Lifestyle Modification in the Prevention and Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation

Go, 2001, Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors In Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) study, JAMA, 285, 2370, 10.1001/jama.285.18.2370 Lloyd-Jones, 2004, Lifetime risk for development of atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart Study, Circulation, 110, 1042, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000140263.20897.42 Colilla, 2013, Estimates of current and future incidence and prevalence of atrial fibrillation in the U.S. adult population, Am J Cardiol, 112, 1142, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.05.063 Friberg, 2003, Sex-specific increase in the prevalence of atrial fibrillation (The Copenhagen City Heart Study), Am J Cardiol, 92, 1419, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.08.050 Ruo, 2004, Racial variation in the prevalence of atrial fibrillation among patients with heart failure: the Epidemiology, Practice, Outcomes, and Costs of Heart Failure (EPOCH) study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 43, 429, 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.09.035 Feinberg, 1995, Prevalence, age distribution, and gender of patients with atrial fibrillation. Analysis and implications, Arch Intern Med, 155, 469, 10.1001/archinte.1995.00430050045005 Wolf, 1991, Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study, Stroke, 22, 983, 10.1161/01.STR.22.8.983 Frost, 2005, Overweight and obesity as risk factors for atrial fibrillation or flutter: the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study, Am J Med, 118, 489, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.01.031 Rosengren, 2009, Big men and atrial fibrillation: effects of body size and weight gain on risk of atrial fibrillation in men, Eur Heart J, 30, 1113, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp076 Qureshi, 2014, Risk factors for atrial fibrillation in patients with normal versus dilated left atrium (from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study), Am J Cardiol, 114, 1368, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.07.073 Vaziri, 1994, Echocardiographic predictors of nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart Study, Circulation, 89, 724, 10.1161/01.CIR.89.2.724 Zhuang, 2012, Association between left atrial size and atrial fibrillation recurrence after single circumferential pulmonary vein isolation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies, Europace, 14, 638, 10.1093/europace/eur364 Pritchett, 2003, Left atrial volume as an index of left atrial size: a population-based study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 41, 1036, 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02981-9 Gerdts, 2002, Correlates of left atrial size in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint Reduction in Hypertension (LIFE) Study, Hypertension, 39, 739, 10.1161/hy0302.105683 Abed, 2013, Obesity results in progressive atrial structural and electrical remodeling: implications for atrial fibrillation, Heart Rhythm, 10, 90, 10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.08.043 Dušan, 2015, Left ventricular mass and diastolic function in obese children and adolescents, Pediatr Nephrol, 30, 645, 10.1007/s00467-014-2992-3 Fenk, 2015, Successful weight reduction improves left ventricular diastolic function and physical performance in severe obesity, Int Heart J, 56, 196, 10.1536/ihj.14-261 Russo, 2011, Effect of obesity and overweight on left ventricular diastolic function: a community-based study in an elderly cohort, J Am Coll Cardiol, 57, 1368, 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.10.042 Tsang, 2002, Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction as a predictor of the first diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in 840 elderly men and women, J Am Coll Cardiol, 40, 1636, 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02373-2 Kumar, 2014, Effect of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction on outcomes of atrial fibrillation ablation, Am J Cardiol, 114, 407, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.05.012 Al Chekakie, 2010, Pericardial fat is independently associated with human atrial fibrillation, J Am Coll Cardiol, 56, 784, 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.071 Thanassoulis, 2010, Pericardial fat is associated with prevalent atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart Study, Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 3, 345, 10.1161/CIRCEP.109.912055 Wong, 2011, Pericardial fat is associated with atrial fibrillation severity and ablation outcome, J Am Coll Cardiol, 57, 1745, 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.045 Abed, 2015, Impact of weight reduction on pericardial adipose tissue and cardiac structure in patients with atrial fibrillation, Am Heart J, 169, 655, 10.1016/j.ahj.2015.02.008 Wanahita, 2008, Atrial fibrillation and obesity—results of a meta-analysis, Am Heart J, 155, 310, 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.10.004 Wang, 2004, Obesity and the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation, JAMA, 292, 2471, 10.1001/jama.292.20.2471 Nyström, 2015, Obesity, metabolic syndrome and risk of atrial fibrillation: a Swedish, prospective cohort study, PLoS One, 10, e0127111, 10.1371/journal.pone.0127111 de Vos, 2010, Progression from paroxysmal to persistent atrial fibrillation: clinical correlates and prognosis, J Am Coll Cardiol, 55, 725, 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.11.040 Tsang, 2008, Obesity as a risk factor for the progression of paroxysmal to permanent atrial fibrillation: a longitudinal cohort study of 21years, Eur Heart J, 29, 2227, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn324 Thacker, 2013, Association of body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, and blood pressure levels with risk of permanent atrial fibrillation, J Gen Intern Med, 28, 247, 10.1007/s11606-012-2220-4 Pathak, 2015, Long-term effect of goal directed weight management in an atrial fibrillation cohort: a long-term follow-up study (LEGACY Study), J Am Coll Cardiol, 65, 2159, 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.03.002 Abed, 2013, Effect of weight reduction and cardiometabolic risk factor management on symptom burden and severity in patients with atrial fibrillation: a randomized clinical trial, JAMA, 310, 2050, 10.1001/jama.2013.280521 Huxley, 2014, Physical activity, obesity, weight change, and risk of atrial fibrillation: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 7, 620, 10.1161/CIRCEP.113.001244 Grundvold, 2012, Importance of physical fitness on predictive effect of body mass index and weight gain on incident atrial fibrillation in healthy middle-age men, Am J Cardiol, 110, 425, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.03.043 Pathak, 2015, Impact of CARDIOrespiratory FITness on Arrhythmia Recurrence in Obese Individuals with Atrial Fibrillation: the CARDIO-FIT study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.06.488 Pathak, 2014, Aggressive risk factor reduction study for atrial fibrillation and implications for the outcome of ablation: the ARREST-AF cohort study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 64, 2222, 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.09.028 Asirvatham, 2009, Sleep apnea and atrial fibrillation: the autonomic link, J Am Coll Cardiol, 54, 2084, 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.09.017 Rosario, 2011, Obstructive sleep apnea: a review and update, Minn Med, 94, 44 Gami, 2007, Obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, and the risk of incident atrial fibrillation, J Am Coll Cardiol, 49, 565, 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.08.060 Cadby, 2015, Severity of obstructive sleep apnea is an independent predictor of incident atrial fibrillation hospitalization in a large sleep-clinic cohort, Chest, 10.1378/chest.15-0229 Dimitri, 2012, Atrial remodeling in obstructive sleep apnea: implications for atrial fibrillation, Heart Rhythm, 9, 321, 10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.10.017 Rajagopalan, 2011, Obstructive sleep apnea: not just a sleep disorder, J Postgrad Med, 57, 168, 10.4103/0022-3859.81866 Linz, 2011, Negative tracheal pressure during obstructive respiratory events promotes atrial fibrillation by vagal activation, Heart Rhythm, 8, 1436, 10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.03.053 Svatikova, 2003, Serum amyloid a in obstructive sleep apnea, Circulation, 108, 1451, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000089091.09527.B8 Shamsuzzaman, 2002, Elevated C-reactive protein in patients with obstructive sleep apnea, Circulation, 105, 2462, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000018948.95175.03 Hartmann, 2000, High altitude increases circulating interleukin-6, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and C-reactive protein, Cytokine, 12, 246, 10.1006/cyto.1999.0533 Monahan, 2012, Relation of the severity of obstructive sleep apnea in response to anti-arrhythmic drugs in patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, Am J Cardiol, 110, 369, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.03.037 Ng, 2011, Meta-analysis of obstructive sleep apnea as predictor of atrial fibrillation recurrence after catheter ablation, Am J Cardiol, 108, 47, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.02.343 Matiello, 2010, Low efficacy of atrial fibrillation ablation in severe obstructive sleep apnoea patients, Europace, 12, 1084, 10.1093/europace/euq128 Dediu, 2015, Positive pressure therapy in patients with cardiac arrhythmias and obstructive sleep apnea, Pneumologia, 64, 18 Holmqvist, 2015, Impact of obstructive sleep apnea and continuous positive airway pressure therapy on outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation-Results from the Outcomes Registry for Better Informed Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (ORBIT-AF), Am Heart J, 169, 647, 10.1016/j.ahj.2014.12.024 Naruse, 2013, Concomitant obstructive sleep apnea increases the recurrence of atrial fibrillation following radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: clinical impact of continuous positive airway pressure therapy, Heart Rhythm, 10, 331, 10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.11.015 Li, 2014, Efficacy of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea with and without continuous positive airway pressure treatment: a meta-analysis of observational studies, Europace, 16, 1309, 10.1093/europace/euu066 Shulka, 2015, Effect of obstructive sleep apnea treatment on atrial fibrillation recurrence. A meta-analysis, JACCCEP, 1, 41 Menezes, 2013, Atrial fibrillation in the 21st century: a current understanding of risk factors and primary prevention strategies, Mayo Clin Proc, 88, 394, 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.01.022 Gbadebo, 2011, Differential impact of race and risk factors on incidence of atrial fibrillation, Am Heart J, 162, 31, 10.1016/j.ahj.2011.03.030 Manolis, 2012, Hypertension and atrial fibrillation: diagnostic approach, prevention and treatment. Position paper of the Working Group ‘Hypertension Arrhythmias and Thrombosis’ of the European Society of Hypertension, J Hypertens, 30, 239, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32834f03bf Psaty, 1997, Incidence of and risk factors for atrial fibrillation in older adults, Circulation, 96, 2455, 10.1161/01.CIR.96.7.2455 Minami, 2009, Risk factors for new-onset atrial fibrillation during routine medical checkups of Japanese male workers, Int Heart J, 50, 457, 10.1536/ihj.50.457 Conen, 2009, Influence of systolic and diastolic blood pressure on the risk of incident atrial fibrillation in women, Circulation, 119, 2146, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.830042 Grundvold, 2012, Upper normal blood pressures predict incident atrial fibrillation in healthy middle-aged men: a 35-year follow-up study, Hypertension, 59, 198, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.179713 Thomas, 2008, Blood pressure control and risk of incident atrial fibrillation, Am J Hypertens, 21, 1111, 10.1038/ajh.2008.248 Badheka, 2014, Optimal blood pressure in patients with atrial fibrillation (from the AFFIRM Trial), Am J Cardiol, 114, 727, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.06.002 Tremblay-Gravel, 2015, Blood pressure and atrial fibrillation: a combined AF-CHF and AFFIRM analysis, J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 26, 509, 10.1111/jce.12652 Go, 2009, Hypertension and atrial fibrillation, Curr Cardiol Rep, 11, 430, 10.1007/s11886-009-0062-4 Schmieder, 2008, Reduced incidence of new-onset atrial fibrillation with angiotensin II receptor blockade: the VALUE trial, J Hypertens, 26, 403, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282f35c67 Healey, 2005, Prevention of atrial fibrillation with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: a meta-analysis, J Am Coll Cardiol, 45, 1832, 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.11.070 Disertori, 2012, Systematic review and meta-analysis: renin–angiotensin system inhibitors in the prevention of atrial fibrillation recurrences: an unfulfilled hope, Cardiovasc Drugs Ther, 26, 47, 10.1007/s10557-011-6346-0 GISSI-AF Investigators, 2009, Valsartan for prevention of recurrent atrial fibrillation, N Engl J Med, 360, 1606, 10.1056/NEJMoa0805710 Pallisgaard, 2015, Management and prognosis of atrial fibrillation in the diabetic patient, Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther, 13, 643, 10.1586/14779072.2015.1043892 Huxley, 2011, Meta-analysis of cohort and case–control studies of type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of atrial fibrillation, Am J Cardiol, 108, 56, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.03.004 Nichols, 2009, Independent contribution of diabetes to increased prevalence and incidence of atrial fibrillation, Diabetes Care, 32, 1851, 10.2337/dc09-0939 Aksnes, 2008, Impact of new-onset diabetes mellitus on development of atrial fibrillation and heart failure in high-risk hypertension (from the VALUE Trial), Am J Cardiol, 101, 634, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.10.025 Dublin, 2010, Diabetes mellitus, glycemic control, and risk of atrial fibrillation, J Gen Intern Med, 25, 853, 10.1007/s11606-010-1340-y Schnabel, 2009, Development of a risk score for atrial fibrillation (Framingham Heart Study): a community-based cohort study, Lancet, 373, 739, 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60443-8 Ostgren, 2004, Atrial fibrillation and its association with type 2 diabetes and hypertension in a Swedish community, Diabetes Obes Metab, 6, 367, 10.1111/j.1462-8902.2004.00358.x Ettinger, 1978, Arrhythmias and the “Holiday Heart”: alcohol-associated cardiac rhythm disorders, Am Heart J, 95, 555, 10.1016/0002-8703(78)90296-X Menz, 1996, Alcohol and rhythm disturbance: the holiday heart syndrome, Herz, 21, 227 Lowenstein, 1983, The role of alcohol in new-onset atrial fibrillation, Arch Intern Med, 143, 1882, 10.1001/archinte.1983.00350100044013 Sano, 2014, Heavy alcohol consumption and risk of atrial fibrillation. The Circulatory Risk in Communities Study (CIRCS), Circ J, 78, 955, 10.1253/circj.CJ-13-1387 Mukamal, 2005, Alcohol consumption and risk of atrial fibrillation in men and women: the Copenhagen City Heart Study, Circulation, 112, 1736, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.547844 Samokhvalov, 2010, Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil, 17, 706, 10.1097/HJR.0b013e32833a1947 Conen, 2014, Alcohol consumption and risk of atrial fibrillation: how much is too much?, J Am Coll Cardiol, 64, 290, 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.04.038 Djoussé, 2004, Long-term alcohol consumption and the risk of atrial fibrillation in the Framingham Study, Am J Cardiol, 93, 710, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.12.004 Djoussé, 2008, Alcohol consumption and risk of incident atrial fibrillation in women, JAMA, 300, 2489, 10.1001/jama.2008.755 Menezes, 2012, Cardiac rehabilitation and exercise therapy in the elderly: should we invest in the aged?, J Geriatr Cardiol, 9, 68, 10.3724/SP.J.1263.2012.00068 Lavie, 2009, Exercise training and cardiac rehabilitation in primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease, Mayo Clin Proc, 84, 373, 10.1016/S0025-6196(11)60548-X Mont, 2008, Physical activity, height, and left atrial size are independent risk factors for lone atrial fibrillation in middle-aged healthy individuals, Europace, 10, 15, 10.1093/europace/eum263 Molina, 2008, Long-term endurance sport practice increases the incidence of lone atrial fibrillation in men: a follow-up study, Europace, 10, 618, 10.1093/europace/eun071 Link, 2002, Cardiac arrhythmias in the athlete: the evolving role of electrophysiology, Curr Sports Med Rep, 1, 75, 10.1249/00149619-200204000-00004 Khan, 2015, Cardiorespiratory fitness and atrial fibrillation: a population-based follow-up study, Heart Rhythm, 10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.03.024 O'Keefe, 2015, Part 1: potential dangers of extreme endurance exercise: how much is too much? Part 2: screening of school-age athletes, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 57, 396, 10.1016/j.pcad.2014.11.004 Lavie, 2015, Exercise and the heart—the harm of too little and too much, Curr Sports Med Rep, 14, 104, 10.1249/JSR.0000000000000134 Drca, 2015, Physical activity is associated with a reduced risk of atrial fibrillation in middle-aged and elderly women, Heart, 10.1136/heartjnl-2014-307145 Karjalainen, 1998, Lone atrial fibrillation in vigorously exercising middle aged men: case–control study, BMJ, 316, 1784, 10.1136/bmj.316.7147.1784 Elosua, 2006, Sport practice and the risk of lone atrial fibrillation: a case–control study, Int J Cardiol, 108, 332, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.05.020 Baldesberger, 2008, Sinus node disease and arrhythmias in the long-term follow-up of former professional cyclists, Eur Heart J, 29, 71, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm555 O'Keefe, 2014, Exercising for health and longevity vs peak performance: different regimens for different goals, Mayo Clin Proc, 89, 1171, 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.07.007 Patil, 2011, Cuppa joe: friend or foe? Effects of chronic coffee consumption on cardiovascular and brain health, Mo Med, 108, 431 Zeng, 2011, Green tea may be benefit to the therapy of atrial fibrillation, J Cell Biochem, 112, 1709, 10.1002/jcb.23096 Cheng, 2014, Caffeine intake and atrial fibrillation incidence: dose response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, Can J Cardiol, 30, 448, 10.1016/j.cjca.2013.12.026 Caldeira, 2013, Caffeine does not increase the risk of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies, Heart, 99, 1383, 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-303950 Artin, 2010, Caffeine-related atrial fibrillation, Am J Ther, 17, e169, 10.1097/MJT.0b013e3181df8cf8