Living in the Gray: Lessons on Ethics from Prison

Albrecht, W. S., Albrecht, C. C., Albrecht, C. O., & Zimbelman, M. F. (2009). Fraud examination (3rd ed.). Mason, OH: Cengage.

Argyris, C. S. (1999). On organizational learning. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

Argyris, C. S., & Schön, D. A. (1978). Organizational learning: A theory of action perspective. Reading, PA: Addison-Wesley.

Armstrong, R. W., Williams, R. J., & Barrett, J. D. (2004). The impact of banality, risky shift and escalating commitment on ethical decision-making. Journal of Business Ethics, 53, 365–370. doi: 10.1023/B:BUSI.0000043491.10007.9a .

Awasthi, V. (2008). Managerial decision-making on moral issues and the effects of teaching ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 78, 207–223. doi: 10.1007/s10551-006-9328-6 .

Bartels, L. K., Harrick, E., Martell, K., & Strickland, D. (1998). The relationship between ethical climate and ethical problems within human resource management. Journal of Business Ethics, 17(7), 799–804. doi: 10.1007/s10551-006-9332-x .

Bierly, P., Kolodinsky, R., & Charette, B. (2009). Understanding the complex relationship between creativity and ethical ideologies. Journal of Business Ethics, 86, 101–112. doi: 10.1007/s10551-008-9837-6 .

Browning, J. M., & Zabriskie, N. B. (1983). How ethical are industrial buyers? Industrial Marketing Management, 12, 219–224.

Buchan, H. F. (2005). Ethical decision-making in the public accounting profession: An extension of Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 61, 165–181. doi: 10.1007/s10551-005-0277-2 .

Cagle, J. A., & Baucus, M. S. (2006). Case studies of ethics scandals: Effects on ethical perceptions of finance students. Journal of Business Ethics, 64, 213–229. doi: 10.1007/s10551-005-8503-5 .

Chatman, J. A., & Barsade, S. G. (1995). Personality, organizational culture, and cooperation: Evidence from a business simulation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40(3), 423–443.

Chavez, G., Wiggins, R., & Yolas, M. (2001). The impact of membership in the ethics officer association. Journal of Business Ethics, 34, 39–56. doi: 10.1023/A:1011968010131 .

Craft, J. L. (2010). Making the case for ongoing and interactive organizational ethics training. Human Resource Development International, 13(5), 599–606.

Curtis, M. (2006). Are audit-related ethical decisions dependent upon mood? Journal of Business Ethics, 68, 191–209. doi: 10.1007/s10551-006-9066-9 .

Federal Bureau of Prisons. (2009). State of the Bureau 2009. U.S. Department of Justice.

Federal Bureau of Prisons. (2012). Weekly population report for March 12, 2012. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved April 13, 2012 from http://www.bop.gov/locations/weekly_report.jsp .

Ford, R. C., & Richardson, W. D. (1994). Ethical decision-making: A review of the empirical literature. Journal of Business Ethics, 13, 205–221. doi: 10.1007/BF02074820 .

Forte, A. (2004). Business ethics: A study of the moral reasoning of selected business managers and the influence of organizational ethical climate. Journal of Business Ethics, 51, 167–173. doi: 10.1023/B:BUSI.0000033610.35181.ef .

Ho, J. (2010). Ethical perception: Are differences between ethnic groups situation dependent? Business Ethics: A European Review, 19(2), 154–182. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8608.2010.01583.x .

Horowitz, S. (2009, November 11). Should Mary buy her bonus? Business Ethics Magazine.

Kabanoff, B., & Daly, J. (2002). Espoused values of organisations. Australian Journal of Management, 27(1), 89–104. doi: 10.1177/031289620202701S10 .

Kraft, K. L., & Singhapakdi, A. (1991). The role of ethics and social responsibility in achieving organizational effectiveness: Students versus managers. Journal of Business Ethics, 10(9), 679–686. doi: 10.1007/BF00705874 .

Krambia-Kapardis, M., & Zopiatis, A. A. (2008). Unchartered territory: Investigating individual business ethics in Cyprus. Business Ethics: A European Review, 17(2), 138–148. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8608.2008.00527.x .

Longenecker, J. G., Moore, C. W., Petty, J. W., Palich, L. E., & McKinney, J. A. (2006). Ethical attitudes in small businesses and large corporations: Theory and empirical findings from a tracking study spanning three decades. Journal of Small Business Management, 44(2), 167–183. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-627X.2006.00162.x .

Marquardt, N. (2010). Implicit mental processes in ethical management behavior. Ethics and Behavior, 20(2), 128–148. doi: 10.1080/10508421003595950 .

Marquardt, N., & Hoeger, R. (2009). The effect of implicit moral attitudes on managerial decision-making: An implicit social cognition approach. Journal of Business Ethics, 85, 157–171. doi: 10.1007/s10551-008-9754-8 .

Marques, P., & Azevedo-Pereira, J. (2009). Ethical ideology and ethical judgments in the Portuguese accounting profession. Journal of Business Ethics, 86, 227–242. doi: 10.1007/s10551-008-9845-6 .

Marta, J., Singhapakdi, A., & Kraft, K. (2008). Personal characteristics underlying ethical decisions in marketing situations: A survey of small business managers. Journal of Small Business Management, 46(4), 589–606. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-627X.2008.00258.x .

Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370–396.

McCullough, P. M., & Faught, S. (2005). Rational moralists and moral rationalists value-based management: Model, criterion and validation. Journal of Business Ethics, 60, 195–205. doi: 10.1007/s10551-004-8317-x .

McLean, B., & Elkind, P. (2003). The smartest guys in the room: The amazing rise and scandalous fall of Enron. New York: Penguin.

Mencl, J., & May, D. R. (2009). The effects of proximity and empathy on ethical decision-making: An exploratory investigation. Journal of Business Ethics, 85, 201–226. doi: 10.1007/s10551-008-9765-5 .

Moberg, D., & Caldwell, D. (2006). An exploratory investigation of the effect of ethical culture in activating moral imagination. Journal of Business Ethics, 73, 193–204. doi: 10.1007/s10551-006-9190-6 .

O’Fallon, M. J., & Butterfield, K. D. (2005). A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 1996–2003. Journal of Business Ethics, 59, 375–413. doi: 10.1007/s10551-005-2929-7 .

Phelps, E. (1899, January 24). Speech at Mansion House. London.

Rabl, T., & Kühlmann, T. M. (2008). Understanding corruption in organizations—Development of empirical assessment of an action model. Journal of Business Ethics, 82, 477–495. doi: 10.1007/s10551-008-9898-6 .

Robinson, P. (2007). Ethics training and development in the military. Parameters: U.S. Army War College, 37, 23–36.

Schein, E. H. (1985). Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Schwartz, M. S., Dunfee, T. W., & Kline, M. J. (2005). Tone at the top: An ethics code for directors? Journal of Business Ethics, 58(1–3), 79–100. doi: 10.1007/s10551-005-1390-y .

Siehl, C., & Martin, J. (1990). Organizational culture: A key to financial performance? In B. Schneider (Ed.), Organizational climate and culture (pp. 241-281). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Sims, R. R., & Brinkmann, J. (2003). Enron ethics (Or: culture matters more than codes). Journal of Business Ethics, 45, 243–256.

Sutton, R. I., & Callahan, A. L. (1987). The stigma of bankruptcy: Spoiled organizational image and its management. Academy of Management Journal, 30(3), 405–436.

Sweeney, B., Arnold, D., & Pierce, B. (2010). The impact of perceived ethical culture for the firm and demographic variables on auditors’ ethical evaluation and intention to act decisions. Journal of Business Ethics, 93(4), 531–551. doi: 10.1007/s10551-009-0237-3 .

Vitell, S. J., & Festervand, T. A. (1987). Business ethics: Conflicts, practices and beliefs of industrial executives. Journal of Business Ethics, 6(2), 111–122. doi: 10.1007/BF00382024 .

Watson, G. W., & Berkley, R. A. (2008). Testing the value-pragmatics hypothesis in unethical compliance. Journal of Business Ethics, 87, 463–476. doi: 10.1007/s10551-008-9953-3 .

Watson, G. W., Berkley, R., & Papamarcos, S. D. (2009). Ambiguous allure: The value-pragmatics model of ethical decision-making. Business and Society Review, 114(1), 1–29. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8594.2009.00333.x .

Weber, J. (2010). Assessing the “tone at the top”: The moral reasoning of CEO’s in the automobile industry. Journal of Business Ethics, 92(2), 167–182. doi: 10.1007/s10551-009-0157-2 .

Webley, S., & Werner, A. (2008). Corporate codes of ethics: Necessary but not sufficient. Business Ethics: A European Review, 17(4), 405–415.

Werhane, P. H. (1999). Moral imagination and management decision-making. Oxford: University Press.

Williams, O., & Murphy, P. (1992). The ethics of virtue: A moral theory for business. In O. F. Williams & J. W. Houck (Eds.), A virtuous life in business (pp. 9–27). Lanham, MD: Roman & Littlefield.

Zhang, J., Chiu, R., & Wei, L. (2009). Decision-making process of internal whistleblowing behavior in China: Empirical evidence and implications. Journal of Business Ethics, 88, 25–41. doi: 10.1007/s10551-008-9831-z .