Legislating for health: Locating the evidence
Tóm tắt
This article examines the timorous courtship between public health law and
evidence-based policy. Legislation, in the form of direct prescriptions or
proscriptions on behaviour, is perhaps the most powerful tool available to the
public health policymaker. Increasingly, the same policymakers have striven to
ensure that interventions are based soundly on a secure evidence base. The
modern mantra is that the policies to follow are the ones that have been
demonstrated to work. Legislative interventions, involving trade-offs between
public benefit and private interests, present formidable challenges for the
evaluator. Systematic reviews of their overall efficacy, the main tool of
evidence-based policy, are in their infancy. The article presents a design for
such reviews using the example of a forthcoming synthesis on the effectiveness
of banning smoking in cars carrying children.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Petticrew, M. and Roberts, R. ( 2006 ) Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences . Oxford: Blackwell .
Gostin, L. ( 2008 ) Public Health Law . Berkley, MI: University of California Press .
Dobson, R. ( 2008 ) Governments must get tough on alcohol misuse, public health experts warn . British Medical Journal 336 : 1266 – 1267 .
Oakley, A. ( 2000 ) Experiments in Knowing . Cambridge: Polity Press .
Pawson, R. ( 2006 ) Evidence-based Policy. A Realist Perspective . London: Sage .
Petticrew, M. ( 2003 ) Why certain systematic reviews reach uncertain conclusions . British Medical Journal 326 : 756 – 758 .
Hammersley, M. ( 2005 ) Is the evidence-based practice movement doing more good than harm? Evidence and Policy 1 : 85 – 100 .
Howe, K. ( 2004 ) A critique of experimentalism . Qualitative Inquiry 10 : 42 – 61 .
MacLure, M. ( 2004 ) Clarity bordering on stupidity: Where's the quality in systematic reviews? Journal of Educational Policy 20 : 393 – 419 .
Beckett, C. ( 2005 ) The Swedish myth: The corporal punishment ban and child death statistics . British Journal of Social Work 31 : 125 – 138 .
Kuhn, E., Nie, C., O'Brien, C., Withers, R., WIntermute, E. and Hargarten, S. ( 2002 ) Missing the target: A comparison of buyback and fatality related guns . Injury Prevention 8 : 143 – 146 .
Wolfson, M. and Hourigan, M. ( 1997 ) Unintended consequences and professional ethics: Criminalization of alcohol and tobacco use by youths and young adults . Addiction 92 : 1159 – 1164 .
Wansink, B. and Chandon, P. ( 2006 ) Can “Low-Fat” nutrition labels lead to obesity? Journal of Marking Research 43 : 605 – 617 .
Adams, J. ( 2009 ) Risk . London: UCL Press .
Huang, H. and Cynecki, M. ( 2001 ) Effects of Traffic Calming Measures on Pedestrian and Motorist Behavior . McLean, VA: Federal Highway Administration .
Magzamen, S. and Glantz, S. ( 2001 ) The new battleground: California's experience with smoke-free bars . American Journal of Public Health 91 : 245 – 252 .
World Health Organization . ( 2005 ) Seventh Futures Forum on Unpopular Decisions in Public Health . Copenhagen: WHO Europe .
Roberts, J. ( 2000 ) Changing public attitudes towards corporal punishment: The effects of statutory reform in Sweden . Child Abuse and Neglect 24 : 1027 – 1035 .
Sciacca, J. ( 2005 ) A mandatory smoking ban in restaurants: Concerns versus experience . Journal of Community Health 21 : 133 – 150 .
McCartt, A.T. and Geary, L.L. ( 2004 ) Longer term effects of New York State's law on drivers’ handheld cell phone use . Injury Prevention 10 : 11 – 15 .
Turner, K. and Gordon, J. ( 2004 ) A fresh perspective on a rank issue: Pupils’ accounts of staff enforcement of smoking restrictions . Health Education Research 19 : 148 – 158 .
McCart, A., Helliga, L. and Geary, L. ( 2006 ) Effects of Washington, DC law on driver's hand-held cell phone use . Traffic Injury Prevention 7 : 1 – 5 .
Jacobson, P. and Wasserman, J. ( 1999 ) The implementation of tobacco control laws . Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 24 : 567 – 595 .
Perdue, W., Mehsah, G., Goodman, R. and Moultin, A. ( 2005 ) A legal framework for preventing cardiovascular diseases . American Journal of Preventive Medicine 29 : 139 – 145 .
Grube, J. and Nygaard, P. ( 2001 ) Adolescent drinking and alcohol policy . Contemporary Drug Problems 28 : 87 .
Dinh-Zarr, T. et al ( 2001 ) Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to increase the use of safety belts . American Journal of Preventive Medicine 21 : 48 – 65 .
Tong, L. and Glantz, S. ( 2007 ) Tobacco industry efforts undermining evidence linking second-hand smoke with cardiovascular disease . Circulation 116 : 1845 – 1854 .
Smith, M., Clarke, R. and Pease, K. ( 2002 ) Anticipatory benefits in crime prevention . In: N. Tilley (ed.) Analysis for Crime Prevention . Uffculme, UK: Willan Publishing .
Rees, V.W. and Connolly, G.N. ( 2006 ) Measuring air quality to protect children from secondhand smoke in cars . American Journal of Preventive Medicine 31 (5) : 363 – 368 .
Edwards, R., Wilson, N. and Pierse, N. ( 2006 ) Highly hazardous air quality associated with smoking in cars: New Zealand pilot study . The New Zealand Medical Journal 119 : 2294 .
Ott, W., Klepers, N. and Switzer, P. ( 2008 ) Air change rate of motor vehicles and in-vehicle pollutant concentrations from second-hand smoke . Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 18 : 312 – 325 .
Panagiotakos, D. et al ( 2002 ) The association between secondhand smoke and the risk of developing acute coronary syndromes, among non-smokers, under the presence of several cardiovascular risk factors: The CARDIO2000 case-control study . BMC Public Health 2 : 9 .
Cook, D. and Strachan, D. ( 1999 ) Summary of effects of parental smoking on the respiratory health of children and implications for research . Thorax 54 : 357 – 366 .
Freeman, B., Chapman, S. and Storey, P. ( 2008 ) Banning smoking in cars carrying children: An analytical history of a public health advocacy campaign . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 32 : 60 – 65 .
Johal, S., Napier, F., Britt-Compton, J. and Marshall, T. ( 2005 ) Mobile phones and driving . Journal of Public Health 27 : 112 – 113 .