Lead intoxication: A summary of the clinical presentation among Thai patients
Tóm tắt
Lead is an important toxic metal found in industrial communities. Due to the industrialization in the recent decade in Thailand, lead intoxication as a toxicant-related disorder becomes a new public health problem. A retrospective study on clinical presentation of hospitalized patients with diagnosis of lead intoxication during year 1990–1999 in King Chulalongkorn Memorial hospital, the largest Thai Red Cross Society Hospital, was performed. All 14 cases diagnosed with lead intoxication were identified in our series. Average age of the subjects was 25.55 ± 21.93 years old. Male predominance was detected in our series (male:female = 12:2). Two main groups of subjects as; (1) childhood aged below 10 years old (male:female = 4:2) and (2) adult aged between 24 and 60 years old (n = 8, all male), can be identified. For the first group, the clinical presentations were convulsion (n = 3), unexplained anemia (n = 1), attention deficit (n = 1) and asymptomatic (n = 1), respectively. All of the subjects in this group presented the history of living at the old battery plant area. Five of the six cases came from the same village. For the second group, the clinical presentations were unexplained abdominal pain (n = 5), chronic renal failure (n = 1), unexplained anemia (n = 1) and asymptomatic (n = 1), respectively. Most of the subjects (75%) in this group presented the history of working in the battery plant for more than 10 years. Another case presented the history of gunshot and residual bullet in the bone marrow. The other one left is an interesting case with the history of prolonged usage of ritual pill and holy paper incineration. Like other studies, battery plant had strong relation with the lead intoxication. Although the total identified cases are rather few, there may be more undetected asymptomatic lead intoxication cases in the community. Specific control of lead resulted from battery plant and monitoring of the workers as public health strategies are still recommended.
Tài liệu tham khảo
A al Khayat NS Menon MR Alidina (1997) ArticleTitleAcute lead encephalopathy in early infancy-clinical presentation and outcome Ann Trop Paediatr 17 39–44 Occurrence Handle9176576 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByiA3MbmvVc%3D
DC Bellinger (2004) ArticleTitleLead Pediatrics 113 1016–1022 Occurrence Handle15060194
H Hu (2000) ArticleTitleExposure to metals Prim Care 2 983–996
DR Juberg CF Kleiman SC Kwon (1997) ArticleTitlePosition paper of the American Council on Science and Health: Lead and human health Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 38 162–180 Occurrence Handle9469866 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXhtlWjs7w%3D Occurrence Handle10.1006/eesa.1997.1591
BK Lee (1999) ArticleTitleThe role of biological monitoring in the health management of lead-exposed workers Toxicol Lett 108 149–160 Occurrence Handle10511256 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmtVOqsLw%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0378-4274(99)00083-1
M Markowitz (2000) ArticleTitleLead poisoning: A disease for the next millennium Curr Probl Pediatr 30 62–70 Occurrence Handle10742920 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c3gslehsQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1067/mps.2000.104053
TD Matte JP Figueroa G Burr JP Flesch RA Keenlyside EL Baker (1989) ArticleTitleLead exposure among lead-acid battery workers in Jamaica Am J Ind Med 16 167–177 Occurrence Handle2773946 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXmtFyksbk%3D
G Menezes HS D’souza T Venkatesh (2003) ArticleTitleChronic lead poisoning in an adult battery worker Occup Med (Lond) 53 476–478 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3srgsVCrtQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1093/occmed/kqg091
A Pagliuca GJ Mufti (1990) ArticleTitleLead poisoning: An age old problem BMJ 31 300–830
S Singh S Singhi (1989) ArticleTitleSevere lead intoxication in a family caused by use of residential premises for battery manufacturing Indian Pediatr 26 718–720 Occurrence Handle2583834 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By%2BD287jvFA%3D
S Srianujata (1998) ArticleTitleLead – the toxic metal to stay with human J Toxicol Sci 23 237–240 Occurrence Handle9760473 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXmvFOjtLk%3D
Staudinger KC, Roth, VS. 1998 Occupational lead poisoning. Am Fam Physician 57, 719–726, 731–732
WHO. 1995 Inorganic lead (Environmental health criteria 165). Available on http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc 165.htm