MECHANISMS OF HEPATIC INJURY IN ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE

Adachi, 1995, Antibiotics prevent liver injury in rats following long-term exposure to ethanol, Gastroenterology, 108, 218, 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90027-6 Adams, 1996, Alcoholism in hereditary hemochromatosis revisited: Prevalence and clinical consequences among homozygous siblings, Hepatology, 23, 724, 10.1002/hep.510230411 Aleynik, 1998, Increased circulating products of lipid peroxidation in patients with alcoholic liver disease, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 22, 192, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03637.x Armstrong, 1995, Aspects of the thromboxane receptor system, Gen Pharmacol, 26, 463, 10.1016/0306-3623(94)00183-N Awad, 1995, Excretion of F2 isoprostanes in bile: A novel index of hepatic lipid peroxidation, Hepatology, 22, 962 Badger, 1993, Induction of cytochrome P450 2E1 during chronic ethanol exposure occurs via transcription of the CYP 2E1 gene when blood alcohol concentrations are high, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 190, 780, 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1117 Baichwal, 1997, Apoptosis: Activate NF-κB or die?, Curr Biol, 7, R94, 10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00046-7 Barry, 1984, Acetaldehyde binds to liver cell membranes without affecting membrane function, Gut, 25, 412, 10.1136/gut.25.4.412 Befrits, 1995, Chronic hepatitis C in alcoholic patients: Prevalence, genotypes, and correlation to liver disease, Scand J Gastroenterol, 30, 1113, 10.3109/00365529509101616 Behrens, 1988, Formation of acetaldehyde adducts with ethanol-inducible P450IIE1 in vivo, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 154, 584, 10.1016/0006-291X(88)90180-5 Bernstein, 1973, Metabolic alterations produced in the liver by chronic ethanol administration: Changes related to energetic parameters of the cell, Biochem J, 134, 515, 10.1042/bj1340515 Bhagwandeen, 1987, Endotoxin induced hepatic necrosis in rats on an alcohol diet, J Pathol, 152, 47, 10.1002/path.1711520107 Capdevilla, 1992, Cytochrome P450 and the arachidonic acid cascade, FASEB J, 6, 731, 10.1096/fasebj.6.2.1537463 Cascales, 1985, Effect of chronic ethanol or acetaldehyde on hepatic alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase, aminotransferases and glutamate dehydrogenase, Rev Esp Fisiol, 41, 19 Castillo, 1992, Role of cytochrome P-450 2E1 in ethanol-, carbon tetrachloride- and iron-dependent microsomal lipid peroxidation, Hepatology, 16, 992, 10.1002/hep.1840160423 Cederbaum, 1989, Introduction: Role of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in alcohol toxicity, Free Radic Biol Med, 7, 537, 10.1016/0891-5849(89)90029-4 Cederbaum, 1980, Role of hydroxyl radicals in the iron-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid medicated stimulation of microsomal oxidation of ethanol, Biochemistry, 19, 3698, 10.1021/bi00557a010 Chang, 1987, Ultrastructural morphogenesis of mitochondria in alcoholic liver, Acta Pathologica Japonica, 37, 213 Chomette, 1978, The hepatocyte in acute alcoholic hepatitis. Histoenzymological and ultrastructural analysis, Virchows Arch [A] Pathol Pathol Anat, 380, 31 Clot, 1995, Detection of antibodies against proteins modified by hydroxyethyl free radicals in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, Gastroenterology, 108, 201, 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90025-X Cochrane, 1977, Lymphocyte cytotoxicity for isolated hepatocytes in alcoholic liver disease, Gastroenterology, 72, 918, 10.1016/S0016-5085(77)80211-4 Coelho-Little, 1995, Hepatitis C virus in alcoholic patients with and without clinically apparent liver disease, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 19, 1173, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01597.x Colell, 1997, Transport of reduced glutathione in hepatic mitochondria and mitoplasts from ethanol-treated rats: Effect of membrane physical properties and S-adenosyl-L-methionine, Hepatology, 26, 699 Coleman, 1991, Effect of chronic ethanol consumption on hepatic mitochondrial transcription and translation, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1058, 178, 10.1016/S0005-2728(05)80235-X Cottalasso, 1978, Influence of cicloxilic acid on energy production by hepatocyte mitochondria during acute ethanol intoxication, Arzneimittelforschung, 28, 1224 Cromie, 1996, Chronic hepatitis C: Effect of alcohol on hepatic activity and viral titre, J Hepatology, 19, 821, 10.1016/S0168-8278(96)80284-4 Cunningham, 1987, The effect of chronic ethanol consumption on the lipids in liver mitochondria, Ann NY Acad Sci, 492, 181, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb48667.x Daugherty, 1993, Resolution of liver biopsy alterations in three siblings with bile acid treatment of an inborn error of bile acid metabolism (Δ4-3-Oxosteroid 5β-reductase deficiency), Hepatology, 18, 1096, 10.1002/hep.1840180513 DeWitt, 1996, Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase: Regulation of enzyme expression, Biochem Biophys Acta, 1083, 121, 10.1016/0005-2760(91)90032-D Diez-Ruiz, 1996, T-cell activation, expression of adhesion molecules and response to ethanol in alcoholic cirrhosis, Immunol Lett, 50, 179, 10.1016/0165-2478(96)02541-2 DiLuzio, 1964, Prevention of the acute ethanol-induced fatty liver by the simultaneous administration of anti-oxidants, Life Sci, 3, 1213, 10.1016/0024-3205(64)90189-4 DiLuzio, 1968, The role of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in ethanol-induced lipid alterations, Exp Mol Pathol, 8, 394, 10.1016/S0014-4800(68)80008-5 Dinchuk, 1995, Renal abnormalities and an altered inflammatory response in mice lacking cyclooxygenase B, Nature, 378, 406, 10.1038/378406a0 DiPadova, 1987, Effects of fasting and chronic alcohol consumption on the first pass metabolism of ethanol, Gastroenterology, 92, 1169, 10.1016/S0016-5085(87)91073-0 Dlugosz, 1991, The effect of the prostaglandin analogue-misoprostol on rat liver mitochondria after chronic alcohol feeding, Life Sci, 49, 969, 10.1016/0024-3205(91)90080-U Duce, 1988, S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase and phospholipid methyltransferase are inhibited in human cirrhosis, Hepatology, 8, 65, 10.1002/hep.1840080113 Facchini, 1978, Lymphocytotoxicity test against rabbit hepatocytes in chronic liver disease, Gut, 19, 189, 10.1136/gut.19.3.189 Fernandez-Checa, 1991, Impaired uptake of glutathione by hepatic mitochondria from chronic ethanol-fed rats, J Clin Invest, 87, 397, 10.1172/JCI115010 Fernandez-Checa, 1989, Effects of chronic ethanol feeding on rat hepatocytic glutathione: Relationship of cytosolic glutathione to efflux and mitochondrial sequestration, J Clin Invest, 83, 1247, 10.1172/JCI114008 French, 1997, Lipid peroxidation, CYP2E1 and arachidonic acid metabolism in alcoholic liver disease in rats, J Nutr, 127, 907S, 10.1093/jn/127.5.907S French, 1982, Effect of chronic ethanol feeding on hepatic mitochondria in the monkey, Gastroenterology, 82, 194 Fridovich, 1989, Oxygen radicals from acetaldehyde, Free Radic Biol Med, 7, 557, 10.1016/0891-5849(89)90032-4 Galle, 1995, Involvement of the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) receptor and ligand in liver damage, J Exp Med, 182, 1223, 10.1084/jem.182.5.1223 Garcia-Ruiz, 1995, Feeding S-adenosyl-L-methionine attenuates both ethanol-induced depletion of mitochondrial glutathione and mitochondrial dysfunction in periportal and perivenous rat hepatocytes, Hepatology, 21, 207, 10.1002/hep.1840210133 Geissler, 1997, Inhibitory effects of chronic ethanol consumption on cellular immune responses in hepatitis C virus core protein are reversed by genetic immunizations augmented with cytokine-expressing plasmids, J Immunol, 159, 5107, 10.4049/jimmunol.159.10.5107 Goldberg, 1989, Microsomal induction, alcohol, and lipoprotein metabolism: Is there a three-way relationship?, Clin Biochem, 22, 57, 10.1016/S0009-9120(89)80069-4 Gordienko, 1992, The effect of hepatoprotectors on the functional activity of rat hepatocyte mitochondria in in vitro and in vivo systems, Eksp Klin Farmakol, 55, 18 Gordon, 1977, ATP metabolism in an ethanol induced fatty liver, Biochem Pharmacol, 26, 1229, 10.1016/0006-2952(77)90110-1 Grove, 1997, Association of a tumor necrosis factor promoter polymorphism with susceptibility to alcoholic steatohepatitis, Hepatology, 26, 143, 10.1002/hep.510260119 Halliwell, 1987, The measurement of free radical reactions in humans. Some thoughts for future experimentation, FEBS Lett, 213, 9, 10.1016/0014-5793(87)81455-2 Harrison, 1990, Glutathione S-transferases in alcoholic liver disease, Gut, 31, 908, 10.1136/gut.31.8.909 Hetts, 1998, To die or not to die: An overview of apoptosis and it's role in disease, JAMA, 279, 300, 10.1001/jama.279.4.300 Hill, 1996, Urinary F2-isoprostane quantification indicates increased lipid peroxidation in alcoholic hepatitis, Gastroenterology, 110, A1211 Hill, 1997, Cytokines and liver disease, 401 Hirano, 1992, Hepatic mitochondrial glutathione depletion and progression of experimental alcoholic liver disease in rats, Hepatology, 16, 1423, 10.1002/hep.1840160619 Hla, 1993, Cyclooxygenase gene expression in inflammation and angiogenesis, Ann NY Acad Sci, 696, 19 Hoerner, 1988, The role of alcoholism and liver disease in the appearance of serum antibodies against acetaldehyde adducts, Hepatology, 8, 569, 10.1002/hep.1840080322 Honchel, 1992, Tumor necrosis factor in alcohol enhanced endotoxin liver injury, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 16, 665, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1992.tb00656.x Horowitz, 1981, Evidence for impairment of transsulfuration pathway in cirrhosis, Gastroenterology, 81, 668, 10.1016/0016-5085(81)90489-3 Hosein, 1980, The influence of chronic ethanol feeding to rats on liver mitochondrial membrane structure and function, Can J Biochem, 58, 1147, 10.1139/o80-154 Huang, 1996, Serum levels of interleukin-8 in alcoholic liver disease: Relationship with disease stage, biochemical parameters and survival, J Hepatol, 24, 277, 10.1016/S0168-8278(96)80156-5 Iimuro, 1997, Antibodies to tumor necrosis factor alfa attenuate hepatic necrosis and inflammation caused by chronic exposure to ethanol in the rat, Hepatology, 26, 1530, 10.1002/hep.510260621 Israel, 1988, Immune responses to alcohol metabolites: Pathogenic and diagnostic implications, Semin Liv Dis, 8, 81, 10.1055/s-2008-1040530 Izumi, 1996, Hepatic iron contents and response to interferon-α in patients with chronic hepatitis C: Relationship to genotypes of hepatitis C virus, Dig Dis Sci, 41, 989, 10.1007/BF02091542 Izumi, 1983, Lymphocyte cytotoxicity for autologous human hepatocytes in alcoholic liver disease, Clin Exp Immunol, 54, 219 Izumi, 1985, Serum antibodies against alcohol-treated rabbit hepatocytes in patients with alcoholic liver disease, Clin Exp Immunol, 61, 585 Kamimura, 1995, Cytokine gene expression by Kupffer cells in experimental alcoholic liver disease, Hepatology, 21, 1304 Keegan, 1995, Ethanol-related liver injury in the rat: A model of steatosis, inflammation and pericentral fibrosis, J Hepatol, 23, 591, 10.1016/0168-8278(95)80067-0 Knecht, 1990, In vivo formation of a free radical metabolite of ethanol, Mol Pharmacol, 38, 26 Koch, 1983, Hepatic alterations in rats fed ethanol at two levels of lipotropies, Substance and Alcohol Actions/Misuse, 4, 263 Koivisto, 1996, Induction of cytochrome P-4502E1 by ethanol in rat Kupffer cells, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 20, 207, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01631.x Koop, 1997, Gadolinium chloride blocks alcohol-dependent liver toxicity in rats treated chronically with intragastric alcohol despite the induction of CYP2E1, Mol Pharmacol, 51, 944, 10.1124/mol.51.6.944 Korsten, 1983, Effects of chronic ethanol feeding and acetaldehyde metabolism on calcium transport by rat liver mitochondria, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 117, 169, 10.1016/0006-291X(83)91556-5 Kroemer, 1997, Mitochondrial control of apoptosis, Immunol Today, 18, 44, 10.1016/S0167-5699(97)80014-X Kurose, 1997, Oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis of hepatocytes exposed to acute ethanol intoxication, Hepatology, 25, 368, 10.1002/hep.510250219 Kurose, 1997, CD18/ICAM-1-dependent nitric oxide production of Kupffer cells as a cause of mitochondrial dysfunction in hepatoma cells: Influence of chronic alcohol feeding, Free Radic Biol Med, 22, 229, 10.1016/S0891-5849(96)00332-2 Lauterberg, 1984, Ethanol suppresses hepatic glutathione synthesis in rats in vivo, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1, 7 Lecomte, 1994, Effect of alcohol consumption on blood antioxidant nutrients and oxidative stress indicators, Am J Clin Nutr, 60, 255, 10.1093/ajcn/60.2.255 Le Moine, 1995, Role of defensive monocyte interleukin-10 release in tumor necrosis factor-alpha overproduction in alcoholic cirrhosis, Hepatology, 22, 1436, 10.1002/hep.1840220516 Li, 1997, Acetaldehyde-modified and 4-hydroxynonenal-modified proteins in the livers of rats with alcoholic liver disease, Hepatology, 26, 650, 10.1002/hep.510260317 Lieber, 1991, Hepatic, metabolic and toxic effects of Ethanol: 1991 update, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 4, 573, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb00563.x Lieber, 1994, Alcohol and the liver: 1994 update, Gastroenterology, 106, 1085, 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90772-2 Lieber, 1997, Role of oxidative stress and antioxidant therapy in alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver disease, Adv Pharmacol, 38, 601, 10.1016/S1054-3589(08)61001-7 Lieber, 1990, S-adenosyl-L-methionine attenuates alcohol-induced liver injury in the baboon, Hepatology, 11, 165, 10.1002/hep.1840110203 Lieber, 1975, Sequential production of fatty liver, hepatitis, and cirrhosis in subhuman primates fed ethanol with adequate diets, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 72, 437, 10.1073/pnas.72.2.437 Lieber, 1965, Effects of prolonged ethanol intake: Production of fatty liver despite adequate diets, J Clin Invest, 44, 1009, 10.1172/JCI105200 Lieber, 1995, Polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC) decreases oxidant stress and protects against alcohol-induced liver injury in the baboon, Hepatology, 22, 225a, 10.1016/0270-9139(95)94625-X Lin, 1993, Zonal distribution of protein-acetaldehyde in the liver of rats fed alcohol chronically, Hepatology, 18, 864, 10.1002/hep.1840180418 Ma, 1987, High levels of acetaldehyde in nonalcoholic liver injury after threonine or ethanol administration, Biochim Biophys Acta, 894, 460 Maltby, 1996, Chemokine levels in human liver homogenates: Associations between GRO alpha and histopathological evidence of alcoholic hepatitis, Hepatology, 24, 1156 Marin-Garcia, 1996, Mitochondrial dysfunction after fetal alcohol exposure, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 20, 1029, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01942.x Martensson, 1990, High-affinity transport of glutathione is part of a multicomponent system essential for mitochondrial function, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 87, 7185, 10.1073/pnas.87.18.7185 Mateos, 1995, Effect of ethanol consumption on adult rat liver mitochondrial populations analyzed by flow cytometry, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 19, 1327, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01620.x Matsuda, 1979, Effects of ethanol on liver microtubules and Golgi apparatus, Lab Invest, 41, 455 McClain, 1989, Increased tumor necrosis factor production by monocytes in alcoholic hepatitis, Hepatology, 9, 349, 10.1002/hep.1840090302 McClain, 1986, Interleukin-1 (IL-1) activity in alcoholic hepatitis, Life Sci, 38, 1479, 10.1016/0024-3205(86)90554-0 McClain, 1993, Cytokines and alcoholic liver disease, Semin Liv Dis, 13, 270, 10.1055/s-2007-1007347 McSweegan, 1997, TNF antibodies get new lease, Nat Med, 3, 130, 10.1038/nm0297-130a Meagher, 1996, Oxidant injury in social drinking and alcoholic cirrhosis, Hepatology, 24, 444a Mendenhall, 1993, Epidemiology of hepatic C among veterans with alcoholic liver disease, Am J Gastroenterol, 88, 1022 Mendenhall, 1995, Relationship of protein calorie malnutrition to alcoholic liver disease: A reexamination of data from two Veterans Administration cooperative studies, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 19, 635, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01560.x Morrow, 1994, [16] mass spectrometry of prostanoids: F2-isoprostanes produced by non-cyclooxygenase free radical-catalyzed mechanism, Methods Enzymol, 233, 163, 10.1016/S0076-6879(94)33019-0 Morrow, 1997, The isoprostanes: Unique bioactive products of lipid peroxidation, Prog Lipid Res, 36, 1, 10.1016/S0163-7827(97)00001-5 Mueller, 1982, Role of alcohol dehydrogenase activity and of acetaldehyde in ethanol-induced ethane and pentane production by isolated perfused rat liver, Biochem J, 206, 153, 10.1042/bj2060153 Muschen, 1998, Regulation of CD95 (APO-1/Fas) receptor and ligand expression by lipopolysaccharide and dexamethasone in parenchymal and nonparenchymal rat liver cells, Hepatology, 27, 200, 10.1002/hep.510270131 Nanji, 1986, Dietary factors and alcoholic cirrhosis, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 10, 271, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1986.tb05088.x Nanji, 1993, Severity of liver injury in experimental alcoholic liver disease: Correlation with plasma endotoxin, prostaglandin E2, leukotriene B4 and thromboxane B2, Am J Pathol, 142, 367 Nanji, 1994, Lactobacillus feeding reduces endotoxemia and severity of experimental alcoholic liver disease, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 205, 243, 10.3181/00379727-205-43703 Nanji, 1994, Plasma endothelin levels in chronic ethanol fed rats: Relationship to pathologic liver injury, Life Sci, 54, 423, 10.1016/0024-3205(94)00700-4 Nanji, 1997, Thromboxane inhibitors attenuate pathological changes in alcoholic liver disease in the rat, Gastroenterology, 112, 200, 10.1016/S0016-5085(97)70236-1 Nanji, 1994, Decreased prostacyclin production by liver non-parenchymal cells precedes liver injury in experimental alcoholic liver disease, Life Sci, 54, 453, 10.1016/0024-3205(94)00404-8 Nanji, 1994, Plasma levels of a novel non-cyclooxygenase-derived prostanoid (8-isoprostane) correlate with severity of liver injury in experimental alcoholic liver disease, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 269, 1280 Nanji, 1989, Beef fat prevents alcoholic liver disease in the rat, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 13, 15, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1989.tb00276.x Nanji, 1997, Enhanced cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in alcoholic liver disease in the rat, Gastroenterology, 112, 943, 10.1053/gast.1997.v112.pm9041257 Nanji, 1997, Alterations in thromboxane synthase and thromboxane A2 receptors in experimental alcoholic liver disease, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 282, 1037 Nanji, 1994, Liver microsomal fatty acid composition in ethanol-fed rats; effects of different dietary fats and relationship to liver injury, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 18, 1024, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00077.x Nanji, 1994, Eicosanoid profile and evidence for endotoxin-tolerance in chronic ethanol-fed rats, Life Sci, 55, 611, 10.1016/0024-3205(94)00487-0 Nanji, 1994, Changes in cytochromes P-450, 2E1, 2B1, and 4A, and phospholipases A and C in the intragastric feeding rat model for alcoholic liver disease: Relationship to dietary fats and pathologic liver injury, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 18, 902, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00058.x Nanji, 1996, Alcoholic liver disease, 861 Nanji, 1994, Use of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to evaluate in vivo cytokine gene expression in rats fed ethanol for long periods, Hepatology, 19, 1483 Niemela, 1991, Immunohistochemical demonstration of acetaldehyde-modified epitopes in human liver after alcohol consumption, J Clin Invest, 87, 1367, 10.1172/JCI115141 Niemela, 1987, Antibodies against acetaldehyde-modified protein epitopes in human alcoholics, Hepatology, 7, 1210, 10.1002/hep.1840070607 NIH Consensus Statement, 1997, Management of hepatitis C, NIH Consens Statement, 15, 1 Ohnishi, 1977, Reconstitution of the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system: Qualitative and quantitative changes of cytochrome P-450 after chronic ethanol consumption, J Biol Chem, 252, 7124, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)66943-7 Ohtani, 1980, Experimental and clinical studies on enzymes of mitochondria in various liver disease; with special reference to alcoholic liver disease, Adv Exp Med Biol, 126, 365 Oshita, 1992, Ethanol-induced vasoconstriction causes focal hepatocellular injury in the isolated perfused rat liver, Hepatology, 16, 1007, 10.1002/hep.1840160425 Oshita, 1993, Roles of endothelin-1 and nitric oxide in the mechanism for ethanol-induced vasoconstriction in rat liver, J Clin Invest, 91, 1337, 10.1172/JCI116334 Otto, 1995, Prostaglandin endoperoxide syntheses -1 and -2, J Lipid Mediat Cell Signal, 12, 139, 10.1016/0929-7855(95)00015-I Patel, 1995, Apoptosis and hepatobiliary disease, Hepatology, 21, 1725 Peterson, 1998, Iron and liver disease. Article six in the series, Practical Gastroenterology, 22, 10 Polavarapu, 1998, Increased lipid peroxidation and impaired antioxidant enzyme function is associated with pathological liver injury in experimental alcoholic liver disease in rats fed diets high in corn oil and fish oil, Hepatology, 27, 1317, 10.1002/hep.510270518 Puntarulo, 1988, Comparison of the ability of ferric complexes to catalyze microsomal chemiluminescence, lipid peroxidation, and hydroxyl radical generation, Arch Biochem Biophys, 264, 482, 10.1016/0003-9861(88)90313-X Rabinowitz, 1991, A probable defect in the beta-oxidation of lipids in rats fed alcohol for 6 months, Alcohol, 8, 241, 10.1016/0741-8329(91)90289-9 Recknagel, 1991, Free radical damage and lipid peroxidation, 401 Reinke, 1987, Reactive free radical generation in vivo in heart and liver of ethanol-fed rats: Correlation with radical formation in vitro, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 84, 9223, 10.1073/pnas.84.24.9223 Reitz, 1978, The effects of ethanol on lipid metabolism, Prog Lipid Res, 18, 87, 10.1016/0163-7827(79)90007-9 Ronis, 1993, Cytochrome P450 CYP 2E1 induction during chronic alcohol exposure occurs by a two-step mechanism associated with blood alcohol concentration in rats, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 264, 944 Rosman, 1996, Alcoholism is associated with hepatitis C but not hepatitis B in an urban population, Am J Gastroenterol, 91, 498 Schiff, 1997, Hepatitis C and alcohol, Hepatology, 26, 39S, 10.1002/hep.510260707 Schreck, 1992, Nuclear factor B: An oxidative stress-responsible transcription factor of eukaryotic cells (a review), Free Radic Res, 17, 221, 10.3109/10715769209079515 Sekiya, 1979, Mitochondrial glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and its clinical significance, Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi, 54, 245 Sen, 1996, Antioxidant and redox regulation of gene transcription, FASEB J, 10, 709, 10.1096/fasebj.10.7.8635688 Shaw, 1992, The role of cellular oxidases and catalytic iron in the pathogenesis of ethanol-induced liver injury, Life Sci, 50, 2045, 10.1016/0024-3205(92)90570-F Shaw, 1983, Depressed hepatic glutathione and increased diene conjugates in alcoholic liver disease: Evidence of lipid peroxidation, Dig Dis Sci, 28, 585, 10.1007/BF01299917 Sherlock, 1995, Alcoholic liver disease, Lancet, 345, 227, 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90226-0 Situnayake, 1990, Lipid peroxidation and hepatic antioxidants in alcoholic liver disease, Gut, 31, 1311, 10.1136/gut.31.11.1311 Smith, 1992, Prostanoid biosynthesis and mechanisms of action, Am J Physiol, 263, F181 Speisky, 1985, Increased loss and decreased synthesis of hepatic glutathione after acute ethanol administration, Biochem J, 225, 565, 10.1042/bj2250565 Strieter, 1996, The good, the bad, and the ugly. The role of chemokines in models of human disease, J Immunol, 156, 3583, 10.4049/jimmunol.156.10.3583 Sungchul, 1982, Periportal and pericentral pyridine nucleotide fluorescence from the surface of the perfused liver: Evaluation of the hypothesis that chronic treatment with ethanol produces pericentral hypoxia, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 79, 5415, 10.1073/pnas.79.17.5415 Takahashi, 1992, Effects of dietary fat composition on activities of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system and ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1) in the liver of rats chronically fed ethanol, Pharmacol Toxicol, 70, 347, 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1992.tb00485.x Takase, 1993, The alcohol-altered liver membrane antibody and hepatitis C virus infection in the progression of alcoholic liver disease, Hepatology, 17, 9, 10.1002/hep.1840170104 Tewari, 1996, Recent advances in tumor necrosis factor and CD40 signaling, Curr Opin Genet Dev, 6, 39, 10.1016/S0959-437X(96)90008-8 Thompson, 1979, A possible mechanism for the increased oxidation of choline after chronic ethanol ingestion, Biochim Biophys Acta, 545, 381, 10.1016/0005-2728(79)90147-6 Thurman, 1997, Role of Kupffer cells, endotoxin and free radicals in hepatotoxicity due to prolonged alcohol consumption: Studies in female and male rats, J Nutr, 17, 930S Tsukamoto, 1986, Ethanol-induced liver fibrosis in rats fed high fat diet, Hepatology, 6, 814, 10.1002/hep.1840060503 Tsutsumi, 1989, The intralobular distribution of ethanol-inducible P450IIE1 in rat and human liver, Hepatology, 10, 437, 10.1002/hep.1840100407 Tuma, 1987, The interaction of acetaldehyde with tubulin, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 492, 277, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb48681.x Tuma, 1991, Acetaldehyde and microtubules, Ann NY Acad Sci, 625, 786, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb33920.x Van Dullemen, 1995, Treatment of Crohn's disease with anti-tumor necrosis factor chimeric monoclonal antibody (cA2), Gastroenterology, 109, 129, 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90277-5 Varga, 1990, Quantitative ultrastructural analysis of hepatoprotective effects of (+)-cyanidanol-3 on alcoholic liver damage, Exp Mol Pathol, 52, 249, 10.1016/0014-4800(90)90010-B Waring, 1981, Membranes and phospholipids of liver mitochondria from chronic alcoholic rats are resistant to membrane disordering by alcohol, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 78, 2582, 10.1073/pnas.78.4.2582 Yoo, 1991, Regulation of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450IIE1 level by dietary lipids and carbohydrates in rats, J Nutr, 121, 959, 10.1093/jn/121.7.959 Zhu, 1996, Identification of the 37-kd rat liver protein that forms an acetaldehyde adduct in vivo as Δ4-3-ketosteroid 5β-reductase, Hepatology, 23, 115