Lung function decline in former smokers and low-intensity current smokers: a secondary data analysis of the NHLBI Pooled Cohorts Study

2014 Clarke Jamal, 2018, Current cigarette smoking among adults—United States, 2016, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 67, 53, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6702a1 Burns, 2003, 83 2018 Samet, 1996, Longitudinal studies of active and passive smoking, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154, S257, 10.1164/ajrccm/154.6_Pt_2.S257 Fletcher, 1977, The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction, Br Med J, 1, 1645, 10.1136/bmj.1.6077.1645 Lange, 2015, Lung-function trajectories leading to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, N Engl J Med, 373, 111, 10.1056/NEJMoa1411532 Vogelmeier, 2017, Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease 2017 report. GOLD Executive Summary, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 195, 557, 10.1164/rccm.201701-0218PP Anthonisen, 1994, Effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline of FEV1. The Lung Health Study, JAMA, 272, 1497, 10.1001/jama.1994.03520190043033 Lee, 2010, Systematic review of the evidence relating FEV1 decline to giving up smoking, BMC Med, 8, 84, 10.1186/1741-7015-8-84 Lange, 2016, Long-term prognosis of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap in the Copenhagen City Heart study: a prospective population-based analysis, Lancet Respir Med, 4, 454, 10.1016/S2213-2600(16)00098-9 Denlinger-Apte, 2017, Low nicotine content descriptors reduce perceived health risks and positive cigarette ratings in participants using very low nicotine content cigarettes, Nicotine Tob Res, 19, 1149 Amrock, 2015, Adolescents' perceptions of light and intermittent smoking in the United States, Pediatrics, 135, 246, 10.1542/peds.2014-2502 Hackshaw, 2018, Low cigarette consumption and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: meta-analysis of 141 cohort studies in 55 study reports, BMJ, 360 Inoue-Choi, 2018, Association between long-term low-intensity cigarette smoking and incidence of smoking-related cancer in the national institutes of health-AARP cohort, Int J Cancer, 142, 271, 10.1002/ijc.31059 Inoue-Choi, 2017, Association of long-term, low-intensity smoking with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study, JAMA Intern Med, 177, 87, 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.7511 Reyes-Guzman, 2017, Determinants of light and intermittent smoking in the United States: results from three pooled national health surveys, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 26, 228, 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0028 Regan, 2010, Genetic epidemiology of COPD (COPDGene) study design, COPD, 7, 32, 10.3109/15412550903499522 Couper, 2014, Design of the Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcomes in COPD Study (SPIROMICS), Thorax, 69, 491, 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203897 Oelsner, 2018, Harmonization of respiratory data from nine US population-based cohorts: the NHLBI Pooled Cohorts Study, Am J Epidemiol, 187, 2265, 10.1093/aje/kwy139 Miller, 2005, Standardisation of spirometry, Eur Respir J, 26, 319, 10.1183/09031936.05.00034805 Hankinson, 1999, Spirometric reference values from a sample of the general U.S. population, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159, 179, 10.1164/ajrccm.159.1.9712108 Oelsner, 2019, Albuminuria, lung function decline, and risk of incident COPD: the NHLBI Pooled Cohorts Study, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 199, 321, 10.1164/rccm.201803-0402OC Hogg, 2006, Why does airway inflammation persist after the smoking stops?, Thorax, 61, 96, 10.1136/thx.2005.049502 Rutgers, 2000, Ongoing airway inflammation in patients with COPD who do not currently smoke, Thorax, 55, 12, 10.1136/thorax.55.1.12 Shiels, 2014, Cigarette smoking and variations in systemic immune and inflammation markers, J Natl Cancer Inst, 106, 10.1093/jnci/dju294 Wilkinson, 2003, Airway bacterial load and FEV1 decline in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 167, 1090, 10.1164/rccm.200210-1179OC Lapperre, 2006, Relation between duration of smoking cessation and bronchial inflammation in COPD, Thorax, 61, 115, 10.1136/thx.2005.040519 Belinsky, 2002, Aberrant promoter methylation in bronchial epithelium and sputum from current and former smokers, Cancer Res, 62, 2370 Soria, 2002, Aberrant promoter methylation of multiple genes in bronchial brush samples from former cigarette smokers, Cancer Res, 62, 351 Wang, 2015, Persistence of smoking-induced dysregulation of miRNA expression in the small airway epithelium despite smoking cessation, PLoS One, 10 Lange, 1998, A 15-year follow-up study of ventilatory function in adults with asthma, N Engl J Med, 339, 1194, 10.1056/NEJM199810223391703 Vestbo, 1996, Association of chronic mucus hypersecretion with FEV1 decline and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease morbidity. Copenhagen City Heart Study Group, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153, 1530, 10.1164/ajrccm.153.5.8630597 Hogg, 2004, The nature of small-airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, N Engl J Med, 350, 2645, 10.1056/NEJMoa032158 Oelsner, 2018, Prognostic significance of large airway dimensions on computed tomography in the general population: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) lung study, Ann Am Thorac Soc, 15, 718, 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201710-820OC Verbanck, 2006, Small airway function improvement after smoking cessation in smokers without airway obstruction, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 174, 853, 10.1164/rccm.200603-422OC Pedersen, 2019, Smoking and increased white and red blood cells, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 39, 965, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.118.312338 Colak, 2018, Smoking, systemic inflammation, and airflow limitation: a mendelian randomization analysis of 98 085 individuals from the general population, Nicotine Tob Res, 21, 1036, 10.1093/ntr/nty077 Oelsner, 2018, Associations between emphysema-like lung on CT and incident airflow limitation: a general population-based cohort study, Thorax, 73, 486, 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210842 Bhatt, 2017, Computed tomography measure of lung at risk and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 196, 569, 10.1164/rccm.201701-0050OC MacNee, 1989, The effect of cigarette smoking on neutrophil kinetics in human lungs, N Engl J Med, 321, 924, 10.1056/NEJM198910053211402 Morrison, 1999, Epithelial permeability, inflammation, and oxidant stress in the air spaces of smokers, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159, 473, 10.1164/ajrccm.159.2.9804080 Kameyama, 2018, Intermittent exposure to cigarette smoke increases lung tumors and the severity of emphysema more than continuous exposure, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 59, 179, 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0375OC Kerstjens, 1997, Decline of FEV1 by age and smoking status: facts, figures, and fallacies, Thorax, 52, 820, 10.1136/thx.52.9.820 Allinson, 2017, Combined impact of smoking and early-life exposures on adult lung function trajectories, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 196, 1021, 10.1164/rccm.201703-0506OC Patrick, 1994, The validity of self-reported smoking: a review and meta-analysis, Am J Public Health, 84, 1086, 10.2105/AJPH.84.7.1086 Rodriguez, 2010, The association of pipe and cigar use with cotinine levels, lung function, and airflow obstruction: a cross-sectional study, Ann Intern Med, 152, 201, 10.7326/0003-4819-152-4-201002160-00004 Wagenknecht, 1992, Misclassification of smoking status in the CARDIA study: a comparison of self-report with serum cotinine levels, Am J Public Health, 82, 33, 10.2105/AJPH.82.1.33 Burchfiel, 1995, Effects of smoking and smoking cessation on longitudinal decline in pulmonary function, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 151, 1778, 10.1164/ajrccm.151.6.7767520 Garcia-Rodriguez, 2013, Probability and predictors of relapse to smoking: results of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), Drug Alcohol Depend, 132, 479, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.03.008 Thun, 2013, 50-year trends in smoking-related mortality in the United States, N Engl J Med, 368, 351, 10.1056/NEJMsa1211127 Krebs, 2016, Comparison of puff volume with cigarettes per day in predicting nicotine uptake among daily smokers, Am J Epidemiol, 184, 48, 10.1093/aje/kwv341 Mannino, 2011, Pre- and post-bronchodilator lung function as predictors of mortality in the Lung Health Study, Respir Res, 12, 136, 10.1186/1465-9921-12-136 Jones, 2013, Minimal clinically important differences in pharmacological trials, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 189, 250, 10.1164/rccm.201310-1863PP