Cách tiếp cận MCDA-DEA để xây dựng một chỉ số tổng hợp cho nước thải từ các nhà máy xử lý nước thải với việc xem xét ảnh hưởng của các sản phẩm dược phẩm và chăm sóc cá nhân (PPCPs)

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 30 - Trang 47234-47247 - 2023
Águeda Bellver-Domingo1, Ramón Fuentes2, Francesc Hernández-Sancho1, Eric Carmona3,4, Yolanda Picó3, Vicent Hernández-Chover1
1Institute of Local Development (ILD-WATER), Water Economics Group, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
2Department of Applied Economic Analysis, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
3Environmental and Food Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre, CIDE-GV-UV), University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
4Department Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany

Tóm tắt

Xét về tình hình nước hiện tại, việc tái sử dụng là giải pháp hiệu quả để đáp ứng nhu cầu nước và giảm áp lực lên các nguồn nước truyền thống. Tuy nhiên, các sản phẩm dược phẩm và chăm sóc cá nhân (PPCPs) trong nước thải từ các nhà máy xử lý nước thải (WWTPs) làm giảm chất lượng và tính phù hợp của chúng. Với mục tiêu xác định và theo dõi cả ảnh hưởng của PPCPs và tính phù hợp của nước thải để tái sử dụng, nghiên cứu này đề xuất phát triển một chỉ số tổng hợp (CI) liên quan đến sự hiện diện của PPCPs trong các WWTP, thông qua mô hình phân tích quyết định đa tiêu chí (MCDA) – phân tích bao phủ dữ liệu (DEA) với trọng số chung. Việc thu được một CI cho PPCPs là một phương pháp mới trong tài liệu đã công bố, cho thấy một góc nhìn mới trong quản lý PPCP và ảnh hưởng của chúng trong xử lý nước thải. Hơn nữa, nghiên cứu này đề xuất một cải tiến cho mô hình MCDA-DEA, duy trì thứ bậc ban đầu đã có cho các đơn vị phân tích. Sự phát triển của CI dựa trên thông tin về điều kiện công nghệ, môi trường, xã hội và sinh học của các WWTP. Kết quả cho thấy 4 trong số 33 WWTP được phân tích có giá trị CI tốt nhất, có nghĩa là nước thải của chúng có tác động môi trường thấp hơn. Việc phát triển một CI liên quan đến PPCPs trong các WWTP cho thấy cần có các bước tiếp theo để quản lý nước thải của các WWTP. Do đó, nhu cầu thực hiện các biện pháp phòng ngừa trong các WWTP đã được thể hiện, mặc dù việc loại bỏ PPCPs vẫn chưa phải là một phần trong luật pháp Châu Âu. Công trình này nhấn mạnh tầm quan trọng của việc xem xét PPCPs như các chất ô nhiễm ưu tiên trong quản lý nước thải và các khuôn khổ tái sử dụng, nhằm đảm bảo tác động môi trường thấp và thích ứng tái sử dụng nước thải dựa trên cách tiếp cận kinh tế tuần hoàn. Các chất ô nhiễm mới nổi (PPCPs) được sử dụng như các chỉ số chất lượng nước thải. Một chỉ số tổng hợp cho hiệu suất của PPCPs đã được phát triển thông qua mô hình MCDA-DEA. Chỉ số thu được cho phép các nhà quyết định thực hiện các hành động cụ thể để đánh giá chất lượng nước thải. Kết quả cho thấy khả năng cải thiện chất lượng nước thải thông qua việc loại bỏ PPCPs.

Từ khóa

#tái sử dụng nước #sản phẩm dược phẩm và chăm sóc cá nhân (PPCPs) #xử lý nước thải #chỉ số tổng hợp #mô hình MCDA-DEA

Tài liệu tham khảo

Akkoyunlu A, Akiner ME (2012) Pollution evaluation in streams using water quality indices: a case study from Turkey’s Sapanca Lake Basin. Ecol Indic 18:501–511 Alidina M, Hoppe-Jones C, Yoon M, Hamadeh AF, Li D, Drewes JE (2014) The occurrence of emerging trace organic chemicals in wastewater effluents in Saudi Arabia. Sci Total Environ 478:152–162 Al-Khazrajy O, Bergström E, Boxall ABA (2018) Factors affecting the dissipation of pharmaceuticals in freshwater sediments. Environ Toxicol Chem 37:829–838 Andrés-Costa MJ, Pascual-Aguilar J, Andreu V, Picó Y (2017) Assessing drugs of abuse distribution in Turia River based on geographic information system and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Sci Total Environ 609:360–369 Andreu V, Gimeno-García E, Pascual JA, Vazquez-Roig P, Picó Y (2016) Presence of pharmaceuticals and heavy metals in the waters of a Mediterranean coastal wetland: Potential interactions and the influence of the environment. Sci Total Environ 540:278–286 Azzouz A, Ballesteros E (2013) Influence of seasonal climate differences on the pharmaceutical, hormone and personal care product removal efficiency of a drinking water treatment plant. Chemosphere 93:2046–2054 Beamonte-Córdoba E, Casino Martínez A, Veres Ferrer E (2010) Water quality indicators: Comparison of a probabilistic index and a general quality index. The case of the Confederación Hidrográfica del Júcar (Spain). Ecol Indic 10:1049–1054 Behrooz B, Suzanne W, Regan P, Nemat H, Alavi-Shoshtari M (2018) Developing a framework for measuring water supply resilience. Nat Hazards Rev 19:04018013 Bellver-Domingo A, Fuentes R, Hernández-Sancho F (2017) Shadow prices of emerging pollutants in wastewater treatment plants: quantification of environmental externalities, J Environ Manage, 203, Part 1, 439-47 Bellver-Domingo A, Fuentes R, Hernández-Sancho F, Carmona E, Picó Y, Hernández-Chover V (2018) Monetary valuation of salicylic acid, methylparaben and THCOOH in a Mediterranean coastal wetland through the shadow prices methodology. Sci Total Environ 627:869–879 Ben-Mordechay E, Tarchitzky J, Chen Y, Shenker M, Chefetz B (2018) Composted biosolids and treated wastewater as sources of pharmaceuticals and personal care products for plant uptake: a case study with carbamazepine. Environ Pollut 232:164–172 Binelli A, Magni S, Soave C, Marazzi F, Zuccato E, Castiglioni S, Parolini M, Mezzanotte V (2014) The biofiltration process by the bivalve D. polymorpha for the removal of some pharmaceuticals and drugs of abuse from civil wastewaters. Ecol Eng 71:710–721 Calabria FA, Camanho AS, Zanella A (2018) The use of composite indicators to evaluate the performance of Brazilian hydropower plants. Int t Oper Res 25:1323–1343 Campo J, Lorenzo M, Pérez F, Picó Y, Farré M, l. and Barceló, D., (2016) Analysis of the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in water, sediment and biota of the Jucar River (E Spain). Sources, partitioning and relationships with water physical characteristics. Environ Res 147:503–512 Carbonell G, Pro J, Gómez N, Babín MM, Fernández C, Alonso E, Tarazona JV (2009) Sewage sludge applied to agricultural soil: ecotoxicological effects on representative soil organisms. Ecotox Environ Safe 72:1309–1319 Carmona E, Andreu V, Picó Y (2014) Occurrence of acidic pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Turia River Basin: From waste to drinking water. Sci Total Environ 484:53–63 Carmona E, Picó Y (2018) The use of chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry for the study of emerging pollutants in the environment. Crc Cr Rev Anal Chem 48:305–316 Cartagena P, El Kaddouri M, Cases V, Trapote A, Prats D (2013) Reduction of emerging micropollutants, organic matter, nutrients and salinity from real wastewater by combined MBR–NF/RO treatment. Sep Purif Technol 110:132–143 Ccanccapa A, Masiá A, Navarro-Ortega A, Picó Y, Barceló D (2016) Pesticides in the Ebro River basin: Occurrence and risk assessment. Environ Pollut 211:414–424 Chen W, Cheng J, Lin X (2018) Systematic screening and identification of the chlorinated transformation products of aromatic pharmaceuticals and personal care products using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Sci Total Environ 637–638:253–263 Chen X, Vollertsen J, Nielsen JL, Gieraltowska Dall A, Bester K (2015) Degradation of PPCPs in activated sludge from different WWTPs in Denmark. Ecotoxicology 24:2073–2080 CJEU (2018) Court of Justice of the European Union, PRESS RELEASE No 120/18. Judgment in Case C-205/17, Commission v Spain. On account of its delay in implementing the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive, Spain is ordered to pay a lump sum of €12 million and a penalty payment of almost €11 million per six-month period of delay. Available at https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2018-07/cp180120en.pdf Darehmiraki M, Behdani Z (2013) A new DEA approach to rank alternatives in MCDA. Data Envelopment Analysis and Decision Science 2013:1–7 Davies J (2006) Application and Tests of the Canadian Water Quality Index for Assessing Changes in Water Quality in Lakes and Rivers of Central North America, Lake. Reserv Manage 22:308–320 Dodgen LK, Li J, Wu X, Lu Z, Gan JJ (2014) Transformation and removal pathways of four common PPCP/EDCs in soil, Environ. Pollut. (Barking, Essex: 1987), 193, 29–36 Dodgen LK, Zheng W (2016) Effects of reclaimed water matrix on fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in soil. Chemosphere 156:286–293 Ebele AJ, Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M, Harrad S (2017) Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the freshwater aquatic environment, Emerging Contaminants ECHA (2018) Eurpean chemicals database. Available at https://echa.europa.eu/ EPA (2018) Chemistry dashborad. Available at https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard EPSAR (2017) Characteristics of WWTPs in Valencian Community [In Spanish]. Available at http://www.epsar.gva.es/sanejament/docs/330.pdf Färe R, Grosskopf S, Weber WL (2006) Shadow prices and pollution costs in U.S. agriculture. Ecol Econ 56:89–103 Gielen G, Heuvel Michael R, van den Clinton PW, Greenfield LG (2009) Factors impacting on pharmaceutical leaching following sewage application to land, Chemosphere, 74, 537-42 Godayol A, Besalú E, Anticó E, Sanchez JM (2015) Monitoring of sixteen fragrance allergens and two polycyclic musks in wastewater treatment plants by solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography. Chemosphere 119:363–370 González-Mariño I, Rodríguez I, Quintana JB, Cela R (2013) Investigation of the transformation of 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol during water chlorination by liquid chromatography–quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. J Hazard Mater 261:628–636 Grenni P, Patrolecco L, Ademollo N, Tolomei A, Barra Caracciolo A (2013) Degradation of gemfibrozil and naproxen in a river water ecosystem. Microchem J 107:158–164 Guerrini A, Romano G, Ferretti S, Fibbi D, Daddi D (2016) A performance measurement tool leading wastewater treatment plants toward economic efficiency and sustainability, Sustainability, 8 Hamlat A, Guidoum A, Koulala I (2016) Status and trends of water quality in the Tafna catchment: a comparative study using water quality indices. J of Water Reuse Desal 7:228 Hatefi SM, Torabi SA (2010) A common weight MCDA–DEA approach to construct composite indicators. Ecol Econ 70:114–120 Hatefi SM, Torabi SA (2018) A slack analysis framework for improving composite indicators with applications to human development and sustainable energy indices. Economet Rev 37:247–259 Hernandez-Ruiz S, Abrell L, Wickramasekara S, Chefetz B, Chorover J (2012) Quantifying PPCP interaction with dissolved organic matter in aqueous solution: Combined use of fluorescence quenching and tandem mass spectrometry. Water Res 46:943–954 Hernández-Sancho F, Molinos-Senante M, Sala-Garrido R (2010) Economic valuation of environmental benefits from wastewater treatment processes: An empirical approach for Spain. Sci Total Environ 408:953–957 Hernández-Sancho F, Molinos-Senante M, Sala-Garrido R (2011) The influence of seasonality on the economic efficiency of wastewater treatment plants, NATO Sci. Peace Sec. C., 106 Hernando MD, Agüera A, Fernández-Alba AR (2007) LC-MS analysis and environmental risk of lipid regulators. Anal Bioanal Chem 387:1269–1285 Hoffman AF, Lycas MD, Kaczmarzyk JR, Spivak CE, Baumann MH, Lupica CR (2017) Disruption of hippocampal synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation by psychoactive synthetic cannabinoid ‘Spice’ compounds: comparison with Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Addict Biol 22:390–399 HSDB (2014) Hazardous Substances Data Bank - U.S. National Library of Medicine. Available at https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB Iatrou EI, Stasinakis AS, Thomaidis NS (2014) Consumption-based approach for predicting environmental risk in Greece due to the presence of antimicrobials in domestic wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:12941–12950 INE. (2020) Water supply and wastewater treatment database - 2000 to 2020 [In Spanish]. Available at https://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t26/p067/p01/serie/l0/&file=01005.px Jelic A, Gros M, Ginebreda A, Cespedes-Sánchez R, Ventura F, Petrovic M, Barcelo D (2011) Occurrence, partition and removal of pharmaceuticals in sewage water and sludge during wastewater treatment. Water Res 45:1165–1176 Jjemba PK (2008) Pharma-ecology: the occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment, Wiley Kao C (2010) Weight determination for consistently ranking alternatives in multiple criteria decision analysis. Appl Math Model 34:1779–1787 Karsak EE, Ahiska SS (2007) A common-weight MCDM framework for decision problems with multiple inputs and outputs, in computational science and its applications – ICCSA 2007, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 779-90 Karschner EL, Schwilke EW, Lowe RH, Darwin WD, Herning RI, Cadet JL, Huestis MA (2009) Implications of plasma Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-hydroxy-THC, and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC concentrations in chronic cannabis smokers. J Anal Toxicol 33:469–477 Kunkel U, Radke M (2008) Biodegradation of acidic pharmaceuticals in bed sediments: insight from a laboratory experiment. Environ Sci Technol 42:7273–7279 Lapen DR, Topp E, Metcalfe CD, Li H, Edwards M, Gottschall N, Bolton P, Curnoe W, Payne M, Beck A (2008) Pharmaceutical and personal care products in tile drainage following land application of municipal biosolids. Sci Total Environ 399:50–65 Li K, Zhang P, Ge L, Ren H, Yu C, Chen X, Zhao Y (2014) Concentration-dependent photodegradation kinetics and hydroxyl-radical oxidation of phenicol antibiotics. Chemosphere 111:278–282 Lorenzo M, Campo J, Morales Suárez-Varela M, Picó Y (2019) Occurrence, distribution and behavior of emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in a Mediterranean wetland protected area. Sci Total Environ 646:1009–1020 Luo Y, Guo W, Ngo HH, Nghiem LD, Hai FI, Zhang J, Liang S, Wang XC (2014) A review on the occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment and their fate and removal during wastewater treatment. Sci Total Environ 473–474:619–641 Maaß O, Grundmann P (2016) Added-value from linking the value chains of wastewater treatment, crop production and bioenergy production: a case study on reusing wastewater and sludge in crop production in Braunschweig (Germany). Resour Conserv Recy 107:195–211 Mailler R, Gasperi J, Coquet Y, Buleté A, Vulliet E, Deshayes S, Zedek S, Mirande-Bret C, Eudes V, Bressy A, Caupos E, Moilleron R, Chebbo G, Rocher V (2016) Removal of a wide range of emerging pollutants from wastewater treatment plant discharges by micro-grain activated carbon in fluidized bed as tertiary treatment at large pilot scale, Sci. Total Environ., 542, Part A, 983–96 Manisera M (2007) Scoring ordinal variables for constructing composite indicators, Statistica, 67 Martinez-Haro M, Beiras R, Bellas J, Capela R, Coelho JP, Lopes I, Moreira-Santos M, Reis-Henriques AM, Ribeiro R, Santos MM, Marques JC (2015) A review on the ecological quality status assessment in aquatic systems using community based indicators and ecotoxicological tools: what might be the added value of their combination? Ecol Indic 48:8–16 Medeiros AC, Faial KRF, do Carmo Freitas Faial, Kelson, da Silva Lopes, Iris Danielly, de Oliveira Lima M, Guimarães RM, Mendonça NM (2017) Quality index of the surface water of Amazonian rivers in industrial areas in Pará, Brazil, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 123, 156-64 Molinos-Senante M, Reif R, Garrido-Baserba M, Hernández-Sancho F, Omil F, Poch M, Sala-Garrido R (2013) Economic valuation of environmental benefits of removing pharmaceutical and personal care products from WWTP effluents by ozonation. Sci Total Environ 461–462:409–415 Molinos-Senante M, Gómez T, Garrido-Baserba M, Caballero R, Sala-Garrido R (2014) Assessing the sustainability of small wastewater treatment systems: A composite indicator approach. Sci Total Environ 497–498:607–617 Molinos-Senante M, Marques RC, Pérez F, Gómez T, Sala-Garrido R, Caballero R (2016) Assessing the sustainability of water companies: a synthetic indicator approach, Ecol. Indic., 61. Part 2:577–587 Mossa A, Dickinson MJ, West HM, Young SD, Crout NMJ (2017) The response of soil microbial diversity and abundance to long-term application of biosolids. Environ Pollut 224:16–25 Niemuth NJ, Klaper RD (2015) Emerging wastewater contaminant metformin causes intersex and reduced fecundity in fish. Chemosphere 135:38–45 OECD, 2008. Handbook on constructing composite indicators: methodology and user guide, OECD - European Comission. OECD and JRC, 2008. Handbook on constructing composite indicators: methodology and user guide, OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Pagani L, Zanarotti M (2015) Some considerations to carry out a composite indicator for ordinal data, Electronic J Appl Stat Anal, 8 Paíga P, Santos LHMLM, Ramos S, Jorge S, Silva JG, Delerue-Matos C (2016) Presence of pharmaceuticals in the Lis river (Portugal): Sources, fate and seasonal variation. Sci Total Environ 573:164–177 Pal A, He Y, Jekel M, Reinhard M, Gin KY (2014) Emerging contaminants of public health significance as water quality indicator compounds in the urban water cycle. Environ Int 71:46–62 Papageorgiou M, Kosma C, Lambropoulou D (2016) Seasonal occurrence, removal, mass loading and environmental risk assessment of 55 pharmaceuticals and personal care products in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Central Greece, Science of The Total Environment. Part A 543:547–569 Paredes L, Omil F, Lema JM, Carballa M (2018) What happens with organic micropollutants during UV disinfection in WWTPs? A Globe Perspective from Laboratory to Full-Scale. J Hazard Mater 342:670–678 Pennington MJ, Rivas NG, Prager SM, Walton WE, Trumble JT (2015) Pharmaceuticals and personal care products alter the holobiome and development of a medically important mosquito. Environ Pollut 203:199–207 Prat N, Rieradevall M, Barata C, Munné A (2013) The combined use of metrics of biological quality and biomarkers to detect the effects of reclaimed water on macroinvertebrate assemblages in the lower part of a polluted Mediterranean river (Llobregat River, NE Spain). Ecol Indic 24:167–176 Puleo V, Fontanazza CM, Notaro V, De Marchis M, La Loggia G, Freni G (2014) Definition of water meter substitution plans based on a composite indicator. Procedia Engineer 70:1369–1377 Quist-Jensen CA, Macedonio F, Drioli E (2015) Membrane technology for water production in agriculture: Desalination and wastewater reuse. Desalination 364:17–32 Rames E, Roiko A, Stratton H, Macdonald J (2016) Technical aspects of using human adenovirus as a viral water quality indicator. Water Res 96:308–326 Rizzo L, Manaia C, Merlin C, Schwartz T, Dagot C, Ploy MC, Michael I, Fatta-Kassinos D (2013) Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes spread into the environment: a review. Sci Total Environ 447:345–360 Sabia G, De Gisi S, Farina R (2016) Implementing a composite indicator approach for prioritizing activated sludge-based wastewater treatment plants at large spatial scale. Ecol Indic 71:1–18 Sala-Garrido R, Molinos-Senante M, Hernández-Sancho F (2012) How does seasonality affect water reuse possibilities? An efficiency and cost analysis. Resour Conserv Recy 58:125–131 Salgado R, Marques R, Noronha JP, Carvalho G, Oehmen A, Reis MAM (2012) Assessing the removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in a full-scale activated sludge plant. Environ Sci Pollut R 19:1818–1827 Sanei M, Khoshtinat FZ, Khodadadi M (2011) An improved common weight MCDA-DEA approach to construct composite indicators. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 5:1471–1475 Schröder P, Helmreich B, Škrbić B, Carballa M, Papa M, Pastore C, Emre Z, Oehmen A, Langenhoff A, Molinos M, Dvarioniene J, Huber C, Tsagarakis KP, Martinez-Lopez E, Pagano SM, Vogelsang C, Mascolo G (2016) Status of hormones and painkillers in wastewater effluents across several European states—considerations for the EU watch list concerning estradiols and diclofenac. Environ Sci Pollut R 23:12835–12866 Seitkalieva AV, Menzorova NI, Rasskazov VA (2015) Application of different enzyme assays and biomarkers for pollution monitoring of the marine environment. Environ Moni Assess 188:70 Sutadian AD, Muttil N, Yilmaz AG, Perera BJC (2015) Development of river water quality indices—a review. Environ Moni Assess 188:58 Tang Y, Li X, Xu Z, Guo Q, Hong C, Bing Y (2014) Removal of naproxen and bezafibrate by activated sludge under aerobic conditions: kinetics and effect of substrates. Biotechnol Appl Bioc 61:333–341 Terasaki M, Abe R, Makino M, Tatarazako N (2015) Chronic toxicity of parabens and their chlorinated by-products in Ceriodaphnia dubia. Environ Toxicol 30:664–673 Ternes TA, Bonerz M, Herrmann N, Teiser B, Andersen HR (2007) Irrigation of treated wastewater in Braunschweig, germany: an option to remove pharmaceuticals and musk fragrances. Chemosphere 66:894–904 Terrado M, Barceló D, Tauler R, Borrell E, Campos S. d, Barceló D (2010) Surface-water-quality indices for the analysis of data generated by automated sampling networks, TrAC-Trend Anal Chem, 29, 40-52 Van Stempvoort DR, Roy JW, Grabuski J, Brown SJ, Bickerton G, Sverko E (2013) An artificial sweetener and pharmaceutical compounds as co-tracers of urban wastewater in groundwater. Sci Total Environ 461–462:348–359 Vidal-Liñán L, Bellas J (2013) Practical procedures for selected biomarkers in mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis — implications for marine pollution monitoring. Sci Total Environ 461–462:56–64 Wang H (2015) A generalized MCDA–DEA (multi-criterion decision analysis–data envelopment analysis) approach to construct slacks-based composite indicator. Energy 80:114–122 Wang Y, Wang X, Li M, Dong J, Sun C, Chen G (2018) Removal of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) from municipal waste water with integrated membrane systems, MBR-RO/NF, Int. J. Env Res Pub He, 15 Wei C, Löschel A, Liu B (2013) An empirical analysis of the CO2 shadow price in Chinese thermal power enterprises. Energ Econ 40:22–31 Wei C, Wang N, HoppeJones C, Leiknes T, Amy G, Fang Q, Hu X, Rong H (2018) Organic micropollutants removal in sequential batch reactor followed by nanofiltration from municipal wastewater treatment. Bioresource Technol 268:648–657 Willson TM, Brown PJ, Sternbach DD, Henke BR (2000) The PPARs: from orphan receptors to drug discovery. J Med Chem 43:527–550 Yin L, Wang B, Yuan H, Deng S, Huang J, Wang Y, Yu G (2017) Pay special attention to the transformation products of PPCPs in environment. Emerging Contaminants 3:69–75 Zahiri B, Tavakkoli-Moghaddam R, Rezaei-Malek M (2016) An MCDA-DEA approach for mixed-model assembly line balancing problem under uncertainty. J Intell Fuzzy Syst 30:2737–2748 Zenobio JE, Sanchez BC, Leet JK, Archuleta LC, Sepúlveda MS (2015) Presence and effects of pharmaceutical and personal care products on the Baca National Wildlife Refuge. Colorado, Chemosphere 120:750–755 Zhou P, Ang BW, Poh KL (2007) A mathematical programming approach to constructing composite indicators. Ecol Econ 62:291–297