Loneliness and Shyness in Adolescent Problematic Internet Users: The Role of Social Anxiety

Amichai-Hamburger, Y., & Ben-Artzi, E. (2003). Loneliness and Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 19, 71–80. doi: 10.1016/S0747-5632(02)00014-6 .

Amichai-Hamburger, Y., & Hayat, Z. (2011). The impact of the Internet on the social lives of users: A representative sample from 13 countries. Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 585–589. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2010.10.009 .

Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411–423. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411 .

Baker, L. R., & Oswald, D. L. (2010). Shyness and online social networking services. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27, 873–889. doi: 10.1177/0265407510375261 .

Beard, K. W., & Wolf, E. M. (2001). Modification in the proposed diagnostic criteria for Internet addiction. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 4, 377–383. doi: 10.1089/109493101300210286 .

Becker, H. J. (2000). Who’s wired and who’s not: Children’s access to and use of computer technology. The Future of Children: Children and Computer Technology, 10, 44–75.

Bohlin, G., & Hagekull, B. (2009). Socio-emotional development: From infancy to young adulthood. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 50, 592–601. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00787.x .

Buhrmester, D., & Furman, W. (1987). The development of companionship and intimacy. Child Development, 58, 1101–1113. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.ep8590161 .

Campbell, A. J., Cumming, S. R., & Hughes, I. (2006). Internet use by the socially fearful: Addiction or therapy?. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9, 69–81. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2006.9.69 .

Caplan, S. E. (2002). Problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being: Development of a theory-based cognitive–behavioral measurement instrument. Computers in Human Behavior, 18, 553–575. doi: 10.1016/S0747-5632(02)00004-3 .

Caplan, S. E. (2007). Relations among loneliness, social anxiety, and problematic Internet use. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10, 234–242. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2006.9963 .

Casale, S., & Fioravanti, G. (2011). Psychosocial correlates of Internet use among Italian students. International Journal of Psychology, 46, 288–298. doi: 10.1080/00207594.2010.541256 .

Chak, K., & Leung, L. (2004). Shyness and locus of control as predictors of Internet addiction and Internet use. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 5, 559–570. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2004.7.559 .

Coplan, R. J., Arbeau, K. A., & Armer, M. (2008). Don’t fret, be supportive! Maternal characteristics linking child shyness to psychosocial and school adjustment in kindergarten. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 359–371. doi: 10.1007/s10802-007-9183-7 .

Coplan, R. J., Prakash, K., O’Neil, K., & Armer, M. (2004). Do you “want” to play? Distinguishing between conflicted shyness and social disinterest in early childhood. Developmental Psychology, 40, 244–258. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.40.2.244 .

Davis, R. A. (2001). A cognitive–behavioral model of pathological Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 17, 187–195. doi: 10.1016/S0747-5632(00)00041-8 .

Douglas, A. C., Mills, J. E., Niang, M., Stepchenkova, S., Byun, S., Ruffini, C., et al. (2008). Internet addiction: Meta-synthesis of qualitative research for the decade 1996–2006. Computers in Human Behavior, 24, 3027–3044. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2008.05.009 .

Ebeling-Witte, S., Frank, M. L., & Lester, D. (2007). Shyness, Internet use and personality. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10, 713–716. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2007.9964 .

Engels, R. C. M. E., Dekovic, M., & Meeus, W. (2002). Parenting practices, social skills and peer relationships in adolescence. Social Behavior and Personality, 30, 3–18. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2002.30.1.3 .

Erwin, B. A., Turk, C. L., Heimberg, R. G., Fresco, D. M., & Hantula, D. A. (2004). The Internet: Home to severe population of individuals with social anxiety disorder? Anxiety Disorders, 18, 629–646. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2003.08.002 .

Fontaine, R. G., Yang, C., Burks, V. S., Dodge, K. A., Price, J. M., Petit, G. S., et al. (2009). Loneliness as a partial mediator of the relation between low social preference in childhood and anxious/depressed symptoms in adolescence. Developmental Psychopathology, 21, 479–491. doi: 10.1017/S0954579409000261 .

Gazelle, H., & Ladd, G. (2003). Anxious solitude and peer exclusion: A diathesis-stress model of internalizing trajectories in childhood. Child Development, 74, 257–278. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00534 .

Ha, J. H., Kim, S. Y., Bae, S. C., Bae, S., Kim, H., Sim, M., et al. (2007). Depression and Internet addiction in adolescents. Psychopathology, 40, 424–430. doi: 10.1159/000107426 .

Henderson, H. A., Marshall, P. J., Fox, N. A., & Rubin, K. H. (2004). Psychophysiological and behavioral evidence for varying forms and functions of nonsocial behavior in preschoolers. Child Development, 75, 251–263. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00667.x .

Henderson, L., & Zimbardo, P. (1998). Shyness. In H. S. Friedman (Ed.), Encyclopedia of mental health (pp. 497–509). San Diego: Academic.

Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Coventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.

Huang, R. L., Lu, Z., Liu, J. J., You, Y. M., Pan, Z. Q., Wei, Z., et al. (2009). Features and predictors of problematic Internet use in Chinese college students. Behavior & Information Technology, 28, 485–490. doi: 10.1080/01449290701485801 .

Jones, W. H., & Briggs, S. R. (1986). Social Reticence Scale manual. Redwood City, CA: Mind Garden.

Jones, W. H., & Carpenter, B. N. (1986). Shyness, social behavior, and relationships. In W. H. Jones, J. M. Cheek, & S. R. Briggs (Eds.), Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment (pp. 227–238). New York: Plenum.

Karevold, E., Ystrøm, E., Coplan, R. J., Sanson, A., & Mathiesen, K. S. (2012). A prospective longitudinal study of shyness from infancy to adolescence: Stability, age-related changes, and prediction of socio-emotional functioning. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 1167–1177. doi: 10.1007/s10802-012-9635-6 .

Karoly, L. A., Kilburn, M. R., & Cannon, J. S. (2005). Early childhood interventions: Proven results, future promise. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.

Kim, J., LaRose, R., & Peng, W. (2009). Loneliness as the cause and the effect of problematic Internet use: The relationship between Internet use and psychological well-being. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12, 451–455. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2008.0327 .

La Greca, A. M., & Lopez, N. (1998). Social anxiety among adolescents: Linkages with peer relations and friendships. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 26, 83–94. doi: 10.1023/A:1022684520514 .

Leary, M. R. (1990). Responses to social exclusion: Social anxiety, jealousy, loneliness, depression, and low self-esteem. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 221–229. doi: 10.1521/jscp.1990.9.2.221 .

Little, T. D., Card, N. A., Bovaird, J. A., Preacher, K. J., & Crandall, C. S. (2007). Structural equation modeling of mediation and moderation with contextual factor. In T. D. Little, J. A. Bovaird, & N. A. Card (Eds.), Modeling contextual effects on longitudinal studies (pp. 207–230). Mahwah & London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Liu, C. Y., & Kuo, F. Y. (2007). A study of Internet addiction through the lens of the interpersonal theory. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10, 799–804. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2007.9951 .

McKenna, K. Y. A., & Bargh, J. A. (2000). Plan 9 from cyberspace: The implications of the Internet for personality and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 57–75. doi: 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0401_6 .

Moore, D., & Schultz, N. R. (1983). Loneliness at adolescence: Correlates, attributions, and coping. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 12, 95–100. doi: 10.1007/BF02088307 .

Morahan-Martin, J. (1999). The relationship between loneliness and Internet use and abuse. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 2, 431–440. doi: 10.1089/cpb.1999.2.431 .

Morahan-Martin, J., & Schumacher, P. (2000). Incidence and correlates of pathological Internet use among college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 16, 13–29. doi: 10.1016/S0747-5632(99)00049-7 .

Morahan-Martin, J., & Schumacher, P. (2003). Loneliness and social uses of the Internet. Computers in Human Behavior, 19, 659–671. doi: 10.1016/S0747-5632(03)00040-2 .

Mythily, S., Qiu, S., & Winslow, M. (2008). Prevalence and correlates of excessive Internet use among youth in Singapore. Annals Academy of Medicine Singapore, 37, 9–14.

Pratarelli, M., Browne, B., & Johnson, K. (1999). The bits and bytes of computer/Internet addiction: A factor analytic approach. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 31, 305–314. doi: 10.3758/BF03207725 .

Rapee, R. M., & Coplan, R. J. (2010). Conceptual relations between anxiety disorder and fearful temperament. In H. Gazelle & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), Social anxiety in childhood: Bridging developmental and clinical perspectives. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development (Vol. 127, pp. 17–31). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Roberts, L. D., Smith, L. M., & Pollack, C. M. (2000). U r a lot bolder on the net. In W. R. Crozier (Ed.), Shyness: Development, consolidation, and change (pp. 121–138). Boston, MA: Mc-Graw-Hill.

Rokach, A., & Neto, F. (2000). Coping with loneliness in adolescence: A cross-cultural study. Social Behavior and Personality, 28, 329–342. doi: 10.1080/02673843.2000.9747842 .

Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W., & Parker, J. (2006). Peer interactions, relationships, and groups. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (6th edition): Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 571–645). New York: Wiley.

Russell, D. W., Flom, E. K., Gardner, K. A., Curtona, C. E., & Hessling, R. S. (2003). Who makes friends over the Internet? Loneliness and the “virtual” community. The International Scope Review, 5(10).

Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA loneliness scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 472–480. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472 .

Schreiber, J. B., Stage, F. K., King, J., Nora, A., & Barlow, E. A. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99, 323–337. doi: 10.3200/joer.99.6.323-338 .

Shepherd, R., & Edelmann, R. J. (2005). Reasons for Internet use and social anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 949–958. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2005.04.001 .

Tully, L. (2007). Early intervention strategies for children and young people 8–14 years (Research report). New South Wales: Centre for Parenting and Research, New South Wales Department of Community Services.

Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2007). Preadolescents’ and adolescents’ online communication and their closeness to friends. Developmental Psychology, 43, 267–277. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.43.2.267 .

Weems, C. F., & Stickle, T. R. (2012). Mediation, incremental validity, and novel intervention development: Introduction to a special issue on youth anxiety and related problems. Child & Youth Care Forum, 41, 509–515. doi: 10.1007/s10566-012-9191-9 .

Weiser, E. B. (2001). The functions of Internet use and their social and psychological consequences. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 4, 723–743. doi: 10.1089/109493101753376678 .

Whang, S., Lee, S., & Chang, G. (2003). Internet over-users’ psychological profiles: A behavior sampling analysis on Internet addiction. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 6, 143–150. doi: 10.1089/109493103321640338 .

Young, K. S. (1998). Caught in the net. New York, NY: Wiley.