License to intervene: the role of team adaptation in balancing structure and flexibility in offshore operations
Tóm tắt
The study reported here reviewed and analyzed multi-team organizations in offshore operations to identify and understand the factors that are essential for good operation. It was found that the most prominent contribution to good operations was the balancing of structure and flexibility during work (anchor handling operations). The enabling factor towards this balance seems to be a process of team adaptation, including adjustments and corrections, when performing operations. The multi-teams operate in an open climate with a commonly accepted allowance to stop any safety-threatened operational activity. In practice, this gives the operational teams a “license” to intervene and adjust or adapt to suddenly occurring anomalies. The operations are in turn based on a period of planning and preparing. During the actual balancing, the teams relied on communication and information sharing, coordination and cooperation, and anticipation (proactive behavior) and empowerment/autonomy as effective enablers of team adaptation.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Adamski AJ, Westrum R (2003) Requisite imagination. The fine art of anticipating what might go wrong. In: Hollnagel E (ed) Handbook of Cognitive Task Design. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, p 193–220
Aven T (2018) The call for a shift from risk to resilience: what does it mean? Risk Anal 2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13247
Aven T, Renn O (2018) Improving government policy on risk: eight key principles. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 176(2018):230–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2018.04.018
Barton MA, Sutcliffe KM (2009) Overcoming dysfunctional momentum: organizational safety as a social achievement. Hum Relat 62(9):1327–1356. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726709334491
Bieder C, Bourrier M (eds) (2013) Trapping safety into rules. Ashgate, Farnham
Bigley GA, Roberts KH (2001) The incident command system: high-reliability organizing for complex and volatile task environments. Acad Manag J 44(6):1281–1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069401
Burke SC, Stagl KC, Salas E, Piece L, Kendall D (2006) Understanding team adaptation: a conceptual analysis and model. J Appl Psychol 91(6):1189–1207. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1189
D’Innocenzo L, Luciano MM, Mathieu JE, Maynard MT, Chen G (2016) Empowered to perform: a multilevel investigation of the influence of empowerment on performance in hospital units. Acad Manag J 59(4):1290–1307. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2013.1073
Edmondson A (1999) Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Adm Sci Q 44(2):350–383
Entin EE, Serfaty D (1999) Adaptive team coordination. Hum Factors 41:312–325
Faraj S, Xiao Y (2006) Coordination in fast-response organizations. Manag Sci 52(8):1155–1169. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1060.0526
Gino F, Staats B (2015) Why organizations don’t learn. Harv Bus Rev 93(11):110–118
Hollnagel E (2009) The four cornerstones of resilience engineering. In: Nemeth CP, Hollnagel E, Dekker S (eds) Preparation and restoration. Ashgate, Aldershot, pp 117–134
Hollnagel E (2014) Safety – I and safety – II: the past and future of safety management. Ashgate, Farnham
Hollnagel E (2017) Safety-II in practice: developing the resilience potentials. Routledge, Abingdon
Hollnagel E, Woods DD, Leveson NC (eds) (2006) Resilience engineering: concepts and precepts. Ashgate, Aldershot
Johannessen IA, McArthur PW, Jonassen JR (2015) Informal leadership redundancy: balancing structure and flexibility in subsea operations. Scand J Manag 31(3):409–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2015.01.001
Jonassen JR (2015) Effects of multi-team leadership on collaboration and integration in subsea operations. International Journal of Leadership Studies 9(1):89–114 ISSN 1554–3145
Klein KJ, Ziegert JC, Knight AP, Xiao Y (2006) Dynamic delegation: shared, hierarchical, and deindividualized leadership in extreme action teams. Adm Sci Q 51(4):590–621. https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.51.4.590
Kletz T (2001) Are disasters really getting worse? Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 3(1):33–36. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653569410049649
Krueger RA, Casey MA (2009) Focus Groups. A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Sage publications, Inc., California
Laschinger HKS (2008) Effect of empowerment on professional practice environments, work satisfaction, and patient care quality: further testing the nursing work-life model. J Nurs Care Qual 23(4):322–330. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NCQ.0000318028.67910.6b
Mathieu JE, Marks MA, Zaccaro SJ (2001) Multiteam systems. In: Anderson N, Ones DS, Sinangil HK, Viswesesvaran C (eds) Organizational psychology: Vol. 2. Handbook of industrial, work and organizational psychology. Sage, London, pp 289–313
Mathieu JE, Heffner TS, Goodwin GF, Cannon-Bowers JA, Salas E (2005) Scaling the quality of teammates’ mental models: equifinality and normative comparisons. J Organ Behav 26(1):37–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.296
Maynard MT, Kennedy DM, Sommer A (2015) Team adaptation: a fifteen-year synthesis (1998-2013) and framework for how this literature needs to “adapt” going forward. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 24(5):652–677. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2014.1001376
Milch V, Laumann K (2016) Interorganizational complexity and organizational accident risk: a literature review. Saf Sci 82:9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.08.010
Miller GA, Galanter E, Pribram KH (1960) Plans and the structure of behavior. Holt, New York
Nævestad TO, Størkersen KV, Phillips RO (2018) Procedure negligence in coastal cargo: what can be done to reduce the gap between formal and informal aspects of safety? Safety 2018(4):34. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety4030034
Nonaka I, von Krogh G (2009) Perspective – tacit knowledge and knowledge conversion: controversy and advancement in organizational knowledge creation theory. Organ Sci 20(3):635–652. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1080.0412
Øyum L, Skarholt K, Ravn J, Nilsen T (2010) The industrial relations of safety. Differences in tripartite collaboration in Norwegian industries. In: Bris, Guedes, Soares, Matorell (eds) Reliability, Risk and Safety: Theory and Applications. Taylor & Francis Group, London, pp 1277–1284
Power M (ed) (2016) Riskwork: essays on the organizational life of risk management. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Reason J (2000) Safety paradoxes and safety culture. Inj Control Saf Promot 7(1):3–14. https://doi.org/10.1076/1566-0974(200003)7:1;1-V;FT003
Reber AS (1989) Implicit learning and tacit knowledge. J Exp Psychol Gen 118(3):219–235. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.118.3.219
Roberts KH (1990) Some characteristics of one type of high reliability organization. Organ Sci 1(2):160–176. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1.2.160
Rynd C (2017) A paradigm change in pilotage practice. Seaways, January 2017
Skarholt K, Lamvik G, Antonsen S, Røyrvik J, Jonassen JR (2017) Economic crisis in the Norwegian offshore industry: how may it affect safety conditions in offshore operations? In: Walls J, Revie M, Bedford T (eds) Risk, reliability and safety, innovating theory and practice. CRC Press, Leiden, p 306 Retrieved October 10, 2016, from http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2413279
Tinmannsvik, R. K., Albrechtsen, E., Bråtveit, M., Carlsen, I. M., Fylling, I., Hauge, S., … Øien, K. (2011) Deepwater Horizon ulykken: Årsaker, lærepunkter og forbedringstiltak for norsk sokkel (Deepwater Horizon accident: causes, learning points and improvement measures for the Norwegian continental shelf). SINTEF, Trondheim
Vandeskog B (2017) Arbeidslag-spillets estetikk og evnen til å forutse (The aesthetics of teamwork and the ability to predict). Norsk Antropologisk Tidsskrift 27(3–4):226–245 2017 Universitetsforlaget, ISSN 0802-7285
Weick KE, Roberts KH (1993) Collective mind in organizations: heedful interrelating on flight decks. Adm Sci Q 38(3):357–381
Weick KE, Sutcliffe KM (2015) Managing the unexpected: Sustained Performance in a Complex World, 3rd edn. John Wiley & Son, New Jersey
Westrum R (1991) Technologies & Society. The shaping of people and things. Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, CA