Long-term biochar application influences phosphorus and associated iron and sulfur transformations in the rhizosphere

Carbon Research
Jianchao Yuan1, H. Chen1, Guanglei Chen1, Prem Pokharel2, Scott X. Chang2, Yujun Wang3, Dengjun Wang4, Xiaoyuan Yan3, Shenqiang Wang1, Yu Wang3
1State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Changshu National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
2Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
3University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
4School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA

Tóm tắt

AbstractThe effects of long-term biochar application on soil phosphorus (P) flux across the root-soil interface and its availability in the rhizosphere of rice (Oryza sativa L) remain unclear. We used diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and planar optode sensor techniques to characterize, in-situ, the 2D heterogeneity and dynamics of rhizosphere soil P, iron (Fe), sulfur (S) and trace element fluxes, dissolved oxygen and pH in paddy soil, after 10 years of biochar application. Compared to the control (no biochar applied), biochar applied at 4.5, 22.5 and 45.0 Mg ha−1 yr−1 decreased rhizospheric P fluxes by 11.6%, 63.4% and 79.0%, respectively. This decrease under biochar treatments was attributed to changed redox status of Fe and S caused by the lower dissolved oxygen in rhizosphere soil and increased soil pH induced precipitating of soluble inorganic P into insoluble P forms, such as calcium-bound and residual P that are unavailable for crop uptake. Higher application rate of biochar resulted in lower As and Pb fluxes in rice rhizosphere and their availabilities for crop uptake. The in-situ observation results in rice rhizosphere at μm-scale after 10 years of biochar addition directly showed the complex effects of long-term biochar and rhizosphere heterogeneity on P transformation process. Graphical Abstract

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