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Phân hủy xác lá trong rừng ngập mặn ở miền Tây Malaysia
Tóm tắt
Từ lâu, người ta đã cho rằng mùn hữu cơ dưới các rừng ngập mặn nhiệt đới tích tụ do những điều kiện cực đoan (thấm nước, nghèo dinh dưỡng, kỵ khí và có tính axit—pH 2.9–3.5) gây cản trở hoạt động vi sinh vật. Các nghiên cứu về túi phân hủy trong một vùng ngập mặn ở Malaysia (rừng ngập mặn North Selangor) cho thấy mặc dù lá cây có hình dạng sần sùi, độc tố của các loại cây đặc hữu (Macaranga pruinosa, Campnosperma coriaceum, Pandanus atrocarpus, Stenochlaena palustris) hầu như không bị phân hủy bởi vi khuẩn và nấm (tốc độ phân hủy chỉ từ 0.0006–0.0016 k ngày−1), nhưng lá của M. tanarius, một loài cây trong rừng thứ sinh, gần như bị phân hủy hoàn toàn (tốc độ phân hủy từ 0.0047–0.005 k ngày−1) sau 1 năm. Do đó, chính các tính chất nội tại của lá (là những thích nghi để giảm thiểu việc ăn cỏ trong môi trường nghèo dinh dưỡng) đã cản trở quá trình phân hủy của vi sinh vật. Nước trong đầm lầy có hàm lượng carbon hữu cơ hòa tan rất cao (70–84 mg l−1 DOC). Các nghiên cứu trong phòng thí nghiệm cho thấy ban đầu có sự rửa trôi DOC nhanh chóng từ lá (lên tới 1,720 mg l−1 từ 4 g lá trong 7 ngày), nhưng sau đó mức DOC giảm nhanh chóng. Quá trình rửa trôi DOC dẫn đến mất trọng lượng nhưng cấu trúc vật lý của lá vẫn giữ nguyên. Có khả năng DOC được sử dụng như một chất nền cho sự phát triển của vi sinh vật, từ đó giảm nồng độ DOC trong nước và chuyển năng lượng từ lá đến các bậc dinh dưỡng khác. Điều này giải thích cách mà các đầm lầy nhiệt đới nghèo dinh dưỡng vẫn hỗ trợ một hệ thực vật và động vật phong phú mặc dù có mức dinh dưỡng thấp và thiếu quá trình chu kỳ xác chết nhanh chóng như ở các loại rừng nhiệt đới khác.
Từ khóa
#suy giảm lá #rừng ngập mặn #vi sinh vật #carbon hữu cơ hòa tan #môi trường nghèo dinh dưỡng #đa dạng sinh họcTài liệu tham khảo
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