Literature review of Florida red tide: implications for human health effects
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abraham, W.M., Baden, D.G., 2001. Mechanisms of red tide-induced bronchial responses. Int. Soc. Exposure Anal. 126.
Ahles, 1974, Red tide: a recurrent health hazard, Public Health Briefs, 64, 807, 10.2105/AJPH.64.8.807
Ahmed, 1993, Issues in fishery products safety in the US, Environ. Toxins Water Quality, 8, 141, 10.1002/tox.2530080203
Anderson, D.M., Galloway, S.B., Joseph, J.D., 1993. Marine biotoxins and harmful algae: a national plan. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, WHOI 93-02, Woods Hole, MA.
Anderson, D.M., Hoagland, P., Kauru, Y., White, A.W., 2000. Estimated annual economic impacts from harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the US. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, MA.
Apland, 1993, Brevetoxin depresses synaptic transmission in guinea pig hippocampal slices, Brain Res. Bull., 31, 201, 10.1016/0361-9230(93)90026-8
Asai, 1982, Effects of the toxin of red tide, Ptychodiscus brevis, on canine tracheal smooth muscle: a possible new asthma triggering mechanism, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 69, 418, 10.1016/0091-6749(82)90116-6
Asai, 1984, Site of action of Ptychodiscus brevis toxin within parasympathetic axonal sodium channel h gate in airway smooth muscle, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 73, 824, 10.1016/0091-6749(84)90454-8
Backer, L.C., Fleming, L.E., Rowan, A., Cheng, Y.-S., Benson, J., Pierce, R., Zaias, J., Bean, J., Bossart, G., Baden, D.G., 2003. Recreational exposure to aerosolized brevetoxins during Florida red tide events, submitted for publication.
Baden, 1983, Marine food-borne dinoflagellate toxins, Int. Rev. Cytol., 82, 99, 10.1016/S0074-7696(08)60824-4
Baden, 1989, Brevetoxins: unique polyether dinoflagellate toxins, FASEB J., 3, 1807, 10.1096/fasebj.3.7.2565840
Baden, 1982, Toxicity of two toxins from the Florida red tide marine dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium breve, Toxicon, 20, 457, 10.1016/0041-0101(82)90009-5
Baden, D.G., Trainer, V.L., 1993. The mode and action of toxins and seafood poisoning. In: Falconer, I.R. (Ed.), Algal Toxins in Seafood and Drinking Water. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 49–74.
Baden, 1982, Bronchoconstriction caused by Florida red tide toxins, Toxicon, 20, 929, 10.1016/0041-0101(82)90081-2
Baden, D., Fleming, L.E., Bean, J.A., 1995. Marine toxins. In: DeWolf, F.A. (Ed.), Handbook of Clinical Neurology: Intoxications of the Nervous System. Part H. Natural Toxins and Drugs. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 141–175.
Benson, 1999, Uptake, tissue distribution, and excretion of PBTx-3 administered to rats by intratracheal instillation, J. Toxins Environ. Health, 56, 345, 10.1080/009841099157656
Blogoslawski, 1975, Field studies on ozone inactivation of G. breve toxin, Environ. Lett., 9, 209, 10.1080/00139307509435848
Blythe, D.G., Hack, E., Washington, G., Fleming, L.E., 2001. In: Dekker, M. (Ed.), The Medical Management of Seafood Poisoning. Seafood and Environmental Toxins, Stanfield, pp. 311–319.
Borison, 1980, Central respiratory and circulatory effect of Gymnodinium breve toxin in anaesthetized cats, Br. J. Pharmacol., 70, 249, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1980.tb07930.x
Borison, 1985, Neurological analysis of respiratory, cardiovascular and neuromuscular effects of brevetoxin in cats, Toxicon, 23, 517, 10.1016/0041-0101(85)90036-4
Bossart, 1998, Brevetoxicosis in manatees (Tnchechus manatus latirostris) from the 1996 epizootic: gross, histopathologic and immunocytochemical features, Toxins Pathol., 26, 276, 10.1177/019262339802600214
Cattet, 1993, Distribution and elimination of ingested PBTx-3 in rats, Toxicon, 31, 1483, 10.1016/0041-0101(93)90214-4
Chang, 1998, Occurrence of Gymnodinium, a toxic dinoflagellate species off Wairarapa. NIWA news forum, Water Atmos., 6, 4
Cheng, Y.S., Villareal, T.A., Zhou, Y., Gao, J., Pierce, R.H., Wetzel, D., Naar, J., Baden, D.G. Characterization of red tide aerosol on the Texas coast. Harmful Algae, submitted for publication.
Cortes-Altamirano, 1995, Mareas rojas en Mexico: una revision, Rev. Latin Am. Microbiol., 37, 343
Cummins, 1971, Occurrence of toxic bivalve mollusks during a G. breve “red tide”, Trans. Am. Fish Soc., 100, 112, 10.1577/1548-8659(1971)100<112:OOTBMD>2.0.CO;2
Davis, 1994, Managing marine hazards, J. Am. Acad. Phys. Assist., 7, 485
De M Sampayo, 1997, Dinoflagellate benthic cysts and red tides, Publ. Espec. Inst. Exp. Oceanogr., 23, 35
Dembert, 1981, Diseases from fish and shellfish ingestion, Am. Fam. Phys., 24, 103
Dickey, 1999, Monitoring brevetoxins during a G. breve red tide: comparison of a sodium channel specific cytotoxicity assay and mouse bioassay for determination of neurotoxic shellfish toxins in shellfish extracts, Nat. Toxins, 7, 157, 10.1002/(SICI)1522-7189(199907/08)7:4<157::AID-NT52>3.0.CO;2-#
Eastaugh, 1989, Infectious and toxic syndromes form fish and shellfish consumption. A review, Arch. Intern. Med., 149, 1735, 10.1001/archinte.149.8.1735
Epstein, P.R., 1998. Marine ecosystems: emerging diseases as indicators of change. Health Ecological and Economic Dimensions of Global Change, Harvard University, Boston, MA.
Epstein, P.R., Ford, T.E., Colwell, R.R., 1994. Marine ecosystems. In: Epstein, P., Sharp, D. (Eds.), Health and Climate Change. Lancet, London, pp. 14–17.
Fairey, 1997, A cell based assay for brevetoxins, saxitoxins and ciguatoxins using a stably expressed c-fos-luciferase reporter gene, Anal. Biochem., 251, 129, 10.1006/abio.1997.2264
Fleming, L.E., Baden, D.G., 1988. Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning: public health and human health effects. White Paper for the Proceedings of the Texas Conference on Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning. In: Proceedings of the Texas NSP Conference, Corpus Christi, TX, pp. 27–34.
Fleming, 1998, Seafood poisonings, Travel Med., 2, 1
Fleming, L.E., Bean, J.A., Baden, D.G., 1995. Epidemiology of toxic marine phytoplankton. In: Hallegraeff, G.M., Anderson, D.M., Cembella, A.D. (Eds.), UNESCO-IOC Manual on Harmful Marine Phytoplankton, vol. 33. UNESCO, Paris, pp. 475–488.
Fleming, 1997, Marine toxin diseases: ciguatera poisoning, Travel Med., 1, 1
Fleming, L.E., Baden, D.G., Bean, J.A., Weisman, R., Blythe, D.G., 1998. Seafood toxin diseases: issues in epidemiology and community outreach. In: Reguera, B., Blanco, J., Fernandez, M.K., Wyatt, T. (Eds.), Harmful Algae. Xunta de Galicia and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, pp. 245−248.
Fleming, L.E., Easom, J., Steidinger, K., Baden, D., 1999. Video conference: Florida harmful algal blooms (HABs): human health effects. Funded by CDC and Florida Department of Health, Miami, FL (video, powerpoint presentation, hardcopy of powerpoint presentation with notes).
Fleming, L.E., Bean, J.A., Katz, D., Hammond, R., 2001. In: Dekker, M. (Ed.), The Medical Management of Seafood Poisoning. Seafood and Environmental Toxins, Stanfield, pp. 311–319.
Fletcher, 1998, Detoxifying Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) of the neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) produced by G. breve, J. Shellfish Res., 17, 1637
Forrester, 1977, An epizootic of waterfowl associated with a red tide episode in Florida, J. Wildlife Dis., 13, 160, 10.7589/0090-3558-13.2.160
Franz, 1989, Respiratory effects of brevetoxin and saxitoxin in awake guinea pigs, Toxicon, 27, 647, 10.1016/0041-0101(89)90015-9
Gallagher, 1980, Effect of G. breve toxin in the rat phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation, Br. J. Pharmacol., 69, 367, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1980.tb07023.x
Garthwaite, I., Ross, K.M., Poli, M., Towers, N.R., 1996. Comparison of immunoassay, cellular, and classical mouse bioassay methods for detection of neurotoxic shellfish toxins. In: Beier, R.C., Stanker, L.H. (Eds.), ACS Symposium Series 621: Immunoassays for Residue Analysis: Food Safety. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 404–412.
Geraci, J.R., 1989. Clinical investigations of the 1987–1988 mass mortality of bottlenose dolphins along the US central and south Atlantic coast. In: Final Report to the National Marine Fisheries Service, US Navy College of Naval Research and Marine Mammal Commission. Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, pp. 1–63.
Halstead, B.W., 1988. Poisonous and Venomous Marine Animals of the World. Darwin Press, Princeton.
Hannah, D.J., Trill, D.G., Truman, P., 1996. Phycotoxins—a review of chemical and biological methods of analysis. In: Proceedings of the NZMAF Marine Biotoxin, Workshop No. 5. New Zealand MAF Regulation Authority, Wellington, NZ.
Hopkins, 1997, Water related disease in Florida: continuing threats require vigilance, J. Florida Med. Assoc., 84, 441
Horstman, 1991, Red tides in False Bay (1959–1989) with particular reference to recent blooms of Gymnodinium spp, Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr., 47, 611
Hua, 1995, Online high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the determination of brevetoxins in “red tide” algae, Anal. Chem., 67, 1815, 10.1021/ac00107a010
Hughes, 1976, Fish and shellfish poisoning, N. Engl. J. Med., 295, 1117, 10.1056/NEJM197611112952006
ICRP, 1994. Human respiratory tract model for radiological Protection. Publication 66, Annals of ICRP, p. 24.
International Labor Organization (ILO)–United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)–World Health Organization (WHO), 1984. Aquatic (marine and freshwater) biotoxins. Environmental Health Criteria, vol. 37. WHO–ILO, Geneva.
Ishida, 1996, Study on neurotoxic shellfish poisoning involving the oyster, Crassostrea gigas, in New Zealand, Toxicon, 34, 1050, 10.1016/0041-0101(96)00076-1
Jeglitsch, 1998, Brevetoxin 3 (PBTx-3) and its derivatives modulate single tetrodotoxin sensitive sodium cells in rat sensory neurons, J. Pharm. Exp. Therap., 284, 516
Jessup, D.A., Ames, J., Bossart, G., Hill, J., Gonzales, B., DeVogelaere, A., 1998. Brevetoxin as a cause of summer mortality in common murres (Uria aalge) in California. In: Proceedings of the International Association of Aquatic Animal Medicine, San Diego, CA.
Kemppainen, 1991, Methods for in vitro skin absorption studies of a lipophilic toxin produced by red tide, Toxicon, 66, 1, 10.1016/0300-483X(91)90174-Y
Kennedy, 1992, Toxicokinetics of brevetoxin PbTx-3 in the gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta, following intravenous administration, Aquatic Toxins, 22, 3, 10.1016/0166-445X(92)90032-I
Kerr, 1999, A neurophysiological method of rapid detection and analysis of marine algal toxins, Toxicon, 37, 1803, 10.1016/S0041-0101(99)00124-5
Keynes, 1979, Ion channels in the nerve cell membrane, Sci. Am., 240, 125, 10.1038/scientificamerican0379-126
Khan, 1997, Neurotoxins in toxic red tide of Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae) in Kagoshima Bay, Japan, Aquaculture Res., 28, 9, 10.1111/j.1365-2109.1997.tb01309.x
Kin-Chung, H., Hodgkiss, I.J., 1991. Red tides in subtropical waters: an overview of their occurrence. Asian Marine Biol. 5–23.
Kirkpatrick, B., Hautamaki, R., Kane, T., Henry, M., 2001. A pilot study to explore the occupational exposure to Gymnodinium breve toxin and pulmonary function. In: Hallegraeff, G.M., Bolch, C.J., Blackburn, S.I., Lewis, R.J. (Eds.), Harmful Algal Blooms 2000. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Harmful Algal Blooms, IOC of UNESCO, Paris, pp. 447–450.
Koley, 1995, Cardiovascular and respiratory changes following exposure to a synthetic toxin of Ptychodiscus brevis, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 293, 483, 10.1016/0926-6917(95)90069-1
Kreuder, C., Bossart, G.D., Elle, M., 1998. Clinicopathologic features of an epizootic in the double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) along the Florida Gulf coast. In: Proceedings of the Wildlife Disease Association, Madison, WI.
Kusek, 1999, Gymnodinium breve in the field in the lab and in the newspaper—a scientific and journalistic analysis of Florida red tides, Contrib. Marine Sci., 34, 1
Laverty, 1993, Modes of action of shellfish toxins, R. Soc. New Zealand, 24, 31
MacLean, J.L., 1979. Indo Pacific red tides. Toxic dinoflagellate blooms. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Toxic Dinoflagellate Blooms, Key Biscayne, FL, pp. 173–178.
Manger, 1995, Detection of sodium channel toxins: directed cytotoxicity assays of purified ciguatoxins, brevetoxins, saxitoxins, and seafood extracts, J. AOAC Int., 78, 521, 10.1093/jaoac/78.2.521
Martin, 1976, Red tide, red terror, effects of red tide and related toxins, J. Chem. Educ., 53, 614, 10.1021/ed053p614
Martin, 1998, Management of the Florida red tide revisted, Florida Sci., 61, 10
Martin, 1996, Seafood toxins: poisoning by bivalve consumption, Food Sci. Tech. Int., 2, 13, 10.1177/108201329600200102
Mattei, 1999, Ciguatoxines et brevetoxines: dissection de leurs actions neurobiologiques, J. Soc. Biol., 193, 329, 10.1051/jbio/1999193030329
Mazumder, 1997, Mechanism of cardiotoxicity induced by a marine toxin isolated from Ptychodiscus brevis, Indian J. Exp. Biol., 35, 650
McFarren, 1965, The occurrence of a ciguatera-like poison in oysters, clams and G. breve cultures, Toxicon, 3, 111, 10.1016/0041-0101(65)90005-X
McKee, D., Fleming, L.E., Tamer, R., Weisman, R., 2000. Ciguatera fish poisoning reporting by physicians in an endemic area. In: Hallegraeff, G.M., Blackburn, S.I., Bolch, C.J., Lewis, R.J. (Eds.), Harmful Algal Blooms. IOC of UNESCO, Paris.
Mehta, 1991, In vitro penetration of tritium labeled water and [3H]PbTx-3 (a red tide toxin) through monkey buccal mucosa and skin, Toxins Lett., 55, 185, 10.1016/0378-4274(91)90133-Q
Melinek, 1994, Brevetoxin PbTx-2 immunology: differential epitope recognition by antibodies from two goats, Toxicon, 32, 883, 10.1016/0041-0101(94)90367-0
Morohashi, 1999, Brevetoxin B4 isolated from greenshell mussels, Perna canaliculus, the major toxin involved in NSP in New Zealand, Nat. Toxins, 7, 45, 10.1002/(SICI)1522-7189(199903/04)7:2<45::AID-NT34>3.0.CO;2-H
Morris, 1991, Clinical and epidemiological features of neurotoxic shellfish poisoning in North Carolina, Am. J. Public Health, 81, 471, 10.2105/AJPH.81.4.471
Morse, 1977, Paralytic shellfish poisoning: a review, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 171, 1178
Music, 1973, Red tide: its public health implications, Florida Med. J., 60, 27
Naar, 2002, A competitive ELISA to detect brevetoxins from Karenia brevis (formerly Gymnodinium breve) in seawater, shellfish, and mammalian body fluid, Env. Health Perspectives, 110, 179, 10.1289/ehp.02110179
National Research Council (NRC), 1999. From Monsoons to Microbes. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Noble, 1990, Death on the half shell: the health hazards of eating shellfish, Perspect. Biol. Med., 33, 313, 10.1353/pbm.1990.0037
O’Shea, 1991, An epizootic of Florida manatees associated with dinoflagellate bloom, Marine Mammal Sci., 7, 165, 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1991.tb00563.x
Palafox, 1988, Successful treatment of ciguatera fish poisoning with intravenous mannitol, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 259, 2740, 10.1001/jama.259.18.2740
Park, 1995, Surveillance Programs for managing risks among naturally occurring toxicants, Food Add. Contam., 12, 361, 10.1080/02652039509374316
Pierce, 1986, Red tide (Ptychodiscus brevis) toxin aerosols: a review, Toxicon, 24, 955, 10.1016/0041-0101(86)90001-2
Pierce, 2001, Innovative techniques for harmful algal toxin analysis, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 20, 107, 10.1002/etc.5620200110
Pierce, R., Henry, M., Boggess, S., Rule, A., 1989. Marine toxins in bubble-generated aerosol. In: Monahan, E., van Patton, P. (Eds.), The Climate and Health Implications of Bubble-Mediated Sea–Air Exchange. Connecticut Sea Grant Publications, pp. 27–42.
Pierce, R.H., Henry, M.S., Proffitt, L.S., Hasbrouck, P.A., 1990. Red tide toxin (brevetoxin) enrichment in marine aerosol. In: Graneli, E., Sundstron, S., Elder, L., Anderson, D.M. (Eds.), Toxic Marine Phytoplankton, pp. 397–402.
Pierce, 1992, Evaluation of solid sorbents for the recovery of polyether toxins (brevetoxins) in seawater, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 49, 479, 10.1007/BF00196286
Pierce, R.H., Henry, M.S., Blum, P., Payne, S., 2001. Gymnodinium breve toxins without cells: intra-cellular and extra-cellular toxins. In: Hallegraeff, G.M., Bolch, C.J., Blackburn, S.I., Lewis, R.J. (Eds), Harmful Algal Blooms 2000. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Harmful Algal Blooms. IOC of UNESCO, Paris, pp. 421–424.
Poli, 1988, Laboratory procedures for detoxification of equipment and waste contaminated with brevetoxins PBTx-2 and PBTx-3, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 71, 1000
Poli, 1986, Brevetoxins, unique activators of voltage-sensitive sodium channels bind to specific sites in rat brain synaptosomes, Mol. Pharmacol., 30, 129
Poli, 1990, Distribution and elimination of brevetoxin PBTx-3 in rats, Toxicon, 28, 903, 10.1016/0041-0101(90)90020-8
Poli, M.A., Templeton, C.B., Pace, J.G., Hines, H.B., 1990b. Detection, metabolism, and pathophysiology of brevetoxins. In: Hall, S., Strichartz, G. (Eds.), Marine Toxins Origin, Structure and Molecular Pharmacology. American Chemical Society, ACS Symposium Series, vol. 418, Washington, DC, pp. 176–191.
Poli, 1995, Radioimmunoassay for PBTx-2 type brevetoxins: epitope specificity of two anti-PbTx sera, J. AOAC Int., 78, 538, 10.1093/jaoac/78.2.538
Poli, 2000, Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning and brevetoxin metabolites: a case study from Florida, Toxicon, 38, 981, 10.1016/S0041-0101(99)00191-9
Purkerson, 1999, Brevetoxin modulates neuronal sodium channels in two cell lines derived from rat brain, NeuroToxicology, 20, 909
Purkerson-Parker, 2000, Brevetoxin derivatives that inhibit toxin activity, Chem. Biol., 7, 385, 10.1016/S1074-5521(00)00119-8
Rheinstein, 1993, Shellfish-borne illnesses, Am. Fam. Phys., 47, 1837
Roderick, 1997, Ozone assisted depuration of red tide contaminated shellfish, J. Shellfish Res., 16, 322
Rodriguez-Rodriguez, 1996, PbTx-3 on mouse liver slices: a histological study, PR Health Sci. J., 15, 261
Rogers, 1984, Positive inotropic and toxic effects of brevetoxin B on rat and guinea pig heart, Toxins Appl. Pharm., 76, 296, 10.1016/0041-008X(84)90011-5
Sakamoto, 1985, The mechanism of Ptychodiscus brevis toxin induced rat vas deferens contraction, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 76, 117, 10.1016/0091-6749(85)90814-0
Sakamoto, 1987, Shellfish and fish poisoning related to the toxic dinoflagellates, S. Med. J., 80, 866, 10.1097/00007611-198707000-00016
Shea, 1997, Analysis of brevetoxins by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography and laser-induced fluorescence detection, Electrophoresis, 18, 217, 10.1002/elps.1150180216
Shimoda, 1988, In vitro red tide toxin effects on human bronchial smooth muscle, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 81, 1187, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90889-5
Sierra-Beltran, 1998, An overview of the marine food poisoning in Mexico, Toxicon, 36, 1493, 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00139-1
Singer, 1998, Inhaled Florida red tide toxins induce bronchoconstriction (BC) and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in sheep, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 157, A158
Smayda, T.J., White, A.W., 1990. Has there been a global expansion of algal blooms? If so is there a connection with human activities? In: Granelli, E. (Ed.), Toxic Marine Phytoplankton. Elsevier, New York, pp. 516–157.
Steidinger, 1983, A re-evaluation of toxic dinoflagellate biology and ecology, Prog. Phycologr. Res., 2, 147
Steidinger, K.A., Baden, D.G., 1984. Toxic marine dinoflagellates. In: Spector, D.L. (Ed.), Dinoflagellates. Academy Press, New York, pp. 201–261.
Steidinger, 1972, Observations on the 1971 summer red tide in Tampa Bay, FL Environ. Lett., 3, 271, 10.1080/00139307209435473
Steidinger, K.A., Landsberg, J.H., Tomas, C.R., Burns, J.W., 1999. Harmful Algal Booms in Florida. Florida Harmful Algal Bloom Taskforce, St. Petersburg, FL.
Subcommittee on Laboratory Methods for Examination of Shellfish. Method for bioassay of Gymnodinium breve toxin(s), 1970. In: Recommended Procedures for the Examination of Seawater and Shellfish, fourth ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, pp. 61–66.
Sudarsanam, 1992, An approach to computer aided inhibitor design: application to Cathepsin L, J. Comput. Aided Mol. Design, 6, 223, 10.1007/BF00123378
Summerson, 1990, Recruitment failure of the Bay scallop, Argopecten irradians concentricus, during the first red tide, Ptychodiscus brevis, outbreak recorded in North Carolina, Estuaries, 13, 322, 10.2307/1351923
Temple, 1995, Overview of the 1993 New Zealand marine biotoxin crisis, J. Nat. Toxins, 4, 181
Templeton, 1988, Antibody to prevent the effects of brevetoxin poisoning in conscious rats, Gov. Rep. Announce Index, 88, 155
Templeton, 1989, Prophylactic and therapeutic use of anti-brevetoxin (PbTx) antibody in conscious rats, Toxicon, 27, 1389, 10.1016/0041-0101(89)90070-6
Templeton, 1989, Cardiorespiratory effects of PBTx-2 in conscious tethered rats, Toxicon, 27, 1043, 10.1016/0041-0101(89)90155-4
Tester, 1997, Gymnodinium breve red tide blooms: initiation, transport and consequences of surface circulation, Limnol. Oceanogr., 45, 1039, 10.4319/lo.1997.42.5_part_2.1039
Tester, 1991, An expatriate red tide bloom: transport, distribution and persistence, Limnol. Oceanogr., 36, 1053, 10.4319/lo.1991.36.5.1053
Tommasi, L.R., 1983. Observacoes sobre a irrittacao respiratoria human ocorrida em 1978 no litoral sul do rio grande do sul. Ciencia e Cultura. Sao Paulo: Sociedade Brasileira para o Progreso da Ciencia 35 (2), 225–232.
Trainer, 1999, High affinity binding of red tide neurotoxins to marine mammal brain, Aquatic Toxins, 46, 139, 10.1016/S0166-445X(98)00125-8
Trainer, 1991, Photoaffinity labeling of the brevetoxin receptor on sodium channels in rat brain synaptosomes, Mol. Pharmacol., 40, 988
Tsai, 1991, Effect of brevetoxin B on the neuromuscular transmission of the mouse diaphragm, J. Formosan Med. Assoc., 90, 431
Van Dolah, 2000, Marine algal toxins: origins, health effects and their increased occurrence, Environ. Health Perspect., 108, 133, 10.2307/3454638
Van Dolah, 1994, Development of rapid and sensitive high throughput pharmacologic assays for marine phycotoxins, Nat. Toxins, 2, 189, 10.1002/nt.2620020407
Villareal, T.A., Brainard, M.A., McEachron, L.W., 2001. Gymnodinium breve (Dinophyceae) in the western Gulf of Mexico: resident versus advected populations as a seed stock for blooms. In: Hallegraeff, G.M. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Harmful Algal Blooms. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Paris, pp. 153–156.
Viviani, R., 1992. Eutrophication, marine biotoxins, human health. Sci. Total Environ. (Suppl.) 631–662.
Walsh, 2001, Saharan dust and Florida red tides: the cyanophyte connection, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 11597, 10.1029/1999JC000123
Washburn, 1994, Brevetoxin: tissue distribution and effect on cytochrome P450 enzymes in fish, Toxicon, 32, 799, 10.1016/0041-0101(94)90005-1
Washburn, 1996, Differential effects of brevetoxin and beta napthoflavone on xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in striped bass, Aquatic Toxins, 35, 1, 10.1016/0166-445X(95)00050-E
Watanabe, 1988, Airway smooth muscle contraction induced by Ptychodiscus brevis (red tide) toxin as related to a trigger mechanism of bronchial asthma, Immunol. Allergy Pract., 10, 185
Wells, 1984, The effect of respiratory exposure to red tide toxin on airway resistance in conscious guinea pigs, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 73, 128
Whitney, 1997, Complex behavior of marine animal tissue extracts in the competitive binding assay of brevetoxins with rat brain synaptosomes, Nat. Toxins, 5, 193, 10.1002/19970505NT4
Woodcock, 1948, Note concerning human respiratory irritation associated with high concentrations of plankton and mass mortality of marine organisms, J. Marine Res., 7, 56