Life cycle assessment of mid-range passenger cars powered by liquid and gaseous biofuels: Comparison with greenhouse gas emissions of electric vehicles and forecast to 2030

Cyprien Ternel1, Anne Bouter1, Joris Melgar1
1IFP Energies nouvelles, 1 et 4 avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison, France

Tài liệu tham khảo

ADEME, Gingko21, and PE International, 2013. Elaboration according to the principles of the LCA of energy balances of greenhouse gases emissions and other environmental impacts generated by electric vehicles and thermal engines vehicles of B-segment and LDV for 2012 and 2030. ADEME publications. ADEME, 2017. Rapport annuel de l’Observatoire des véhicules hors d’usage – Données 2017. ADEME publications. Allacker, 2017, The search for an appropriate end-of-life formula for the purpose of the European Commission Environmental Footprint initiative, Int. J. Life Cycle Assess., 22, 1441, 10.1007/s11367-016-1244-0 Ambrose, 2020, Trends in life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of future light duty electric vehicles, Transp. Res. Part D, 81, 10.1016/j.trd.2020.102287 Argonne National Lab. (ANL), 2018. An extensive Study on Sizing, Energy Consumption, and Cost of Advanced Vehicle Technologies. Technical Report. Badin, 2015, Energy Efficiency Evaluation of a Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle under European Procedure, Worldwide Harmonized Procedure and Actual Use, World Electric Vehicle Journal, 7, 475, 10.3390/wevj7030475 Badin, 2013, Evaluation of EVs energy consumption influencing factors, driving conditions, auxiliaries use, driver's aggressiveness, World Electric Vehicle Symposium – EVS, 27, 1 Baltac, 2019, Batteries on wheels: the role of battery electric cars in the EU power system and beyond. Element Energy, Report. Banja, 2017, Renewable technologies in the EU electricity sector: trends and projections - Analysis in the framework of the EU 2030 climate and energy strategy, EUR 28897 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg; Bauer, 2015, The environmental performance of current and future passenger vehicles: Life Cycle Assessment based on a novel scenario analysis framework, Appl. Energy, 157, 871, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.019 Bouter, 2020, Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of several powertrain types for cars and buses in France for two driving cycles: “Worldwide Harmonised Light Vehicle Test Procedure” cycle and urban cycle, Int. J. Life Cycle Assess., 25, 1545, 10.1007/s11367-020-01756-2 Bouter, A., Ternel, C., Le Berr, F., Melgar Sossa, J., Badin, F., Pasquier, M., 2018. Low Carbon vehicles in 2030: multicriteria analysis of cost competitiveness and environmental impacts. Proceedings of Electric Vehicle Symposium 31, Kobe. Chan, CC, 2007. The state of the art of electric, hybrid and fuel cell vehicles. Proceedings IEEE 95(4), 704-718. DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2007.892489. Ciez, 2019, Examining different recycling processes for lithium-ion battery, Nat. Sustainability, 2, 48 Dabadie, J., Sciarretta, A., Font, G., Le Berr, F., 2017. Automatic Generation of Online Optimal Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Powertrain Simulation, SAE Technical Paper 2017-24-0173. https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-24-0173. Da Costa, 2012, Fuel Consumption Potential of Different Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle Architectures in the European and American Contexts, World Electric Vehicle Journal, 2, 1196 Dai, 2019, Life Cycle Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Automotive Applications, Batteries, 5, 48, 10.3390/batteries5020048 Di Lucia, 2012, The dilemma of indirect land-use changes in EU biofuel policy – An empirical study of policy-making in the context of scientific uncertainty, Environ. Sci. Policy, 16, 9, 10.1016/j.envsci.2011.11.004 Doumax-Tagliavini, 2018, Looking towards policies supporting biofuels and technological change: Evidence from France, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 94, 430, 10.1016/j.rser.2018.06.020 Elgowainy, 2018, Current and future United States light-duty vehicle pathways: cradle-to-grave lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions and economic assessment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 2392, 10.1021/acs.est.7b06006 Elgowainy, 2019, Overview of Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) with the GREET® Model, ANL European Commission, 2017. EU Transport in figures. Statistical pocketbook. European Council, 2014. European Council Conclusions on 2030 climate and energy policy framework for the EU. https://www.buildup.eu/en/practices/publications/european-council-23-and-24-october-2014-conclusions-2030-climate-and-energy. European Environment Agency, 2019. Transport. https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/transport/intro Accessed 27 Feb 2019. European Union, 2018. Directive (EU) 2019/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. Official Journal of the European Union, L 328/82. Frischknecht, 2005, The ecoinvent Database: Overview and Methodological Framework, Int. J. Life Cycle Assess., 10, 3, 10.1065/lca2004.10.181.1 Frischknecht, 2005, The Ecoinvent database system. A comprehensive web-based LCA database, J. Cleaner Prod., 13, 1337, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2005.05.002 Hache, 2019, Critical raw materials and transportation sector electrification: A detailed bottom-up analysis in world transport, Appl. Energy, 240, 6, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.02.057 Hao, 2019, Impact of transport electrification on critical metal sustainability with a focus on the heavy-duty segment, Nat. Commun., 10, 5398, 10.1038/s41467-019-13400-1 Huttunen, 2014, Combining biogas LCA reviews with stakeholder interviews to analyse life cycle impacts at a practical level, J. Cleaner Prod., 80, 5, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.05.081 IEA, World Energy Statistics and Balances, 2017. IPCC 2013 Climate Change, 2013. The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISO (2006a) Environmental management - life cycle assessment - principles and framework 13.020.60(14040:2006). ISO (2006b) Environmental management - life cycle assessment - requirements and guidelines 13.020.10 ; 13.020.60(14044:2006). Jiang, 2020, Environmental impacts of lithium production showing the importance of primary data of upstream process in life-cycle assessment, J. Environ. Manage., 262, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110253 Kapoor, 2020, Advances in biogas valorization and utilization systems: A comprehensive review, J. Cleaner Prod., 273, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123052 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on climate change), 2013. Climate Change 2013, The Physical Science Basis. JRC European Commission, 2012, Recommendations for Life Cycle Impact Assessment in the European context - based on existing environmental impact assessment models and factors, DOI JEC, 2014, Well-to-Wheels analysis of future automotive fuels and powertrains in the European context, Appendix 4a. JEC, 2020. Well-to-Wheels Report v5. Scientific and Technical Research Reports. DOI 10.2760/100379. Lamnatou, 2019, Biogas production by means of an anaerobic-digestion plant in France: LCA of greenhouse-gas emissions and other environmental indicators, Sci. Total Environ., 670, 1226, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.211 Larson, 2006, A review of life-cycle analysis studies on liquid biofuel systems for the transport sector, Energy for Sustainable Development, 10, 109, 10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60536-0 Loisel, 2014, Large-scale deployment of electric vehicles in Germany by 2030. An analysis of grid-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-grid concepts, Energy Policy, 65, 432, 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.029 Lombardi, 2017, Comparative environmental assessment of conventiona, electric, hybrid and fuel cell powertrains based on LCA, International Journal of LCA, 22, 1989, 10.1007/s11367-017-1294-y Ministry for Ecological and Solidarity Transition, 2018. French strategy for energy and climate. Meyer, 2020, Decarbonizing road freight transportation – A bibliometric and network analysis, Transp. Res. Part D, 89, 10.1016/j.trd.2020.102619 Meyer, 2012, Scenarios for regional passenger car fleets and their CO2 emissions, Energy Policy, 41, 66, 10.1016/j.enpol.2011.01.043 Miotti, 2016, Personal Vehicles Evaluated against Climate Change Mitigation Targets, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 10795, 10.1021/acs.est.6b00177 Murphy, 2013, The resource of biomethane, produced via biological, thermal and electrical routes, as a transport biofuel, Renewable Energy, 55, 474, 10.1016/j.renene.2013.01.012 Nemry, F., Brons, M., 2010. Plug-in hybrid and battery electric. Market penetration scenarios of electric drive vehicles. JRC Technical Notes JRC-IPTS. Nemry, F., Leduc, G., Mongelli, I, Uihlein, A., 2008. Environmental Improvement of Passenger Cars (IMPRO-car). Luxembourg:Publications Office (EUR. Scientific and technical research series, 23038). DOI 10.2791/63451. NGV Global, 2019. Natural Gas Vehicle Knowledge database, http://www.iangv.org/current-ngv-stats/. Noh, H.M., Benito, A., Alonso, G., 2016. Study of the current incentive rules and mechanisms to promote biofuel use in the EU and their possible application to the civil aviation sector. Transportation Research Part D 46, 298-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2016.04.007. Paris, 2018, On the link between oil and agricultural commodity prices: Do biofuels matter?, International Economics, 155, 48, 10.1016/j.inteco.2017.12.003 Peters, 2017, The environmental impact of Li-Ion batteries and the role of key parameters – A review, Renewable Sustainable Energy Review, 67, 491, 10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.039 Prussy, 2019, Review of technologies for biomethane production and assessment of EU transport share in 2030, J. Cleaner Prod., 222, 565, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.271 Qiao, 2020, Life cycle cost and GHG emission benefits of electric vehicles in China, Transp. Res. Part D, 86, 10.1016/j.trd.2020.102418 Ravigné, 2020, Economic and environmental performances of natural gas for heavy trucks : A case study on the French automotive industry supply chain, Energy Policy, 149 Sadek, 2012, Urban Electric Vehicles. A contemporary business case, Eur. Transp. Res. Rev., 4, 27, 10.1007/s12544-011-0061-6 Scholl, 1996, CO2 emissions from passenger transport. A comparison of international trends, Energy Policy, 24, 17, 10.1016/0301-4215(95)00148-4 Searle, 2016, Waste and residue availability for advanced biofuel production in EU Member States, Biomass Bioenergy, 89, 2, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.01.008 Seck, 2020, Copper at the crossroads : Assessment of the interactions between low-carbon energy transition and supply limitations, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 163, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105072 Siemens, 2021. https://www.plm.automation.siemens.com/global/fr/products/simulation-test/system-simulation-platform.html. Silvistri, 2020, Recycling technologies of nickel-metal hybride batteries: An LCA based analysis, J. Cleaner Prod., 273 Sphera and IFPEN, 2020. Attributional vs. Consequential LCA Methodology Overview, Review and Recommendations with focus on Well-to-Tank and Well-to-Wheel Assessments. Study commissioned by EUCAR. The European Parliament and the Council, 2014. Regulation setting emission performance standards for new passenger cars as part of the Community's integrated approach to reduce CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles. Regulation (EC) No 443/2014. Tran, 2012, Realizing the electric-vehicle revolution, Nat Clim Change, 2, 333 United Nations; World population prospects. The 2017 revision. Key findings and advance tables, ES/P/WP/248, 2017. WBCSD Mobility 2001. World Mobility at the end of the 20th Century and its sustainability”. Wu, 2019, Assessing electric vehicle policy with region-specific carbon footprints, Appl. Energy, 256, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113923