Ít Kết Đôi, Ít Con, Hay Cả Hai? Phân Tích Các Yếu Tố Ảnh Hưởng Đến Sự Giảm Đi Của Số Lần Sinh Đầu Tiên Tại Phần Lan Từ Năm 2010

Julia Hellstrand1, Jessica Nisén2, Mikko Myrskylä1
1Centre for Social Data Science and Population Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
2Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany;

Tóm tắt

Tóm tắtTrong thập kỷ 2010, tỷ lệ sinh đã giảm ở các nước Bắc Âu, đặc biệt là ở Phần Lan, và những lần sinh đầu tiên đã thúc đẩy sự suy giảm này. Hiện tại vẫn chưa rõ liệu sự giảm này là do sự suy giảm khả năng sinh sản trong các mối quan hệ, sự thay đổi trong động lực của các mối quan hệ, hay cả hai. Vì vậy, chúng tôi đã nghiên cứu những thay đổi trong động lực giữa mối quan hệ và lần sinh đầu tiên từ năm 2000 đến 2018 tại Phần Lan bằng cách sử dụng dữ liệu từ sổ đăng ký dân số toàn bộ và một mô hình đa trạng thái dựa trên tỷ lệ xuất hiện. Để làm điều này, chúng tôi đã tính toán xác suất chuyển đổi hàng năm theo độ tuổi giữa các trạng thái độc thân, chung sống, kết hôn và sinh lần đầu tiên trong số nam và nữ không có con từ 15 đến 45 tuổi. Chúng tôi nhận thấy tỷ lệ sinh thấp hơn trong các mối quan hệ sau năm 2010, tỷ lệ tan vỡ gia tăng giữa các cặp đôi sống chung, và sự suy giảm lâu dài trong sự chuyển đổi sang hôn nhân. Các mô phỏng ngược cho thấy, trong sự giảm sút của các lần sinh đầu tiên kể từ năm 2010, khả năng sinh sản trong các mối quan hệ có vai trò quan trọng hơn (ba phần tư) so với động lực của các mối quan hệ (một phần tư): nghĩa là, khả năng sinh sản thấp hơn ở những người chung sống và đã kết hôn giải thích 42% và 13% của sự giảm sút, tương ứng, và tỷ lệ sinh giảm ở các cặp đôi trong thời kỳ sống chung giải thích thêm 17%. Sự giảm sút tỷ lệ kết hôn (19%) và sống chung (2-4%) cũng như tỷ lệ tan vỡ mối quan hệ cao hơn (6%) giải thích một phần nhỏ hơn của sự giảm sút trong các lần sinh đầu tiên. Sự giảm sút các lần sinh đầu tiên đặc biệt rõ rệt hơn ở các tầng lớp xã hội thấp hơn, nhưng ở tất cả các tầng lớp, những sự chuyển đổi giảm sút trong các lần sinh đầu tiên bên trong các mối quan hệ đã giải thích phần lớn cho sự giảm này. Kết luận rằng, mặc dù sự thay đổi trong động lực của các mối quan hệ cung cấp một phần giải thích, việc trì hoãn hoặc từ bỏ khả năng sinh sản trong các mối quan hệ đại diện cho lý do chính cho sự giảm năng lực sinh sản.

Từ khóa

#Giảm tỷ lệ sinh #Động lực quan hệ #Phần Lan #Hôn nhân #Sống chung

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