Looking at the blood–brain barrier: Molecular anatomy and possible investigation approaches
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abbott, 2000, Inflammatory mediators and modulation of blood–brain barrier permeability, Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 20, 131, 10.1023/A:1007074420772
Abbott, 2002, Astrocyte–endothelial interactions and blood–brain barrier permeability, J. Anat., 200, 629, 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00064.x
Abbott, 2006, Astrocyte–endothelial interactions at the blood–brain barrier, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 7, 41, 10.1038/nrn1824
Abulrob, 2008, Dynamic analysis of the blood–brain barrier disruption in experimental stroke using time domain in vivo fluorescence imaging, Mol. Imaging, 7, 248, 10.2310/7290.2008.00025
Adibhatla, 2008, Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and matrix metalloproteinases in the pathogenesis of stroke: therapeutic strategies, CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets, 7, 243, 10.2174/187152708784936608
Afonso, 2008, Alteration of blood–brain barrier integrity by retroviral infection, PLoS Pathog., 4, e1000205, 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000205
Al Ahmad, 2009, Maintaining blood–brain barrier integrity: pericytes perform better than astrocytes during prolonged oxygen deprivation, J. Cell. Physiol., 218, 612, 10.1002/jcp.21638
Alanne, 2009, Tight junction proteins in human Schwann cell autotypic junctions, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 57, 523, 10.1369/jhc.2009.951681
al-Obeidi, 1998, Protein tyrosine kinases: structure, substrate specificity, and drug discovery, Biopolymers, 47, 197, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0282(1998)47:3<197::AID-BIP2>3.0.CO;2-H
An, 2009, Effects of preconditioning on tight junction and cell adhesion of cerebral endothelial cells, Brain Res., 1272, 81, 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.03.031
Anderson, 1993, Caveolae: where incoming and outgoing messengers meet, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 10909, 10.1073/pnas.90.23.10909
András, 2005, Signaling mechanisms of HIV-1 Tat-induced alterations of claudin-5 expression in brain endothelial cells, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 25, 1159, 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600115
Argaw, 2009, VEGF-mediated disruption of endothelial CLN-5 promotes blood–brain barrier breakdown, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 1977, 10.1073/pnas.0808698106
Aronowski, 2003, Perspectives on reperfusion-induced damage in rodent models of experimental focal ischemia and role of gamma-protein kinase C, ILAR J., 44, 105, 10.1093/ilar.44.2.105
Aschner, 2006, Blood–brain barrier and cell–cell interactions: methods for establishing in vitro models of the blood–brain barrier and transport measurements, Methods Mol. Biol., 341, 1
Astradsson, 2009, The blood–brain barrier is intact after levodopa-induced dyskinesias in parkinsonian primates—evidence from in vivo neuroimaging studies, Neurobiol. Dis., 35, 348, 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.05.018
Aurrand-Lions, 2001, Heterogeneity of endothelial junctions is reflected by differential expression and specific subcellular localization of the three JAM family members, Blood, 98, 3699, 10.1182/blood.V98.13.3699
Avouac, 2008, Angiogenesis in systemic sclerosis: impaired expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 in endothelial progenitor-derived cells under hypoxic conditions, Arthritis Rheum., 58, 3550, 10.1002/art.23968
Ay, 2008, VEGF increases blood-brain barrier permeability to Evans blue dye and tetanus toxin fragment C but not adeno-associated virus in ALS mice, Brain Res., 1234, 198, 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.121
Babakhanian, 2007, Localization of P-glycoprotein at the nuclear envelope of rat brain cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 361, 301, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.06.176
Bagley, 2005, Pericytes and endothelial precursor cells: cellular interactions and contributions to malignancy, Cancer Res., 65, 9741, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-4337
Bahbouhi, 2009, Peripheral blood CD4+ T lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis patients are characterized by higher PSGL-1 expression and transmigration capacity across a human blood–brain barrier-derived endothelial cell line, J. Leukoc. Biol., 86, 1049, 10.1189/jlb.1008666
Ballabh, 2004, The blood–brain barrier: an overview: structure, regulation, and clinical implications, Neurobiol. Dis., 16, 1, 10.1016/j.nbd.2003.12.016
Ballabh, 2005, Development of tight junction molecules in blood vessels of germinal matrix, cerebral cortex, and white matter, Pediatr. Res., 58, 791, 10.1203/01.PDR.0000180535.14093.FB
Banaz-Yaşar, 2005, Cell line specific modulation of connexin43 expression after exposure to ionizing radiation, Cell Commun. Adhes., 12, 249, 10.1080/15419060500514101
Banks, 2006, The blood–brain barrier as a regulatory interface in the gut-brain axes, Physiol. Behav., 89, 472, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.07.004
Banks, 2010, The blood–brain barrier and immune function and dysfunction, Neurobiol. Dis., 37, 26, 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.07.031
Banks, 1995, Passage of cytokines across the blood–brain barrier, Neuroimmunomodulation, 2, 241, 10.1159/000097202
Barakat, 2007, Modulation of p-glycoprotein function by caveolin-1 phosphorylation, J. Neurochem., 101, 1, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04410.x
Bartels, 2008, Decreased blood–brain barrier P-glycoprotein function in the progression of Parkinson's disease, PSP and MSA, J. Neural Transm., 115, 1001, 10.1007/s00702-008-0030-y
Baskin, 2008, A novel ex-vivo application of RNAi for neuroscience, Biotechniques, 45, 338, 10.2144/000112956
Bauer, 2010, Matrix metalloproteinase-9 mediates hypoxia-induced vascular leakage in the brain via tight junction rearrangement, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 30, 837, 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.248
Beck, 1986, Glial cells influence membrane-associated enzyme activity at the blood–brain barrier, Brain Res., 381, 131, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90700-6
Bélanger, 2007, Hyperammonemia induces transport of taurine and creatine and suppresses claudin-12 gene expression in brain capillary endothelial cells in vitro, Neurochem. Int., 50, 95, 10.1016/j.neuint.2006.07.005
Bellavance, 2008, Recent advances in blood–brain barrier disruption as a CNS delivery strategy, AAPS J., 10, 166, 10.1208/s12248-008-9018-7
Bendayan, 2006, In situ localization of P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) in human and rat brain, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 54, 1159, 10.1369/jhc.5A6870.2006
Bernacki, 2008, Physiology and pharmacological role of the blood–brain barrier, Pharmacol. Rep., 60, 600
Bernas, M.J., Cardoso, F.L., Daley, S.K., Weinand, M.E., Campos, A.R., Ferreira, A.J.G., Hoying, J.B., Witte, M.H., Brites, D., Persidsky, Y., Ramirez, S.H., Brito, M.A., 2010. Establishment of primary cultures of human brain microvascular endothelial cells to provide an in vitro cellular model of the blood–brain barrier. Nat. Protoc. 5, 1247–1254.
Bernoud, 1998, Astrocytes are mainly responsible for the polyunsaturated fatty acid enrichment in blood–brain barrier endothelial cells in vitro, J. Lipid Res., 39, 1816, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)32169-6
Betz, 1992, An overview of the multiple functions of the blood–brain barrier, NIDA Res. Monogr., 120, 54
Betzen, 2009, Oxidative stress upregulates the NMDA receptor on cerebrovascular endothelium, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 47, 1212, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.07.034
Birukov, 2001, Differential regulation of alternatively spliced endothelial cell myosin light chain kinase isoforms by p60(Src), J. Biol. Chem., 276, 8567, 10.1074/jbc.M005270200
Boer, 2008, Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical findings in an autopsy case of tuberous sclerosis complex, Neuropathology, 28, 577, 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2008.00920.x
Bojanic, 2010, Differential expression and function of ABCG1 and ABCG4 during development and aging, J. Lipid Res., 51, 169, 10.1194/M900250-JLR200
Boveri, 2006, Highly purified lipoteichoic acid from gram-positive bacteria induces in vitro blood–brain barrier disruption through glia activation: role of pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide, Neuroscience, 137, 1193, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.10.011
Bowman, 1983, Brain microvessel endothelial cells in tissue culture: a model for study of blood–brain barrier permeability, Ann. Neurol., 14, 396, 10.1002/ana.410140403
Braun, 2007, Paucity of pericytes in germinal matrix vasculature of premature infants, J. Neurosci., 27, 12012, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3281-07.2007
Brown, 2002, Calcium modulation of adherens and tight junction function: a potential mechanism for blood–brain barrier disruption after stroke, Stroke, 33, 1706, 10.1161/01.STR.0000016405.06729.83
Butt, 1995, Effect of inflammatory agents on electrical resistance across the blood–brain barrier in pial microvessels of anaesthetized rats, Brain Res., 696, 145, 10.1016/0006-8993(95)00811-4
Büttner, 2005, Alterations of the vascular basal lamina in the cerebral cortex in drug abuse: a combined morphometric and immunohistochemical investigation, Drug Alcohol Depend., 79, 63, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.12.010
Calabria, 2008, A genomic comparison of in vivo and in vitro brain microvascular endothelial cells, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 28, 135, 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600518
Calabria, 2006, Puromycin-purified rat brain microvascular endothelial cell cultures exhibit improved barrier properties in response to glucocorticoid induction, J. Neurochem., 97, 922, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03793.x
Carman, 2004, A transmigratory cup in leukocyte diapedesis both through individual vascular endothelial cells and between them, J. Cell Biol., 167, 377, 10.1083/jcb.200404129
Carvey, 2009, The blood–brain barrier in neurodegenerative disease: a rhetorical perspective, J. Neurochem., 111, 291, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06319.x
Cattelino, 2003, The conditional inactivation of the β-catenin gene in endothelial cells causes a defective vascular pattern and increased vascular fragility, J. Cell Biol., 162, 1111, 10.1083/jcb.200212157
Cecchelli, 2007, Modelling of the blood–brain barrier in drug discovery and development, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 6, 650, 10.1038/nrd2368
Cestelli, 2001, Functional feature of a novel model of blood brain barrier: studies on permeation of test compounds, J. Control. Release, 76, 139, 10.1016/S0168-3659(01)00431-X
Chaudhuri, 2000, Blood brain barrier and infection, Med. Sci. Monit., 6, 1213
Chen, 2009, A prediction model for blood–brain barrier permeation and analysis on its parameter biologically, Comput. Meth. Programs Biomed., 95, 280, 10.1016/j.cmpb.2009.03.006
Chenn, 2008, beta-catenin/β-catenin signaling in cerebral cortical development, Organogenesis, 4, 76, 10.4161/org.4.2.5852
Cho, 2007, Brain slices as models for neurodegenerative disease and screening platforms to identify novel therapeutics, Curr. Neuropharmacol., 5, 19, 10.2174/157015907780077105
Choi, 2008, Blood–neural barrier: its diversity and coordinated cell-to-cell communication, BMB Rep., 41, 345, 10.5483/BMBRep.2008.41.5.345
Cirino, 2003, Endothelial nitric oxide synthase: the Cinderella of inflammation?, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 24, 91, 10.1016/S0165-6147(02)00049-4
Cohen-Kashi Malina, 2009, Closing the gap between the in-vivo and in-vitro blood–brain barrier tightness, Brain Res., 1284, 12, 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.05.072
Coisne, 2005, Mouse syngenic in vitro blood–brain barrier model: a new tool to examine inflammatory events in cerebral endothelium, Lab. Invest., 85, 734, 10.1038/labinvest.3700281
Coisne, 2009, Cutting edge: Natalizumab blocks adhesion but not initial contact of human T cells to the blood–brain barrier in vivo in an animal model of multiple sclerosis, J. Immunol., 182, 5909, 10.4049/jimmunol.0803418
Colgan, 2008, Influence of basolateral condition on the regulation of brain microvascular endothelial tight junction properties and barrier function, Brain Res., 1193, 84, 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.072
Collan, 2005, Value of electron microscopy in kidney biopsy diagnosis, Ultrastruct. Pathol., 29, 461, 10.1080/01913120500323381
Cook, 2008, TGF-β1 induces rearrangement of FLK-1–VE-cadherin–β-catenin complex at the adherens junction through VEGF-mediated signalling, J. Cell. Biochem., 105, 1367, 10.1002/jcb.21935
Cordenonsi, 1999, Cingulin contains globular and coiled-coil domains and interacts with ZO-1, ZO-2, ZO-3 and myosin, J. Cell Biol., 147, 1569, 10.1083/jcb.147.7.1569
Cornford, 2005, Localization of brain endothelial luminal and abluminal transporters with immunogold electron microscopy, NeuroRx., 2, 27, 10.1602/neurorx.2.1.27
Coureuil, 2009, Meningococcal type IV pili recruit the polarity complex to cross the brain endothelium, Science, 325, 83, 10.1126/science.1173196
Cowan, 2010, Neutrophils block permeability increases induced by oxygen glucose deprivation in a culture model of the human model blood–brain barrier, Brain Res., 1332, 20, 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.066
Crecelius, 2008, Assessing quantitative post-mortem changes in the gray matter of the human frontal cortex proteome by 2-D DIGE, Proteomics, 8, 1276, 10.1002/pmic.200700728
Cross, 2000, Serine/threonine protein kinases and apoptosis, Exp. Cell Res., 256, 34, 10.1006/excr.2000.4836
Cucullo, 2007, Development of a humanized in vitro blood–brain barrier model to screen for brain penetration of antiepileptic drugs, Epilepsia, 48, 505, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00960.x
Cucullo, 2008, Immortalized human brain endothelial cells and flow-based vascular modeling: a marriage of convenience for rational neurovascular studies, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 28, 312, 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600525
Cunningham, 2005, Multiple roles for MMPs and TIMPs in cerebral ischemia, Glia, 50, 329, 10.1002/glia.20169
Cura, 2010, Acute modulation of sugar transport in brain capillary endothelial cell cultures during activation of the metabolic stress pathway, J. Biol. Chem., 285, 15430, 10.1074/jbc.M110.110593
D'Arcangelo, 2006, Axl receptor activation mediates laminar shear stress anti-apoptotic effects in human endothelial cells, Cardiovasc. Res., 71, 754, 10.1016/j.cardiores.2006.06.002
de Boer, 2006, Blood–brain barrier dysfunction and recovery, J. Neural Transm., 113, 455, 10.1007/s00702-005-0375-4
Deli, 2009, Potential use of tight junction modulators to reversibly open membranous barriers and improve drug delivery, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1788, 892, 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.09.016
Deli, 2005, Permeability studies on in vitro blood–brain barrier models: physiology, pathology, and pharmacology, Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 25, 59, 10.1007/s10571-004-1377-8
Demel, 2008, In silico prediction of substrate properties for ABC-multidrug transporters, Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol., 4, 1167, 10.1517/17425255.4.9.1167
Demeule, 2000, P-glycoprotein is localized in caveolae in resistant cells and in brain capillaries, FEBS Lett., 466, 219, 10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01087-5
Dempsey, 2000, Protein kinase C isozymes and the regulation of diverse cell responses, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 279, L429, 10.1152/ajplung.2000.279.3.L429
Ding, 2010, EMP-induced alterations of tight junction protein expression and disruption of the blood–brain barrier, Toxicol. Lett., 196, 154, 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.04.011
Dittmar, 2008, Measles virus-induced block of transendothelial migration of T lymphocytes and infection-mediated virus spread across endothelial cell barriers, J. Virol., 82, 11273, 10.1128/JVI.00775-08
Doak, 2008, High-resolution imaging using a novel atomic force microscope and confocal laser scanning microscope hybrid instrument: essential sample preparation aspects, Histochem. Cell Biol., 130, 909, 10.1007/s00418-008-0489-5
Dohgu, 2005, Brain pericytes contribute to the induction and up-regulation of blood–brain barrier functions through transforming growth factor-β production, Brain Res., 1038, 208, 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.01.027
Dore-Duffy, 2008, Pericytes: pluripotent cells of the blood brain barrier, Curr. Pharm. Des., 14, 1581, 10.2174/138161208784705469
Dore-Duffy, 2006, CNS microvascular pericytes exhibit multipotential stem cell activity, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 26, 613, 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600272
Dörfel, 2009, Differential phosphorylation of occludin and tricellulin by CK2 and CK1, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 165, 69, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04043.x
dos Santos, 2010, Rat brain endothelial cells are a target of manganese toxicity, Brain Res., 1326, 152, 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.016
Ebert, 2005, A new tool in the battle against Alzheimer's disease and aging: ex vivo gene therapy, Rejuvenation Res., 8, 131, 10.1089/rej.2005.8.131
Edelman, 2006, Pericytes and their role in microvasculature homeostasis, J. Surg. Res., 135, 305, 10.1016/j.jss.2006.06.010
Ehrlich, 1885, Das sauerstoff-bedürfnis des organismus
Ehrlich, 1906, Ueber die beziehungen von chemischer constitution, vertheilung, und pharmakologischen wirkung, 404
Ekins, 2007, In silico pharmacology for drug discovery: applications to targets and beyond, Br. J. Pharmacol., 152, 21, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707306
Eliceiri, 1999, Selective requirement for Src kinases during VEGF-induced angiogenesis and vascular permeability, Mol. Cell, 4, 915, 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80221-X
Engelhardt, 2009, PSGL-1—the hidden player in T cell trafficking into the brain in multiple sclerosis?, J. Leukoc. Biol., 86, 1023, 10.1189/jlb.0509358
Erickson, 2007, Vascular permeability in ocular disease and the role of tight junctions, Angiogenesis, 10, 103, 10.1007/s10456-007-9067-z
Etienne-Manneville, 2000, ICAM-1-coupled cytoskeletal rearrangements and transendothelial lymphocyte migration involve intracellular calcium signaling in brain endothelial cell lines, J. Immunol., 165, 3375, 10.4049/jimmunol.165.6.3375
Faria, 2010, Flavonoid transport across RBE4 cells: a blood–brain barrier model, Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett., 15, 234, 10.2478/s11658-010-0006-4
Farrall, 2009, Blood–brain barrier: ageing and microvascular disease—systematic review and meta-analysis, Neurobiol. Aging, 30, 337, 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.07.015
Feng, 2004, Nanoparticles of biodegradable polymers for clinical administration of paclitaxel, Curr. Med. Chem., 11, 413, 10.2174/0929867043455909
Filioreanu, 2009, Immunohistochemical and transmission electron microscopy study regarding myofibroblasts in fibroinflammatory epulis and giant cell peripheral granuloma, Rom. J. Morphol. Embryol., 50, 363
Fischer, 2004, Simultaneous activation of several second messengers in hypoxia-induced hyperpermeability of brain derived endothelial cells, J. Cell. Physiol., 198, 359, 10.1002/jcp.10417
Fischer, 2005, H2O2 induces paracellular permeability of porcine brain-derived microvascular endothelial cells by activation of the p44/42 MAP kinase pathway, Eur. J. Cell Biol., 84, 687, 10.1016/j.ejcb.2005.03.002
Fleegal, 2005, Activation of PKC modulates blood–brain barrier endothelial cell permeability changes induced by hypoxia and posthypoxic reoxygenation, Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 289, H2012, 10.1152/ajpheart.00495.2005
Förster, 2008, Differential effects of hydrocortisone and TNFα on tight junction proteins in an in vitro model of the human blood–brain barrier, J. Physiol., 586, 1937, 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.146852
Fottner, 2010, In vivo molecular imaging of somatostatin receptors in pancreatic islet cells and neuroendocrine tumors by miniaturized confocal laser-scanning fluorescence microscopy, Endocrinology, 151, 2179, 10.1210/en.2009-1313
Francis, 2003, Innate immunity and brain inflammation: the key role of complement, Expert Rev. Mol. Med., 5, 1, 10.1017/S1462399403006252
Furuse, 2009, Knockout animals and natural mutations as experimental and diagnostic tool for studying tight junction functions in vivo, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 788, 813, 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.07.017
Furuse, 1993, Occludin: a novel integral membrane protein localizing at tight junctions, J. Cell Biol., 123, 1777, 10.1083/jcb.123.6.1777
Gaillard, 2001, Establishment and functional characterization of an in vitro model of the blood–brain barrier, comprising a co-culture of brain capillary endothelial cells and astrocytes, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 12, 215, 10.1016/S0928-0987(00)00123-8
Garcia, 1999, Regulation of endothelial cell myosin light chain kinase by Rho, cortactin, and p60(src), Am. J. Physiol., 276, L989
Garg, 2006, In silico prediction of blood brain barrier permeability: an Artificial Neural Network model, J. Chem. Inf. Model., 46, 289, 10.1021/ci050303i
Gavard, 2006, VEGF controls endothelial-cell permeability by promoting the β-arrestin-dependent endocytosis of VE-cadherin, Nat. Cell Biol., 8, 1223, 10.1038/ncb1486
Gazzin, 2008, Differential expression of the multidrug resistance-related proteins ABCb1 and ABCc1 between blood–brain interfaces, J. Comp. Neurol., 510, 497, 10.1002/cne.21808
Ge, 2005, Where is the blood–brain barrier ... really?, J. Neurosci. Res., 79, 421, 10.1002/jnr.20313
Ghazanfari, 2001, Characteristics of endothelial cells derived from the blood–brain barrier and of astrocytes in culture, Brain Res., 890, 49, 10.1016/S0006-8993(00)03053-5
Goldberg, 2009, Diverse roles of the vasculature within the neural stem cell niche, Regen. Med., 4, 879, 10.2217/rme.09.61
Goldmann, 1913, Vitalfarbung am zentralnervensystem, Abhandl Konigl preuss Akad Wiss., 1, 1
González-Mariscal, 2003, Tight junction proteins, Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol., 81, 1, 10.1016/S0079-6107(02)00037-8
González-Mariscal, 2008, Crosstalk of tight junction components with signaling pathways, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1778, 729, 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.08.018
González-Mariscal, 2009, The tight junction protein ZO-2 blocks cell cycle progression and inhibits cyclin D1 expression, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 1165, 121, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04024.x
Gosselin, 2008, MyD88 signaling in brain endothelial cells is essential for the neuronal activity and glucocorticoid release during systemic inflammation, Mol. Psychiatry, 13, 480, 10.1038/sj.mp.4002122
Gow, 1999, CNS myelin and sertoli cell tight junction strands are absent in Osp/claudin-11 null mice, Cell, 99, 649, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81553-6
Greenwood, 1996, SV40 large T immortalised cell lines of the rat blood–brain and blood–retinal barriers retain their phenotypic and immunological characteristics, J. Neuroimmunol., 71, 51, 10.1016/S0165-5728(96)00130-0
Gumbleton, 2001, Progress and limitations in the use of in vitro cell cultures to serve as a permeability screen for the blood–brain barrier, J. Pharm. Sci., 90, 1681, 10.1002/jps.1119
Gupta, 2010, Claudins: unlocking the code to tight junction function during embryogenesis and in disease, Clin. Genet., 77, 314, 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01397.x
Hamabe, 2005, Insulin receptor-protein kinase C-γ signaling mediates inhibition of hypoxia-induced necrosis of cortical neurons, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 313, 1027, 10.1124/jpet.104.082735
Haorah, 2005, Alcohol-induced oxidative stress in brain endothelial cells causes blood–brain barrier dysfunction, J. Leukoc. Biol., 78, 1223, 10.1189/jlb.0605340
Haorah, 2007, Oxidative stress activates protein tyrosine kinase and matrix metalloproteinases leading to blood–brain barrier dysfunction, J. Neurochem., 101, 566, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04393.x
Haorah, 2007, Alcohol-induced blood–brain barrier dysfunction is mediated via inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate receptor (IP3R)-gated intracellular calcium release, J. Neurochem., 100, 324, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04245.x
Haorah, 2008, Activation of protein tyrosine kinases and matrix metalloproteinases causes blood–brain barrier injury: novel mechanism for neurodegeneration associated with alcohol abuse, Glia, 56, 78, 10.1002/glia.20596
Harhaj, 2006, VEGF activation of protein kinase C stimulates occludin phosphorylation and contributes to endothelial permeability, Invest Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 47, 5106, 10.1167/iovs.06-0322
Harris, 2008, The cerebral microvasculature in schizophrenia: a laser capture microdissection study, PLoS ONE, 3, e3964, 10.1371/journal.pone.0003964
Hasselbalch, 2001, Blood–brain barrier transport and brain metabolism of glucose during acute hyperglycemia in humans, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 86, 1986, 10.1210/jc.86.5.1986
Hawkins, 2005, The blood–brain barrier/neurovascular unit in health and disease, Pharmacol. Rev., 57, 173, 10.1124/pr.57.2.4
Hawkins, 2006, Fluorescence imaging of blood–brain barrier disruption, J. Neurosci. Methods, 151, 262, 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.08.006
Hawkins, 2002, The complementary membranes forming the blood–brain barrier, IUBMB Life, 54, 101, 10.1080/15216540214541
Hawkins, 2006, Structure of the blood–brain barrier and its role in the transport of amino acids, J. Nutr., 136, 218S, 10.1093/jn/136.1.218S
Hayashi, 1997, Induction of various blood–brain barrier properties in non-neural endothelial cells by close apposition to co-cultured astrocytes, Glia, 19, 13, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(199701)19:1<13::AID-GLIA2>3.0.CO;2-B
Heuvelman, 2009, Analysis of protein mobilities and interactions in living cells by multifocal fluorescence fluctuation microscopy, Eur. Biophys. J., 38, 813, 10.1007/s00249-009-0499-9
Hirase, 1997, Occludin as a possible determinant of tight junction permeability in endothelial cells, J. Cell Sci., 110, 1603, 10.1242/jcs.110.14.1603
Hobbs, 1999, Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase as a potential therapeutic target, Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 39, 191, 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.39.1.191
Hofmann, 1997, The potential for isoenzyme-selective modulation of protein kinase C, FASEB J., 11, 649, 10.1096/fasebj.11.8.9240967
Holland, 2005, Multiple roles for the receptor tyrosine kinase axl in tumor formation, Cancer Res., 65, 9294, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-0993
Holmes, 2007, Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2: structure, function, intracellular signalling and therapeutic inhibition, Cell. Signal., 19, 2003, 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.05.013
Honda, 2006, Adrenomedullin improves the blood–brain barrier function through the expression of claudin-5, Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 26, 109, 10.1007/s10571-006-9028-x
Huber, 2001, Molecular physiology and pathophysiology of tight junctions in the blood–brain barrier, Trends Neurosci., 24, 719, 10.1016/S0166-2236(00)02004-X
Huber, 2009, Identification of aquaporin 4 inhibitors using in vitro and in silico methods, Bioorg. Med. Chem., 17, 411, 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.12.040
Hynna, 2009, Nonlinear influence of T-channels in an in silico relay neuron, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 56, 1734, 10.1109/TBME.2009.2015579
Ikenouchi, 2005, Tricellulin constitutes a novel barrier at tricellular contacts of epithelial cells, J. Cell Biol., 171, 939, 10.1083/jcb.200510043
Jacob, 2010, C5a alters blood–brain barrier integrity in experimental lupus, FASEB J., 24, 1682, 10.1096/fj.09-138834
Janigro, 1999, Dynamic modeling of the blood–brain barrier: a novel tool for studies of drug delivery to the brain, Pharm. Sci. Technol. Today, 2, 7, 10.1016/S1461-5347(98)00110-2
Jeliazkova-Mecheva, 2003, A porcine astrocyte/endothelial cell co-culture model of the blood–brain barrier, Brain Res. Protoc., 12, 91, 10.1016/j.brainresprot.2003.08.004
Jiang, 2005, Acceleration of blood–brain barrier formation after transplantation of enteric glia into spinal cords of rats, Exp. Brain Res., 162, 56, 10.1007/s00221-004-2119-3
Joó, 1973, A procedure for the isolation of capillaries from rat brain, Cytobios, 8, 41
Kannan, 2009, Imaging the function of P-glycoprotein with radiotracers: pharmacokinetics and in vivo applications, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 86, 368, 10.1038/clpt.2009.138
Kaur, 2008, Blood brain barrier in hypoxic–ischemic conditions, Curr. Neurovasc. Res., 5, 71, 10.2174/156720208783565645
Kelley, 1987, Microvascular pericyte contractility in vitro: comparison with other cells of the vascular wall, J. Cell Biol., 104, 483, 10.1083/jcb.104.3.483
Kevil, 2001, H2O2-mediated permeability II: importance of tyrosine phosphatase and kinase activity, Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 281, C1940, 10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.6.C1940
Khan, 2005, An examination of the blood–brain barrier in health and disease, Br. J. Nurs., 14, 509, 10.12968/bjon.2005.14.9.18076
Kierszenbaum, 2007
Kim, 2006, Brain endothelial hemostasis regulation by pericytes, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 26, 209, 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600181
Kim, 2009, Src family kinases as mediators of endothelial permeability: effects on inflammation and metastasis, Cell Tissue Res., 335, 249, 10.1007/s00441-008-0682-9
Kim, 2009, Ex vivo VEGF delivery by neural stem cells enhances proliferation of glial progenitors, angiogenesis, and tissue sparing after spinal cord injury, PLoS ONE, 4, e4987, 10.1371/journal.pone.0004987
Kniesel, 2000, Tight junctions of the blood–brain barrier, Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 20, 57, 10.1023/A:1006995910836
Kone, 2000, Protein–protein interactions controlling nitric oxide synthases, Acta Physiol. Scand., 168, 27, 10.1046/j.1365-201x.2000.00629.x
Korshunov, 2007, Axl mediates vascular remodeling induced by deoxycorticosterone acetate salt hypertension, Hypertension, 50, 1057, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.096289
Kovac, 2009, Human truncated tau is using a different mechanism from amyloid-beta to damage the blood–brain barrier, J. Alzheimers Dis., 18, 897, 10.3233/JAD-2009-1197
Kozler, P., Pokorný, J. 2003. Altered blood-brain barrier permeability and its effect on the distribution of Evans blue and sodium fluorescein in the rat brain applied by intracarotid injection. Physiol. Res. 52, 607–14
Krause, 2008, Structure and function of claudins, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1778, 631, 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.10.018
Krizbai, 2003, Signalling pathways regulating the tight junction permeability in the blood–brain barrier, Cell Mol. Biol., 49, 23
Krizbai, 2005, Effect of oxidative stress on the junctional proteins of cultured cerebral endothelial cells, Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 25, 129, 10.1007/s10571-004-1378-7
Krug, 2009, Tricellulin forms a barrier to macromolecules in tricellular tight junctions without affecting ion permeability, Mol. Biol. Cell, 20, 3713, 10.1091/mbc.E09-01-0080
Kuhlmann, 2008, Fluvastatin prevents glutamate-induced blood–brain barrier disruption in vitro, Life Sci., 82, 1281, 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.04.017
Kumar, 2009, Molecular mechanisms of endothelial hyperpermeability: implications in inflammation, Expert Rev. Mol. Med., 30, 11:e19
Lai, 2005, The critical component to establish in vitro BBB model: pericyte, Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev., 50, 258, 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.07.004
Lai, 2005, Critical role of actin in modulating BBB permeability, Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev., 50, 7, 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.03.007
Lee, 1999, Adhesion molecule expression and regulation on cells of the central nervous system, J. Neuroimmunol., 98, 77, 10.1016/S0165-5728(99)00084-3
Lee, 2004, Hydrogen peroxide-induced alterations of tight junction proteins in bovine brain microvascular endothelial cells, Microvasc. Res., 68, 231, 10.1016/j.mvr.2004.07.005
Lee, 2006, Blood–brain barrier interfaces and brain tumors, Arch. Pharm. Res., 29, 265, 10.1007/BF02968569
Lewandowsky, 1900, Zur lehre von der cerebrospinalflussigkeit, Z. Klin. Med., 40, 480
Li, 2010, Permeability of endothelial and astrocyte cocultures: in vitro blood–brain barrier models for drug delivery studies, Ann. Biomed. Eng., 38, 2499, 10.1007/s10439-010-0023-5
Liebner, 2008, Wnt/β-catenin signaling controls development of the blood–brain barrier, J. Cell Biol., 183, 409, 10.1083/jcb.200806024
Lim, 2008, Activation of β-catenin signalling by GSK-3 inhibition increases p-glycoprotein expression in brain endothelial cells, J. Neurochem., 106, 1855, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05537.x
Lippoldt, 2000, Structural alterations of tight junctions are associated with loss of polarity in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat blood–brain barrier endothelial cells, Brain Res., 885, 251, 10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02954-1
Liu, 2001, G protein signaling from activated rat frizzled-1 to the β-catenin–Lef–Tcf pathway, Science, 292, 1718, 10.1126/science.1060100
Liu, 2002, Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 enters brain microvascular endothelia by macropinocytosis dependent on lipid rafts and the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, J. Virol., 76, 6689, 10.1128/JVI.76.13.6689-6700.2002
Liu, 2007, T cell independent mechanism for copolymer-1-induced neuroprotection, Eur. J. Immunol., 37, 3143, 10.1002/eji.200737398
Lossi, 2009, Cell death and proliferation in acute slices and organotypic cultures of mammalian CNS, Prog. Neurobiol., 88, 221, 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.01.002
Lossinsky, 2006, The histopathology of Candida albicans invasion in neonatal rat tissues and in the human blood–brain barrier in culture revealed by light, scanning, transmission and immunoelectron microscopy, Histol. Histopathol., 21, 1029
Lu, 2009, Hypoxia-induced matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression in astrocytes enhances permeability of brain endothelial cells, J. Cell. Physiol., 220, 163, 10.1002/jcp.21746
Ma, 2000, Mechanism of extracellular calcium regulation of intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability: role of cytoskeletal involvement, Microsc. Res. Tech., 51, 156, 10.1002/1097-0029(20001015)51:2<156::AID-JEMT7>3.0.CO;2-J
Mahajan, 2008, Methamphetamine alters blood brain barrier permeability via the modulation of tight junction expression: implication for HIV-1 neuropathogenesis in the context of drug abuse, Brain Res., 1203, 133, 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.01.093
Man, 2007, Inflammatory cell migration into the central nervous system: a few new twists on an old tale, Brain Pathol., 17, 243, 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2007.00067.x
Man, 2009, α4 Integrin/FN-CS1 mediated leukocyte adhesion to brain microvascular endothelial cells under flow conditions, J. Neuroimmunol., 210, 92, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.03.008
Mano, 2002, Investigation of the high partition of YM992, a novel antidepressant, in rat brain — in vitro and in vivo evidence for the high binding in brain and the high permeability at the BBB, Biopharm. Drug Dispos., 23, 351, 10.1002/bdd.328
Marchi, 2004, Peripheral markers of blood–brain barrier damage, Clin. Chim. Acta, 342, 1, 10.1016/j.cccn.2003.12.008
Marreilha dos Santos, 2008, Antioxidants prevent the cytotoxicity of manganese in RBE4 cells, Brain Res., 1236, 200, 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.125
Maruszak, 2009, PIN1 gene variants in Alzheimer's disease, BMC Med. Genet., 10, 115, 10.1186/1471-2350-10-115
Mayhan, 1991, Disruption of the blood–brain barrier in open and closed cranial window preparations in rats, Stroke, 22, 1059, 10.1161/01.STR.22.8.1059
Mayhan, 2000, Nitric oxide donor-induced increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier, Brain Res., 866, 101, 10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02254-X
Megard, 2002, A co-culture-based model of human blood-brain barrier: application to active transport of indinavir and in vivo-in vitro correlation, Brain Res., 927, 153, 10.1016/S0006-8993(01)03337-6
Mehdipour, 2009, Brain drug targeting: a computational approach for overcoming blood–brain barrier, Drug Discov. Today, 14, 1030, 10.1016/j.drudis.2009.07.009
Mensch, 2009, In vivo, in vitro and in silico methods for small molecule transfer across the BBB, J. Pharm. Sci., 98, 4429, 10.1002/jps.21745
Miller, 2005, The MAP kinase pathway mediates transcytosis induced by TNF-α in an in vitro blood–brain barrier model, Eur. J. Neurosci., 22, 835, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04273.x
Mironov, 2008, Combined video fluorescence and 3D electron microscopy, Methods Cell Biol., 88, 83, 10.1016/S0091-679X(08)00405-6
Mitic, 1998, Molecular architecture of tight junctions, Annu. Rev. Physiol., 60, 121, 10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.121
Mkrtchyan, 2009, Molecular cytogenetic characterization of the human cerebral microvessel endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3, Cytogenet. Genome Res., 126, 313, 10.1159/000253080
Mobley, 2009, β8 integrin regulates neurogenesis and neurovascular homeostasis in the adult brain, J. Cell Sci., 122, 1842, 10.1242/jcs.043257
Moon, R.T. 2005. Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Sci STKE. 2005, cm1.
Mooradian, 1991, Production of a transforming growth factor-beta-like growth factor by RSV-transformed rat cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, Tumour Biol., 12, 171, 10.1159/000217702
Morofuji, 2010, Pitavastatin strengthens the barrier integrity in primary cultures of rat brain endothelial cells, Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 30, 727, 10.1007/s10571-010-9497-9
Mullier, 2010, Differential distribution of tight junction proteins suggests a role for tanycytes in blood–hypothalamus barrier regulation in the adult mouse brain, J. Comp. Neurol., 518, 943, 10.1002/cne.22273
Nakagawa, 2007, Pericytes from brain microvessels strengthen the barrier integrity in primary cultures of rat brain endothelial cells, Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 27, 687, 10.1007/s10571-007-9195-4
Nakagawa, 2009, A new blood–brain barrier model using primary rat brain endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes, Neurochem. Int., 54, 253, 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.12.002
Nakashima, 2002, Redox-linked signal transduction pathways for protein tyrosine kinase activation, Antioxid. Redox Signal., 4, 517, 10.1089/15230860260196326
Navarro, 1998, Differential localization of VE- and N-cadherins in human endothelial cells: VE-cadherin competes with N-cadherin for junctional localization, J. Cell Biol., 140, 1475, 10.1083/jcb.140.6.1475
Neuhaus, 2006, A novel flow based hollow-fiber blood–brain barrier in vitro model with immortalised cell line PBMEC/C1–2, J. Biotechnol., 125, 127, 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.02.019
Neuhaus, 2008, Expression of Claudin-1, Claudin-3 and Claudin-5 in human blood–brain barrier mimicking cell line ECV304 is inducible by glioma-conditioned media, Neurosci. Lett., 446, 59, 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.09.025
Nishioku, 2009, Detachment of brain pericytes from the basal lamina is involved in disruption of the blood–brain barrier caused by lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis in mice, Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 29, 309, 10.1007/s10571-008-9322-x
Nitta, 2003, Size-selective loosening of the blood–brain barrier in claudin-5-deficient mice, J. Cell Biol., 161, 653, 10.1083/jcb.200302070
Norsted, 2008, Protein components of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in the mediobasal hypothalamus, J. Chem. Neuroanat., 36, 107, 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2008.06.002
Numaguchi, 1996, PKC inhibitors prevent endothelial dysfunction after myocardial ischemia–reperfusion in rats, Am. J. Physiol., 270, H1634
Nwariaku, 2002, Tyrosine phosphorylation of vascular endothelial cadherin and the regulation of microvascular permeability, Surgery, 132, 180, 10.1067/msy.2002.125305
Obataya, 2005, Nanoscale operation of a living cell using an atomic force microscope with a nanoneedle, Nano Lett., 5, 27, 10.1021/nl0485399
Ogasawara, 2009, Induction of JAM-A during differentiation of human THP-1 dendritic cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 389, 543, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.09.024
Pan, 2002, TNFα transport across the blood–brain barrier is abolished in receptor knockout mice, Exp. Neurol., 174, 193, 10.1006/exnr.2002.7871
Pan, 2007, TNFα trafficking in cerebral vascular endothelial cells, J. Neuroimmunol., 185, 47, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.01.005
Pardridge, 1999, Blood–brain barrier biology and methodology, J. Neurovirol., 5, 556, 10.3109/13550289909021285
Peng, 2009, NADPH oxidase is required for the sensory plasticity of the carotid body by chronic intermittent hypoxia, J. Neurosci., 29, 4903, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4768-08.2009
Peppiatt, 2006, Bidirectional control of CNS capillary diameter by pericytes, Nature, 443, 700, 10.1038/nature05193
Perez-Moreno, 2006, p120-catenin mediates inflammatory responses in the skin, Cell, 124, 631, 10.1016/j.cell.2005.11.043
Perloff, 2007, Induction of P-glycoprotein expression and activity by ritonavir in bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells, J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 59, 947, 10.1211/jpp.59.7.0006
Perrière, 2007, A functional in vitro model of rat blood–brain barrier for molecular analysis of efflux transporters, Brain Res., 1150, 1, 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.02.091
Persidsky, 2006, Blood-brain barrier: structural components and function under physiologic and pathologic conditions, J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol., 1, 223, 10.1007/s11481-006-9025-3
Persidsky, 2006, Rho-mediated regulation of tight junctions during monocyte migration across the blood–brain barrier in HIV-1 encephalitis (HIVE), Blood, 107, 4770, 10.1182/blood-2005-11-4721
Petty, 2002, Junctional complexes of the blood–brain barrier: permeability changes in neuroinflammation, Prog. Neurobiol., 68, 311, 10.1016/S0301-0082(02)00128-4
Piotrowski, 2007, A toxicity evaluation and predictive system based on neural networks and wavelets, J. Chem. Inf. Model., 47, 676, 10.1021/ci6004788
Polakis, 2008, Formation of the blood–brain barrier: Wnt signaling seals the deal, J. Cell Biol., 183, 371, 10.1083/jcb.200810040
Poller, 2010, Regulation of BCRP (ABCG2) and P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) by cytokines in a model of the human blood–brain barrier, Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 30, 63, 10.1007/s10571-009-9431-1
Poole, 2004, PKC-interacting proteins: from function to pharmacology, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 25, 528, 10.1016/j.tips.2004.08.006
Prudhomme, 1996, Studies of Plasmodium falciparum cytoadherence using immortalized human brain capillary endothelial cells, Int. J. Parasitol., 26, 647, 10.1016/0020-7519(96)00027-6
Quan, 2008, Immune-to-brain signaling: how important are the blood–brain barrier-independent pathways?, Mol. Neurobiol., 37, 142, 10.1007/s12035-008-8026-z
Radisavljevic, 2000, Vascular endothelial growth factor up-regulates ICAM-1 expression via the phosphatidylinositol 3 OH-kinase/AKT/Nitric oxide pathway and modulates migration of brain microvascular endothelial cells, J. Biol. Chem., 275, 20770, 10.1074/jbc.M002448200
Ramirez, 2008, Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) suppresses Rho GTPases in human brain microvascular endothelial cells and inhibits adhesion and transendothelial migration of HIV-1 infected monocytes, J. Immunol., 180, 1854, 10.4049/jimmunol.180.3.1854
Ramirez, 2009, Methamphetamine disrupts blood–brain barrier function by induction of oxidative stress in brain endothelial cells, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 29, 1933, 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.112
Ramírez-Castillejo, 2006, Pigment epithelium-derived factor is a niche signal for neural stem cell renewal, Nat. Neurosci., 9, 331, 10.1038/nn1657
Ramsauer, 2002, Angiogenesis of the blood–brain barrier in vitro and the function of cerebral pericytes, FASEB J., 16, 1274, 10.1096/fj.01-0814fje
Ranganath, 2009, Hydrogel matrix entrapping PLGA-paclitaxel microspheres: drug delivery with near zero-order release and implantability advantages for malignant brain tumour chemotherapy, Pharm. Res., 26, 2101, 10.1007/s11095-009-9922-2
Ransohoff, 2009, Microglial physiology: unique stimuli, specialized responses, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 27, 119, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132528
Reese, 1967, Fine structural localization of a blood–brain barrier to exogenous peroxidase, J. Cell Biol., 34, 207, 10.1083/jcb.34.1.207
Reinhard, 2006, Blood–brain barrier disruption by low-frequency ultrasound, Stroke, 37, 1546, 10.1161/01.STR.0000221813.27519.0b
Revest, 1994, Transendothelial electrical potential across pial vessels in anaesthetised rats: a study of ion permeability and transport at the blood–brain barrier, Brain Res., 652, 76, 10.1016/0006-8993(94)90319-0
Ricardo-Dukelow, 2007, HIV-1 infected monocyte-derived macrophages affect the human brain microvascular endothelial cell proteome: new insights into blood–brain barrier dysfunction for HIV-1-associated dementia, J. Neuroimmunol., 185, 37, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.01.004
Rigau, 2007, Angiogenesis is associated with blood–brain barrier permeability in temporal lobe epilepsy, Brain, 130, 1942, 10.1093/brain/awm118
Romanitan, 2009, Altered expression of claudin family proteins in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia brains, J. Cell. Mol. Med., 14, 1088
Rosell, 2006, Increased brain expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 after ischemic and hemorrhagic human stroke, Stroke, 37, 1399, 10.1161/01.STR.0000223001.06264.af
Rosenberg, 2007, Vasogenic edema due to tight junction disruption by matrix metalloproteinases in cerebral ischemia, Neurosurg. Focus, 22, E4, 10.3171/foc.2007.22.5.5
Roura, 1999, Regulation of E-cadherin/catenin association by tyrosine phosphorylation, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 36734, 10.1074/jbc.274.51.36734
Roux, 1994, Regulation of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and alkaline phosphatase activities in immortalized rat brain microvessel endothelial cells, J. Cell. Physiol., 159, 101, 10.1002/jcp.1041590114
Sandoval, 2008, Blood–brain barrier tight junction permeability and ischemic stroke, Neurobiol. Dis., 32, 200, 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.08.005
Sandoval, 2001, Ca2+ signalling and PKCα activate increased endothelial permeability by disassembly of VE-cadherin junctions, J. Physiol., 533, 433, 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.0433a.x
Santaguida, 2006, Side by side comparison between dynamic versus static models of blood–brain barrier in vitro: a permeability study, Brain Res., 1109, 1, 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.027
Sawada, 2009, Targeting eNOS and beyond: emerging heterogeneity of the role of endothelial Rho proteins in stroke protection, Expert Rev. Neurother., 9, 1171, 10.1586/ern.09.70
Scherrmann, 2002, Drug delivery to brain via the blood–brain barrier, Vascul. Pharmacol., 38, 349, 10.1016/S1537-1891(02)00202-1
Schiera, 2005, Permeability properties of a three-cell type in vitro model of blood–brain barrier, J. Cell. Mol. Med., 9, 373, 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2005.tb00362.x
Schreibelt, 2007, Reactive oxygen species alter brain endothelial tight junction dynamics via RhoA, PI3 kinase, and PKB signaling, FASEB J., 21, 3666, 10.1096/fj.07-8329com
Schüller, 2007, β-catenin function is required for cerebellar morphogenesis, Brain Res., 1140, 161, 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.05.105
Shasby, 2002, Histamine stimulates phosphorylation of adherens junction proteins and alters their link to vimentin, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 282, L1330, 10.1152/ajplung.00329.2001
Shen, 2004, Endothelial cells stimulate self-renewal and expand neurogenesis of neural stem cells, Science, 304, 1338, 10.1126/science.1095505
Shimizu, 2008, Peripheral nerve pericytes originating from the blood–nerve barrier expresses tight junctional molecules and transporters as barrier-forming cells, J. Cell. Physiol., 217, 388, 10.1002/jcp.21508
Shukla, 1996, Nitric oxide-dependent blood-brain barrier permeability alteration in the rat brain, Experientia, 52, 136, 10.1007/BF01923358
Siddharthan, 2007, Human astrocytes/astrocyte-conditioned medium and shear stress enhance the barrier properties of human brain microvascular endothelial cells, Brain Res., 1147, 39, 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.02.029
Silva, 2006, Dissociated primary nerve cell cultures as models for assessment of neurotoxicity, Toxicol. Lett., 163, 1, 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.09.033
Silwedel, 2006, Differential susceptibility of cerebral and cerebellar murine brain microvascular endothelial cells to loss of barrier properties in response to inflammatory stimuli, J. Neuroimmunol., 179, 37, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.06.019
Simionescu, 2002, Transcytosis of plasma macromolecules in endothelial cells: a cell biological survey, Microsc. Res. Tech., 57, 269, 10.1002/jemt.10086
Singh, 2007, Effects of chronic ethanol drinking on the blood brain barrier and ensuing neuronal toxicity in alcohol-preferring rats subjected to intraperitoneal LPS injection, Alcohol Alcohol., 42, 385, 10.1093/alcalc/agl120
Slusarski, 1997, Interaction of Wnt and a Frizzled homologue triggers G-protein-linked phosphatidylinositol signalling, Nature, 390, 410, 10.1038/37138
Smith, 2006, Endocytosis at the blood–brain barrier: from basic understanding to drug delivery strategies, J. Drug Target., 14, 191, 10.1080/10611860600650086
Smith, 2007, Primary porcine brain microvascular endothelial cells: biochemical and functional characterisation as a model for drug transport and targeting, J. Drug Target., 15, 253, 10.1080/10611860701288539
Song, 2007, Caveolin-1 regulates expression of junction-associated proteins in brain microvascular endothelial cells, Blood, 109, 1515, 10.1182/blood-2006-07-034009
Song, 2008, Effects of acute exposure to aluminum on blood–brain barrier and the protection of zinc, Neurosci. Lett., 445, 42, 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.08.081
Spranger, 2006, Adiponectin does not cross the blood–brain barrier but modifies cytokine expression of brain endothelial cells, Diabetes, 55, 141, 10.2337/diabetes.55.01.06.db05-1077
Sprenger, 2006, Spatial segregation of transport and signalling functions between human endothelial caveolae and lipid raft proteomes, Biochem. J., 400, 401, 10.1042/BJ20060355
Staehelin, 1973, Further observations on the fine structure of freeze-cleaved tight junctions, J. Cell Sci., 13, 763, 10.1242/jcs.13.3.763
Stamatovic, 2008, Brain endothelial cell–cell junctions: how to “open” the blood brain barrier, Curr. Neuropharmacol., 6, 179, 10.2174/157015908785777210
Stamatovic, 2009, Caveolae-mediated internalization of occludin and claudin-5 during CCL2-induced tight junction remodeling in brain endothelial cells, J. Biol. Chem., 284, 19053, 10.1074/jbc.M109.000521
Stanness, 1996, A dynamic model of the blood–brain barrier “in vitro”, Neurotoxicology, 17, 481
Stanness, 1997, Morphological and functional characterization of an in vitro blood–brain barrier model, Brain Res., 771, 329, 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00829-9
Stevenson, 1989, Phosphorylation of the tight-junction protein ZO-1 in two strains of Madin–Darby canine kidney cells which differ in transepithelial resistance, Biochem. J., 263, 597, 10.1042/bj2630597
Stins, 1997, Bovine brain microvascular endothelial cells transfected with SV40-large T antigen: development of an immortalized cell line to study pathophysiology of CNS disease, In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Anim., 33, 243, 10.1007/s11626-997-0042-1
Stins, 2001, Bacterial invasion and transcytosis in transfected human brain microvascular endothelial cells, Microb. Pathog., 30, 19, 10.1006/mpat.2000.0406
Sulik, 2008, Immunohistochemical analysis of MMP-9, MMP-2 and TIMP-1, TIMP-2 expression in the central nervous system following infection with viral and bacterial meningitis, Folia Histochem. Cytobiol., 46, 437, 10.2478/v10042-008-0058-8
Sumi, 2010, Lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia induce dysfunction of the blood–brain barrier in rat microvascular endothelial cells co-cultured with microglia, Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 30, 247, 10.1007/s10571-009-9446-7
Tähti, 1995, In vitro methods as a tool in neurotoxicity studies, Altern. Lab. Anim., 23, 491, 10.1177/026119299502300412
Tai, 2009, Polarized P-glycoprotein expression by the immortalised human brain endothelial cell line, hCMEC/D3, restricts apical-to-basolateral permeability to rhodamine 123, Brain Res., 1292, 14, 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.039
Tao, 1996, β-Catenin associates with the actin-bundling protein fascin in a noncadherin complex, J. Cell Biol., 134, 1271, 10.1083/jcb.134.5.1271
Tavazoie, 2008, A specialized vascular niche for adult neural stem cells, Cell Stem Cell, 3, 279, 10.1016/j.stem.2008.07.025
Teng, 2010, NlpI contributes to Escherichia coli K1 strain RS218 interaction with human brain microvascular endothelial cells, Infect. Immun., 78, 3090, 10.1128/IAI.00034-10
Terry, 2010, Rho signaling and tight junction functions, Physiology, 25, 16, 10.1152/physiol.00034.2009
Thiel, 2001, Nitric oxide and blood–brain barrier integrity, Antioxid. Redox Signal., 3, 273, 10.1089/152308601300185223
Tosi, 2008, Polymeric nanoparticles for the drug delivery to the central nervous system, Expert Opin. Drug Deliv., 5, 155, 10.1517/17425247.5.2.155
Tsukita, 2001, Multifunctional strands in tight junctions, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 2, 285, 10.1038/35067088
Tweedie, 2009, A cellular model of inflammation for identifying TNF-α synthesis inhibitors, J. Neurosci. Methods, 183, 182, 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.06.034
Ueno, 2007, Molecular anatomy of the brain endothelial barrier: an overview of the distributional features, Curr. Med. Chem., 14, 1199, 10.2174/092986707780597943
van Hinsbergh, 2002, Intracellular signalling involved in modulating human endothelial barrier function, J. Anat., 200, 549, 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00060.x
van Vliet, 2007, Blood–brain barrier leakage may lead to progression of temporal lobe epilepsy, Brain, 130, 521, 10.1093/brain/awl318
van Vliet, 2007, Region-specific overexpression of P-glycoprotein at the blood–brain barrier affects brain uptake of phenytoin in epileptic rats, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 322, 141, 10.1124/jpet.107.121178
Vastag, 2009, Current In Vitro and In Silico Models of the Blood–Brain Barrier Penetration: A Practical View, Curr. Opin. Drug Discov. Devel., 12, 115
Vichalkovski, 2010, PKB/AKT phosphorylation of the transcription factor Twist-1 at Ser42 inhibits p53 activity in response to DNA damage, Oncogene., 29, 3554, 10.1038/onc.2010.115
Virgintino, 2002, Expression of caveolin-1 in human brain microvessels, Neuroscience, 115, 145, 10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00374-3
Vogel, 2007, Flt-1, but not Flk-1 mediates hyperpermeability through activation of the PI3-K/Akt pathway, J. Cell. Physiol., 212, 236, 10.1002/jcp.21022
von Wedel-Parlow, 2009, Regulation of major efflux transporters under inflammatory conditions at the blood–brain barrier in vitro, J. Neurochem., 111, 111, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06305.x
Vorbrodt, 2003, Molecular anatomy of intercellular junctions in brain endothelial and epithelial barriers: electron microscopist's view, Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev., 42, 221, 10.1016/S0165-0173(03)00177-2
Vorbrodt, 2008, Increased expression of β-catenin in brain microvessels of a segmentally trisomic (Ts65Dn) mouse model of Down syndrome, Brain Cell Biol., 36, 203, 10.1007/s11068-008-9038-3
Wade, 1974, The structure of the zonula occludens. A single fibril model based on freeze-fracture, J. Cell Biol., 60, 168, 10.1083/jcb.60.1.168
Warren, 2009, Comparative gene expression profiles of ABC transporters in brain microvessel endothelial cells and brain in five species including human, Pharmacol. Res., 59, 404, 10.1016/j.phrs.2009.02.007
Waschke, 2006, Activation of Rac-1 and Cdc42 stabilizes the microvascular endothelial barrier, Histochem. Cell Biol., 125, 397, 10.1007/s00418-005-0080-2
Weinger, 2008, In brain, Axl recruits Grb2 and the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3 kinase; in vitro mutagenesis defines the requisite binding sites for downstream Akt activation, J. Neurochem., 106, 134, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05343.x
Weis, 2008, Vascular permeability in cardiovascular disease and cancer, Curr. Opin. Hematol., 15, 243, 10.1097/MOH.0b013e3282f97d86
Weiss, 2009, The blood–brain barrier in brain homeostasis and neurological diseases, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1788, 842, 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.10.022
Weksler, 2005, Blood–brain barrier-specific properties of a human adult brain endothelial cell line, FASEB J., 19, 1872, 10.1096/fj.04-3458fje
Wilhelm, 2008, Hyperosmotic stress induces Axl activation and cleavage in cerebral endothelial cells, J. Neurochem., 107, 116, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05590.x
Williams, 1989, Endothelioma cells expressing the polyoma middle T oncogene induce hemangiomas by host cell recruitment, Cell, 57, 1053, 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90343-7
Willis, 2004, Focal astrocyte loss is followed by microvascular damage, with subsequent repair of the blood–brain barrier in the apparent absence of direct astrocytic contact, Glia, 45, 325, 10.1002/glia.10333
Wilson, 2009, Significant delivery of tacrine into the brain using magnetic chitosan microparticles for treating Alzheimer's disease, J. Neurosci. Methods, 177, 427, 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.10.036
Wojciak-Stothard, 2005, Rac and Rho play opposing roles in the regulation of hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced permeability changes in pulmonary artery endothelial cells, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 288, L749, 10.1152/ajplung.00361.2004
Wolburg, 2002, Tight junctions of the blood–brain barrier: development, composition and regulation, Vascul. Pharmacol., 38, 323, 10.1016/S1537-1891(02)00200-8
Wolburg, 2009, Brain endothelial cells and the glio-vascular complex, Cell Tissue Res., 335, 75, 10.1007/s00441-008-0658-9
Wong, 2004, Cytokines, nitric oxide, and cGMP modulate the permeability of an in vitro model of the human blood–brain barrier, Exp. Neurol., 190, 446, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.08.008
Yamagata, 1997, Astrocyte-conditioned medium induces blood–brain barrier properties in endothelial cells, Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol., 24, 710, 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1997.tb02117.x
Yamagata, 2004, Hypoxia-induced changes in tight junction permeability of brain capillary endothelial cells are associated with IL-1beta and nitric oxide, Neurobiol. Dis., 17, 491, 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.08.001
Yamamoto, 2008, Phosphorylation of claudin-5 and occludin by rho kinase in brain endothelial cells, Am. J. Pathol., 172, 521, 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070076
Yamauchi, 2007, An inhibitory role of nitric oxide in the dynamic regulation of the blood-brain barrier function, Cell Mol. Neurobiol., 27, 263, 10.1007/s10571-007-9139-z
Yuan, 2003, Protein kinase signaling in the modulation of microvascular permeability, Vascul. Pharmacol., 39, 213, 10.1016/S1537-1891(03)00010-7
Zaghi, 2009, Alzheimer disease macrophages shuttle amyloid-beta from neurons to vessels, contributing to amyloid angiopathy, Acta Neuropathol., 117, 111, 10.1007/s00401-008-0481-0
Zenker, 2003, Human blood-derived macrophages enhance barrier function of cultured primary bovine and human brain capillary endothelial cells, J. Physiol., 551, 1023, 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.045880
Zerlin, 2008, Wnt/Frizzled signaling in angiogenesis, Angiogenesis, 11, 63, 10.1007/s10456-008-9095-3
Zhang, 2006, Porcine brain microvessel endothelial cells as an in vitro model to predict in vivo blood–brain barrier permeability, Drug Metab. Dispos., 34, 1935, 10.1124/dmd.105.006437
Zhang, 2009, Effect of pluronic p85 on amino acid transport in bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells, J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol., 4, 35, 10.1007/s11481-008-9119-1
Zhang, 2009, Synergistic effect of low-frequency ultrasound and low-dose bradykinin on increasing permeability of the blood–tumor barrier by opening tight junction, J. Neurosci. Res., 87, 2282, 10.1002/jnr.22061
Zheng, 2003, Brain barrier systems: a new frontier in metal neurotoxicological research, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 192, 1, 10.1016/S0041-008X(03)00251-5
Zhong, 2008, Caveolin-1 regulates HIV-1 Tat-induced alterations of tight junction protein expression via modulation of the Ras signaling, J. Neurosci., 28, 7788, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0061-08.2008
Zlokovic, 2008, The blood-brain barrier in health and chronic neurodegenerative disorders, Neuron, 57, 178, 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.003