Life Cycle Assessment and Judgement
Tóm tắt
It has become a standard for researchers carrying out biotechnology projects to do a life cycle assessment (LCA). This is a process for assessing the environmental impact of a technology, product or policy. Doing so is no simple matter, and in the last decades, a rich set of methodologies has developed around LCA. However, the proper methods and meanings of the process remain contested. Preceding the development of the international standard that now governs LCA, there was a lively debate in the academic community about the inclusion of ‘values’ within the process. We revisit this debate and reconsider the way forward for LCA. We set out ways in which those outside of science can provide input into LCAs by informing the value assumptions at stake. At the same time, we will emphasize that the role of those within the scientific community need not (and sometimes, will inevitably not) involve value-free inquiry. We carry out this exploration through a case study of a particular technology project that sought ways to produce industrial and consumer products from algal oils.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Weidema B (2014) Has ISO 14040/44 failed its role as a standard for life cycle assessment. J Ind Ecol 18(3):324–326
Sala S, Reale F, Cristobal-Garcia J, Marelli L, Pant R (2016) Life cycle assessment for the impact assessment of policies. European Commission, Ispra
Wender BA, Foley RW, Hottle TA, Sadowski J, Prado-Lopez V, Eisenberg DA, Laurin L, Seager TP (2014) Anticipatory life-cycle assessment for responsible research and innovation. J Responsible Innov 1(2):200–207
Stranddorf HK, Hoffmann L, Schmidt A (2005) LCA technical report: impact categories, normalization and weighting in LCA. Update on selected EDIP97-data. FORCE Technology–Dk–TEKNIK. https://lca-center.dk/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/LCA-technical-report-impact-categories-normalisation-and-weighting-in-LCA.pdf. Accessed Nov 2020
Guinée JB, Gorrée M, Heijungs R, Huppes G, Kleijn R, De Koning A, Van Oers L, Sleeswijk AW, Suh S, do de Haes HAU, van Duin R, Huijbregts MAJ (2002) Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment. An Operational Guide to the ISO standards. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
European Commission (2019) The development of the PEF and OEF methods. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eussd/smgp/dev_methods.htm. Accessed Nov 2020
Jolliet O, Margni M, Charles R, Humbert S, Payet J, Rebitzer G, Rosenbaum R (2003) IMPACT 2002+: a new life cycle impact assessment methodology. Int J Life Cycle Assess 8(6):324
Huijbregts MAJ, Steinmann ZJN, Elshout PMF, Stam G, Verones F, Vieira M, Zijp M, Hollander A, van Zelm R (2017) ReCiPe2016: a harmonised life cycle impact assessment method at midpoint and endpoint level. Int J Life Cycle Assess 22(2):138–147
Goedkoop M, Spriensma R (1995) The eco-indicator 95. PRé Consultants, Amersfoort
Dreyer LC, Niemann AL, Hauschild MZ (2003) Comparison of three different LCIA methods: EDIP97, CML2001 and eco-indicator 99. Int J Life Cycle Assess 8(4):191–200
Benedikter R, Kühne K, Benedikter A, Atzeni G (2016) “Keep it in the ground.” The Paris agreement and the renewal of the energy economy: toward an alternative future for globalized resource policy. Challenge 59(3):205–222
Hertwich EG, Hammitt JK, Pease WS (2000) A theoretical foundation for life-cycle assessment. J Ind Ecol 4(1):13–28
Read R, O'Riordan T (2017) The precautionary principle under fire. Environ Sci Policy Sustain Dev 59(5):4–15
John S (2010) In defence of bad science and irrational policies: an alternative account of the precautionary principle. Ethical Theory Moral Pract 13(1):3–18
Laurent A, Hauschild MZ (2015) Normalisation. In: Hauschild MZ, Huijbregts MA (eds) Life Cycle Impact Assessment. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 271–300
Caney S (2014) Climate change, intergenerational equity, and the social discount rate. Politics, Philosophy and Economics 13(4):320–342
Broome J (2017) Weighing goods: equality, uncertainty and time. John Wiley & Sons, Oxford
Searchinger T, Heimlich R, Houghton RA, Dong F, Elobeid A, Fabiosa J, Tokgoz S, Hayes D, Yu T-H (2008) Use of U.S. croplands for biofuels increases greenhouse gases through emissions from land-use change. Science 319 (5867):1238–1240
Curran MA (2017) Overview of goal and scope definition in life cycle assessment. In: Curran M (ed) Goal and scope definition in life cycle assessment. LCA compendium – the complete world of life cycle assessment. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 1–62
Suh S, Yang Y (2014). On the uncanny capabilities of consequential LCA. Int J Life Cycle Assess 19(6):1179–1184
Plevin RJ, Delucchi MA, Creutzig F (2014) Using attributional life cycle assessment to estimate climate-change mitigation benefits misleads policy makers. J Ind Ecol 18(1):73–83
Consequential-LCA (2015) Why and when? https://consequential-lca.org/clca/why-and-when/. Accessed Nov 2020
Weidema BP, Pizzol M, Schmidt J, Thoma G (2018) Attributional or consequential life cycle assessment: a matter of social responsibility. J Clean Prod 174:305–314
Baitz M (2017) Attributional life cycle assessment. In: Curran M (ed) Goal and scope definition in life cycle assessment. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 123–143
Hall MR (2015) A transdisciplinary review of the role of economics in life cycle sustainability assessment. Int J Life Cycle Assess 20(12):1625–1639
Steen B (2006) Describing values in relation to choices in LCA. Int J Life Cycle Assess 11(4):277–283
Schmidt W-P, Sullivan J (2002) The value debate: weighting of life cycle assessments in a global context: global diversity exists and has to be valued. Int J Life Cycle Assess 7(4): Art. 250
Hofstetter P (2002) The value debate: ecodesign in a global context are there differences in global values and do they matter. Int J Life Cycle Assess 7(2): Art 62
Pizzol M, Laurent A, Sala S, Weidema B, Verones F, Koffler C (2017) Normalisation and weighting in life cycle assessment: quo vadis. Int J Life Cycle Assess 22(6):853–866
Shrader-Frechette KS (1991) Risk and rationality: philosophical foundations for populist reforms. University of California Press, Berkeley
Hofstetter P, Baumgartner T, Scholz RW (2000) Modelling the valuesphere and the ecosphere: integrating the decision makers’ perspectives into LCA. Int J Life Cycle Assess 5(3): Art. 161
Thorstensen E, Forsberg E-M (2016) Social life cycle assessment as a resource for responsible research and innovation. J Responsible Innov 3(1):50–72
Matthews NE, Stamford L, Shapira P (2019) Aligning sustainability assessment with responsible research and innovation: towards a framework for constructive sustainability assessment. Sustain Prod Consum 20: 58–73
Collingridge D (1980) The social control of technology. St. Martin’s Press, New York
Yudkowsky E (2011) Cognitive biases potentially affecting judgment of global risks. In: Bostrom N, Cirkovic MM (eds) Global catastrophic risks. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Ord T (2020) The precipice: existential risk and the future of humanity. Bloomsbury, New York
Windsor R, Cinelli M, Coles SR (2018) Comparison of tools for the sustainability assessment of nanomaterials. Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem 12:69–75