Lyme Disease: Laboratory Issues

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America - Tập 22 - Trang 301-313 - 2008
Maria E. Aguero-Rosenfeld1,2
1Departments of Pathology, Medicine, and Microbiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
2Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA

Tài liệu tham khảo

Aguero-Rosenfeld, 2005, Diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis, Clin Microbiol Rev, 18, 484, 10.1128/CMR.18.3.484-509.2005 van Dam, 1993, Different genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi are associated with distinct clinical manifestations of Lyme borreliosis, Clin Infect Dis, 17, 708, 10.1093/clinids/17.4.708 de Koning, 1987, Demonstration of spirochetes in patients with Lyme disease with a modified silver stain, J Med Microbiol, 23, 261, 10.1099/00222615-23-3-261 Coyle, 1993, Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi antigens in cerebrospinal fluid, Neurology, 43, 1093, 10.1212/WNL.43.6.1093 Coyle, 1990, Cerebrospinal fluid immune complexes in patients exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi: detection of Borrelia-specific and -nonspecific complexes, Ann Neurol, 28, 739, 10.1002/ana.410280603 Klempner, 2001, Intralaboratory reliability of serologic and urine testing for Lyme disease, Am J Med, 110, 217, 10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00701-4 Brettschneider, 1998, Diagnostic value of PCR for detection of Borrelia burgdorferi in skin biopsy and urine samples from patients with skin borreliosis, J Clin Microbiol, 36, 2658, 10.1128/JCM.36.9.2658-2665.1998 Rijpkema, 1997, Detection of Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, Borrelia garinii, and group VS116 by PCR in skin biopsies of patients with erythema migrans and acrodermitis chronica atrophicans, Clin Microbiol Infect, 3, 109, 10.1111/j.1469-0691.1997.tb00259.x Schwartz, 1992, Diagnosis of early Lyme disease by polymerase chain reaction amplification and culture of skin biopsies from erythema migrans lesions, J Clin Microbiol, 30, 3082, 10.1128/JCM.30.12.3082-3088.1992 Steere, 1998, Vaccination against Lyme disease with recombinant Borrelia burgdorferi outer-surface lipoprotein A with adjuvant, N Engl J Med, 339, 209, 10.1056/NEJM199807233390401 Goodman, 1995, Bloodstream invasion in early Lyme disease: results from a prospective, controlled, blinded study using the polymerase chain reaction, Am J Med, 99, 6, 10.1016/S0002-9343(99)80097-7 Nocton, 1996, Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA by polymerase chain reaction in cerebrospinal fluid in Lyme neuroborreliosis, J Infect Dis, 174, 623, 10.1093/infdis/174.3.623 Lebech, 2000, Diagnostic value of PCR for detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in clinical specimens from patients with erythema migrans and Lyme neuroborreliosis, Mol Diagn, 5, 139, 10.2165/00066982-200005020-00007 Nocton, 1994, Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA by polymerase chain reaction in synovial fluid from patients with Lyme arthritis, N Engl J Med, 330, 229, 10.1056/NEJM199401273300401 Dumler, 2001, Molecular diagnosis of Lyme disease: review and meta-analysis, Mol Diagn, 6, 1, 10.2165/00066982-200106010-00001 Burgdorfer, 1982, Lyme disease—a tick-borne spirochetosis?, Science, 216, 1317, 10.1126/science.7043737 Kelly, 1971, Cultivation of Borrelia hermsii, Science, 173, 443, 10.1126/science.173.3995.443 Barbour, 1984, Isolation and cultivation of Lyme disease spirochetes, Yale J Biol Med, 57, 521 Preac-Mursic, 1986, European Borrelia burgdorferi isolated from humans and ticks—culture conditions and antibiotic susceptibility, Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A], 263, 112 Pollack, 1993, Standardization of medium for culturing Lyme disease spirochetes, J Clin Microbiol, 31, 1251, 10.1128/JCM.31.5.1251-1255.1993 Nadelman, 1996, The clinical spectrum of early Lyme borreliosis in patients with culture-confirmed erythema migrans, Am J Med, 100, 502, 10.1016/S0002-9343(95)99915-9 Stanek, 1990, Isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from the myocardium of a patient with longstanding cardiomyopathy, N Engl J Med, 322, 249, 10.1056/NEJM199001253220407 Wormser, 2000, Comparison of the yields of blood cultures using serum or plasma from patients with early Lyme disease, J Clin Microbiol, 38, 1648, 10.1128/JCM.38.4.1648-1650.2000 Reed, 2002, Laboratory testing for Lyme disease: possibilities and practicalities, J Clin Microbiol, 40, 319, 10.1128/JCM.40.2.319-324.2002 Berger, 1992, Cultivation of Borrelia burgdorferi from erythema migrans lesions and perilesional skin, J Clin Microbiol, 30, 359, 10.1128/JCM.30.2.359-361.1992 Jurca, 1998, Comparison of peripheral and central biopsy sites for the isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from erythema migrans skin lesions, Clin Infect Dis, 27, 636, 10.1086/514715 Nadelman, 1993, Failure to isolate Borrelia burgdorferi after antimicrobial therapy in culture-documented Lyme borreliosis associated with erythema migrans: report of a prospective study, Am J Med, 94, 583, 10.1016/0002-9343(93)90208-7 Wormser, 2001, Yield of large-volume blood cultures in patients with early Lyme disease, J Infect Dis, 184, 1070, 10.1086/323424 Marques, 2000, Evaluation of a new culture medium for Borrelia burgdorferi, J Clin Microbiol, 38, 4239, 10.1128/JCM.38.11.4239-4241.2000 Nadelman, 1990, Isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from the blood of seven patients with Lyme disease, Am J Med, 88, 21, 10.1016/0002-9343(90)90122-T Cimperman, 1999, Lyme meningitis: a one-year follow up controlled study, Wien Klin Wochenschr, 111, 961 Karlsson, 1990, Cultivation and characterization of spirochetes from cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Lyme borreliosis, J Clin Microbiol, 28, 473, 10.1128/JCM.28.3.473-479.1990 Strle, 2006, Comparison of findings for patients with Borrelia garinii and Borrelia afzelii isolated from cerebrospinal fluid, Clin Infect Dis, 43, 704, 10.1086/506936 Schmidli, 1988, Cultivation of Borrelia burgdorferi from joint fluid three months after treatment of facial palsy due to Lyme borreliosis, J Infect Dis, 158, 905, 10.1093/infdis/158.4.905 Mitchell, 1994, Comparison of four immunoserologic assays for detection of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in patients with culture-positive erythema migrans, J Clin Microbiol, 32, 1958, 10.1128/JCM.32.8.1958-1962.1994 Aguero-Rosenfeld, 1996, Evolution of the serologic response to Borrelia burgdorferi in treated patients with culture-confirmed erythema migrans, J Clin Microbiol, 34, 1, 10.1128/JCM.34.1.1-9.1996 Fraser, 1997, Genomic sequence of a Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi, Nature, 390, 580, 10.1038/37551 de Silva, 1997, Borrelia burgdorferi genes selectively expressed in ticks and mammals, Parasitol Today, 13, 267, 10.1016/S0169-4758(97)01074-0 Schwan, 2000, Temporal changes in outer surface proteins A and C of the Lyme disease-associated spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, during the chain of infection in ticks and mice, J Clin Microbiol, 38, 382, 10.1128/JCM.38.1.382-388.2000 Crother, 2003, Antigenic composition of Borrelia burgdorferi during infection of SCID mice, Infect Immun, 71, 3419, 10.1128/IAI.71.6.3419-3428.2003 Fikrig, 2000, Arthropod- and host-specific Borrelia burgdorferi bbk32 expression and the inhibition of spirochete transmission, J Immunol, 164, 5344, 10.4049/jimmunol.164.10.5344 Hubner, 2001, Expression of Borrelia burgdorferi OspC and DbpA is controlled by a RpoN-RpoS regulatory pathway, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 98, 12724, 10.1073/pnas.231442498 Miller, 2003, Temporal analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi Erp protein expression throughout the mammal-tick infectious cycle, Infect Immun, 71, 6943, 10.1128/IAI.71.12.6943-6952.2003 Ohnishi, 2001, Antigenic and genetic heterogeneity of Borrelia burgdorferi populations transmitted by ticks, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 98, 670, 10.1073/pnas.98.2.670 Nowalk, 2006, Serologic proteome analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi membrane-associated proteins, Infect Immun, 74, 3864, 10.1128/IAI.00189-06 Craft, 1986, Antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi recognized during Lyme disease. Appearance of a new immunoglobulin M response and expansion of the immunoglobulin G response late in the illness, J Clin Invest, 78, 934, 10.1172/JCI112683 Aguero-Rosenfeld, 1993, Serodiagnosis in early Lyme disease, J Clin Microbiol, 31, 3090, 10.1128/JCM.31.12.3090-3095.1993 Dressler, 1993, Western blotting in the serodiagnosis of Lyme disease, J Infect Dis, 167, 392, 10.1093/infdis/167.2.392 Hansen, 1988, Measurement of antibodies to the Borrelia burgdorferi flagellum improves serodiagnosis in Lyme disease, J Clin Microbiol, 26, 338, 10.1128/JCM.26.2.338-346.1988 Johnson, 1996, Serodiagnosis of Lyme disease: accuracy of a two-step approach using a flagella-based ELISA and immunoblotting, J Infect Dis, 174, 346, 10.1093/infdis/174.2.346 Lin, 1991, Use of flagellin-enriched antigens in a rapid, simple, and specific quantitative enzyme immunoassay for Lyme disease antibodies in human serum samples, J Immunoassay, 12, 325, 10.1080/01971529108055076 Bruckbauer, 1992, Cross-reactive proteins of Borrelia burgdorferi, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 11, 224, 10.1007/BF02098084 Fawcett, 1992, Frequency and specificity of antibodies that cross-react with Borrelia burgdorferi antigens, J Rheumatol, 19, 582 Luft, 1993, Cross-reactive antigenic domains of the flagellin protein of Borrelia burgdorferi, Res Microbiol, 144, 251, 10.1016/0923-2508(93)90009-Q Rasiah, 1992, Purification and characterization of a tryptic peptide of Borrelia burgdorferi flagellin, which reduces cross-reactivity in immunoblots and ELISA, J Gen Microbiol, 138, 147, 10.1099/00221287-138-1-147 Coleman, 1987, Isolation of antigenic components from the Lyme disease spirochete: their role in early diagnosis, J Infect Dis, 155, 756, 10.1093/infdis/155.4.756 Lagal, 2003, Genetic diversity among Borrelia strains determined by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of the OspC gene and its association with invasiveness, J Clin Microbiol, 41, 5059, 10.1128/JCM.41.11.5059-5065.2003 Masuzawa, 1994, Relationship between infectivity and OspC expression in Lyme disease Borrelia, FEMS Microbiol Lett, 123, 319, 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb07242.x Seinost, 1999, Four clones of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto cause invasive infection in humans, Infect Immun, 67, 3518, 10.1128/IAI.67.7.3518-3524.1999 Mathiesen, 1998, The dominant epitope of Borrelia garinii outer surface protein C recognized by sera from patients with neuroborreliosis has a surface-exposed conserved structural motif, Infect Immun, 66, 4073, 10.1128/IAI.66.9.4073-4079.1998 Simpson, 1990, Reactivity of human Lyme borreliosis sera with a 39-kilodalton antigen specific to Borrelia burgdorferi, J Clin Microbiol, 28, 1329, 10.1128/JCM.28.6.1329-1337.1990 Ramamoorthy, 1996, Molecular characterization, genomic arrangement, and expression of bmpD, a new member of the bmp class of genes encoding membrane proteins of Borrelia burgdorferi, Infect Immun, 64, 1259, 10.1128/IAI.64.4.1259-1264.1996 Zhang, 1997, Antigenic variation in Lyme disease borreliae by promiscuous recombination of VMP-like sequence cassettes, Cell, 89, 275, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80206-8 Lawrenz, 1999, Human antibody responses to VlsE antigenic variation protein of Borrelia burgdorferi, J Clin Microbiol, 37, 3997, 10.1128/JCM.37.12.3997-4004.1999 Sadziene, 1994, A bactericidal antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi is directed against a variable region of the OspB protein, Infect Immun, 62, 2037, 10.1128/IAI.62.5.2037-2045.1994 Carroll, 2001, Borrelia burgdorferi RevA antigen is a surface-exposed outer membrane protein whose expression is regulated in response to environmental temperature and pH, Infect Immun, 69, 5286, 10.1128/IAI.69.9.5286-5293.2001 Callister, 1996, Sensitivity and specificity of the borreliacidal-antibody test during early Lyme disease: a 'gold standard'?, Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, 3, 399, 10.1128/CDLI.3.4.399-402.1996 Aguero-Rosenfeld, 2004, Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies Engstrom, 1995, Immunoblot interpretation criteria for serodiagnosis of early Lyme disease, J Clin Microbiol, 33, 419, 10.1128/JCM.33.2.419-427.1995 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1995, Recommendations for test performance and interpretation from the Second National Conference on Serologic Diagnosis of Lyme Disease, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 44, 590 Bacon, 2003, Serodiagnosis of Lyme disease by kinetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant VlsE1 or peptide antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi compared with 2-tiered testing using whole-cell lysates, J Infect Dis, 187, 1187, 10.1086/374395 Nowakowski, 2001, Laboratory diagnostic techniques for patients with early Lyme disease associated with erythema migrans: a comparison of different techniques, Clin Infect Dis, 33, 2023, 10.1086/324490 Wilske, 2007, Microbiological and serological diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis, FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 49, 13, 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2006.00139.x Magnarelli, 2002, Comparative reactivity of human sera to recombinant VlsE and other Borrelia burgdorferi antigens in class-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for Lyme borreliosis, J Med Microbiol, 51, 649, 10.1099/0022-1317-51-8-649 Liang, 1999, An immunodominant conserved region within the variable domain of VlsE, the variable surface antigen of Borrelia burgdorferi, J Immunol, 163, 5566, 10.4049/jimmunol.163.10.5566 Marangoni, 2005, Comparative evaluation of three different ELISA methods for the diagnosis of early culture-confirmed Lyme disease in Italy, J Med Microbiol, 54, 361, 10.1099/jmm.0.45853-0 Liang, 1999, Sensitive and specific serodiagnosis of Lyme disease by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a peptide based on an immunodominant conserved region of Borrelia burgdorferi vlsE, J Clin Microbiol, 37, 3990, 10.1128/JCM.37.12.3990-3996.1999 Nyman, 2006, VlsE C6 peptide and IgG ELISA antibody analysis for clinical diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis in an endemic area, Clin Microbiol Infect, 12, 496, 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01374.x Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005, Notice to readers: caution regarding testing for Lyme disease, MMWR, 54, 125 Feder, 2007, A critical appraisal of “chronic Lyme disease”, N Engl J Med, 357, 1422, 10.1056/NEJMra072023