378/chest.77.1.109 Charkes, 1963, Radioisotope photoscanning as a diagnostic aid in cardiovascular disease: A safe, simple method for diagnosing pericardial effusion and aortic aneurysm, J.A.M.A., 186, 920, 10.1001/jama.1963.63710100004013a Shuford, 1966, A comparison of carbon dioxide and radiopaque angiocardiographic methods in the diagnosis of pericardial effusion: Observations regarding fluid shift in the pericardial space, Radiology, 86, 1064, 10.1148/86.6.1064 McCoy, 1971, Abdominal tap: Indication, technic, and results, Am. J. Surg., 122, 693, 10.1016/0002-9610(71)90302-3 Crofton, 1975, 285 Storey, 1976, Pleural effusion: A diagnostic dilemma, J.A.M.A., 236, 2183, 10.1001/jama.236.19.2183 Light, 1972, Pleural effusions: The diagnostic separations of transudates and exudates, Ann. Intern. Med., 77, 507, 10.7326/0003-4819-77-4-507 Evans, 1960, Painless chronic pancreatitis, chylo-ascites and chylothorax: Report of a case, Am. J. Med. Sci., 240, 132, 10.1097/00000441-196010000-00011 Weisberger, 1956, Management of malignant serous effusions, Geriatrics, 11, 23 Phillips, 1948, An evaluation of various examinations performed on serous fluids, Am. J. Med. Sci., 216, 121, 10.1097/00000441-194808000-00001 Kapadia, 1977, Cytological diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion in myeloma, Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med., 101, 534 Dewald, 1976, Usefulness of chromosome examination in the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusions, N. Engl. J. Med., 295, 1494, 10.1056/NEJM197612302952702 Hossfeld, 1978, Chromosome findings in effusions from patients with Hodgkin's disease, Int. J. Cancer, 21, 147, 10.1002/ijc.2910210204 Ende, 1960, Studies of amylase activity in pleural effusions and ascites, Cancer, 13, 283, 10.1002/1097-0142(196003/04)13:2<283::AID-CNCR2820130212>3.0.CO;2-2 Ultmann, 1963, The effect of quinacrine on neoplastic effusions and certain of their enzymes, Cancer, 16, 283, 10.1002/1097-0142(196303)16:3<283::AID-CNCR2820160303>3.0.CO;2-J Booth, 1977, Cancer-associated proteins in effusion fluids, J. Clin. Pathol., 30, 537, 10.1136/jcp.30.6.537 Rittgers, 1978, Carcinoembryonic antigen levels in benign and malignant pleural effusions, Ann. Intern. Med., 88, 631, 10.7326/0003-4819-88-5-631 Nystrom, 1977, Carcinoembryonic antigen titers on effusion fluid: A diagnostic tool?, Arch. Intern. Med., 137, 875, 10.1001/archinte.137.7.875 Domagala, 1978, Distribution of T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes in peripheral blood and effusions of patients with cancer, J. Natl. Can. Inst., 61, 295 Papsidero, 1978, Characterization of immune complexes from the pleural effusion of a breast cancer patient, Int. J. Cancer, 21, 675, 10.1002/ijc.2910210602 Lippman, 1973, Receptors in breast cancer, N. Engl. J. Med., 299, 930, 10.1056/NEJM197810262991706 McQuire, 1978, Hormones in breast cancer: Update 1978, Metabolism, 27, 487, 10.1016/0026-0495(78)90103-8 Brown, 1977, Freezing and storage of breast cancer tissue for estrogen receptor assay: A convenient method, Arch. Surg., 112, 183, 10.1001/archsurg.1977.01370020077008 Lee, 1979, Cancer cell estrogen receptor of human mammary carcinoma, Cancer, 44, 1, 10.1002/1097-0142(197907)44:1<1::AID-CNCR2820440102>3.0.CO;2-A Donohoe, 1958, Pleural biopsy as an aid in the etiologic diagnosis of pleural effusion: Review of the literature and report of 132 biopsies, Ann. Intern. Med., 48, 344, 10.7326/0003-4819-48-2-344 Samuels, 1958, Needle biopsy of pleura: An evaluation in patients with pleural effusion of neoplastic origin, Cancer, 11, 980, 10.1002/1097-0142(195809/10)11:5<980::AID-CNCR2820110519>3.0.CO;2-Y Ferguson, 1959, The role of surgery in the management of unilateral pleural effusion, Ann. Intern. Med., 50, 981, 10.7326/0003-4819-50-4-981 Lansden, 1959, “Diagnostic small thoracotomy” in idiopathic pleural effusion, J.A.M.A., 170, 1375, 10.1001/jama.1959.03010120011004 Ravin, 1977, Thoracocentesis of loculated pleural effusions using grey scale ultrasonic guidance, Chest, 71, 666, 10.1378/chest.71.5.666 Sahn, 1979, The pH of sclerosing agents: A determinant of pleural symphysis, Chest, 76, 198, 10.1378/chest.76.2.198 Taylor, 1977, Quinacrine in the management of malignant pleural effusion, Br. J. Surg., 64, 52, 10.1002/bjs.1800640113 Bayly, 1978, Tetracycline and quinacrine in the control of malignant pleural effusions: A randomized trial, Cancer, 41, 1188, 10.1002/1097-0142(197803)41:3<1188::AID-CNCR2820410357>3.0.CO;2-O Rubinson, 1972, Intrapleural tetracycline for control of malignant pleural effusion: A preliminary report, South. Med. J., 65, 847, 10.1097/00007611-197207000-00016 Wallach, 1975, Intrapleural tetracycline for malignant pleural effusions, Chest, 68, 510, 10.1378/chest.68.4.510 Paladine, 1976, Intracavitary bleomycin in the management of malignant effusions, Cancer, 38, 1903, 10.1002/1097-0142(197611)38:5<1903::AID-CNCR2820380506>3.0.CO;2-A Suhrland, 1965, Intracavitary 5-Fluorouracil in malignant effusions, Arch. Intern. Med., 116, 431, 10.1001/archinte.1965.03870030111019 Bethune, 1935, Pleural poudrage: A new technic for the deliberate production of pleural adhesions as a preliminary to lobectomy, J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 4, 251 Pearson, 1966, Talc poudrage for malignant pleural effusion, J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 51, 732, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)43303-5 Webb, 1978, Treatment of malignant ascitic and pleural effusions with Corynebacterium parvum, Br. Med. J., 1, 338, 10.1136/bmj.1.6109.338 Pimm, 1976, BCG treatment of malignant pleural effusions in the rat, Br. J. Cancer, 34, 368, 10.1038/bjc.1976.179 Flannery, 1975, Pericardial effusions in patients with malignant diseases, Arch. Intern. Med., 135, 976, 10.1001/archinte.135.7.976 Jensik, 1963, Pleurectomy in the treatment of pleural effusion due to metastatic malignancy, J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 46, 322, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)33665-7 McCann, 1968, Ileoentectropy for ascites associated with ovarian tumors, Obstet. Gynecol., 32, 482 Neumann, 1956, The absorption of ascitic fluid by a pedicled flap of intestinal mucosa exposed within the peritoneal cavity, Plast. Resconstr. Surg., 17, 189, 10.1097/00006534-195603000-00001 LeVeen, 1976, Further experience with peritoneovenous shunt for ascites, Ann. Surg., 184, 574, 10.1097/00000658-197611000-00007 Harmon, 1979, Disseminated intravascular coagulation with the peritoneovenous shunt, Ann. Intern. Med., 90, 774, 10.7326/0003-4819-90-5-774 Smith, 1974, Conservative management of malignant pericardial effusion, Cancer, 33, 47, 10.1002/1097-0142(197401)33:1<47::AID-CNCR2820330110>3.0.CO;2-8 Austin, 1979, The treatment of recurrent malignant pleural effusion, Ann. Thorac. Surg., 28, 190, 10.1016/S0003-4975(10)63779-4