Lipoprotein (a) and risk for calcification of the coronary arteries, mitral valve, and thoracic aorta: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Berglund, 2004, Lipoprotein(a): an elusive cardiovascular risk factor, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 24, 2219, 10.1161/01.ATV.0000144010.55563.63 Dangas, 1998, Lipoprotein (a) and inflammation in human coronary atheroma: association with the severity of clinical presentation, J Am Coll Cardiol, 32, 2035, 10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00469-0 Kamstrup, 2008, Extreme lipoprotein (a) levels and risk of myocardial infarction in the general population: the Copenhagen City Heart Study, Circulation, 117, 176, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.715698 Erqou, 2009, Lipoprotein(a) concentration and the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and nonvascular mortality, J Am Med Assoc, 302, 412, 10.1001/jama.2009.1063 Hojo, 2016, Lipoprotein(a) is a risk factor for aortic and mitral valvular stenosis in peripheral arterial disease, Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imag, 17, 492, 10.1093/ehjci/jev338 Cao, 2016, Lipoprotein(a) levels are associated with subclinical calcific aortic valve disease in white and black individuals: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 36, 1003, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.306683 Abramowitz, 2015, Mitral annulus calcification, J Am Coll Cardiol, 66, 1934, 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.872 Fox, 2003, Mitral annular calcification predicts cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: the Framingham Heart Study, Circulation, 107, 1492, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000058168.26163.BC Kizer, 2005, Mitral annular calcification, aortic valve sclerosis, and incident stroke in adults free of clinical cardiovascular disease: the Strong Heart Study, Stroke, 36, 2533, 10.1161/01.STR.0000190005.09442.ad Fox, 2004, Mitral annular calcification is a predictor for incident atrial fibrillation, Atherosclerosis, 173, 291, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2003.12.018 Silverman, 2014, Impact of coronary artery calcium on coronary heart disease events in individuals at the extremes of traditional risk factor burden: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis, Eur Heart J, 35, 2232, 10.1093/eurheartj/eht508 Budoff, 2011, Thoracic aortic calcification and coronary heart disease events: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, Atherosclerosis, 215, 196, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.11.017 Yeboah, 2012, Comparison of novel risk markers for improvement in cardiovascular risk assessment in intermediate-risk individuals, J Am Med Assoc, 308, 788, 10.1001/jama.2012.9624 Hamirani, 2011, Relation of mitral annular calcium and coronary calcium (from the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis [MESA]), Am J Cardiol, 107, 1291, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.01.005 Guerra, 2005, Lipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein(a) isoforms: no association with coronary artery calcification in the Dallas Heart Study, Circulation, 111, 1471, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000159263.50305.BD Erbel, 2013, Gender-specific association of coronary artery calcium and lipoprotein parameters: the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study, Atherosclerosis, 229, 531, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.04.015 Bild, 2002, Multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis: objectives and design, Am J Epidemiol, 156, 871, 10.1093/aje/kwf113 Guan, 2015, Race is a key variable in assigning lipoprotein(a) cutoff values for coronary heart disease risk assessment: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 35, 996, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.304785 Carr, 2005, Calcified coronary artery plaque measurement with cardiac CT in population-based studies: standardized protocol of Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) and Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, Radiology, 234, 35, 10.1148/radiol.2341040439 Agatston, 1990, Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography, J Am Coll Cardiol, 15, 827, 10.1016/0735-1097(90)90282-T Budoff, 2013, Progression of coronary calcium and incident coronary heart disease events: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis), J Am Coll Cardiol, 61, 1231, 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.12.035 Budoff, 2006, Reproducibility of CT measurements of aortic valve calcification, mitral annulus calcification, and aortic wall calcification in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis, Acad Radiol, 13, 166, 10.1016/j.acra.2005.09.090 O’Neal, 2015, Mitral annular calcification and incident atrial fibrillation in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, Europace, 17, 358, 10.1093/europace/euu265 Wong, 2009, Thoracic aortic calcium versus coronary artery calcium for the prediction of coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease events, J Am Coll Cardiol Imag, 2, 319, 10.1016/j.jcmg.2008.12.010 Levey, 2009, A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate, Ann Intern Med, 150, 604, 10.7326/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006 Huang, 2017, Causal mediation analysis of survival outcome with multiple mediators, Epidemiology, 28, 370, 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000651 R Core Team, 2018 Bihari-Varga, 1988, Interaction of lipoprotein Lp(a) and low density lipoprotein with glycosaminoglycans from human aorta, Arteriosclerosis, 8, 851, 10.1161/01.ATV.8.6.851 Anuurad, 2006, Lipoprotein(a): a unique risk factor for cardiovascular disease, Clin Lab Med, 26, 751, 10.1016/j.cll.2006.07.002 Doherty, 2003, Calcification in atherosclerosis: bone biology and chronic inflammation at the arterial crossroads, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, 11201, 10.1073/pnas.1932554100 Blankenhorn, 1959, Calcification of the coronary arteries, Am J Roentgenol, 81, 772 Eggen, 1965, Coronary calcification: relationship to clinically significant coronary lesions and race, sex and topographic distribution, Circulation, 32, 948, 10.1161/01.CIR.32.6.948 McCarthy, 1974, Incidence and significance of coronary artery calcification, Br Heart J, 36, 499, 10.1136/hrt.36.5.499 Rumberger, 1995, Coronary artery calcium areas by electron beam computed tomography and coronary atherosclerotic plaque area: a histopathologic correlative study, Circulation, 92, 2157, 10.1161/01.CIR.92.8.2157 Kullo, 2004, Lack of association between lipoprotein(a) and coronary artery calcification in the genetic epidemiology network of arteriopathy (GENOA) study, Mayo Clin Proc, 79, 1258, 10.4065/79.10.1258 Thanassoulis, 2013, Genetic associations with valvular calcification and aortic stenosis, N Engl J Med, 368, 503, 10.1056/NEJMoa1109034 Cho, 2016, Increased risk of coronary artery calcification progression in subjects with high baseline Lp(a) levels: The Kangbuk Samsung Health Study, Int J Card, 222, 233, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.219 Nordestgaard, 2016, Lipoprotein (a) as a cause of cardiovascular disease: insights from epidemiology, genetics, and biology, J Lipid Res, 57, 1953, 10.1194/jlr.R071233 Beckman, 2001, Relationship of clinical presentation and calcification of culprit coronary artery stenosis, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 21, 1618, 10.1161/hq0901.095554 Nadra, 2005, Proinflammatory activation of macrophages by basic calcium phosphate crystals via protein kinase C and MAP kinase pathways: a vicious cycle of inflammation and arterial calcification?, Circ Res, 96, 1248, 10.1161/01.RES.0000171451.88616.c2 Lehmann, 2018, Value of progression of coronary artery calcification for risk prediction of coronary and cardiovascular events: result of the HNR Study (Heinz Nixdorf Recall), Circulation, 137, 665, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.027034 Leroux-Berger, 2011, Pathologic calcification of adult vascular smooth muscle cells differs on their crest or mesodermal embryonic origin, J Bone Miner Res, 26, 1543, 10.1002/jbmr.382 Jiang, 2000, Fate of the mammalian cardiac neural crest, Development, 127, 1607, 10.1242/dev.127.8.1607 Demer, 2008, Vascular calcification: pathobiology of a multifaceted disease, Circulation, 117, 2938, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.743161 Doherty, 2004, Molecular, endocrine, and genetic mechanisms of arterial calcification, Endocr Rev, 25, 629, 10.1210/er.2003-0015 Iribarren, 2000, Calcification of the aortic arch: risk factors and association with coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, J Am Med Assoc, 283, 2810, 10.1001/jama.283.21.2810 Chiu, 2011, Effects of disturbed flow on vascular endothelium: pathophysiological basis and clinical perspectives, Physiol Rev, 91, 327, 10.1152/physrev.00047.2009 Grundy, 2018, Guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of cardiology/American heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines, J Am Coll Cardiol, 73, 3168, 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.002