Le laser excimer dans la prise en charge du kératocône

Journal Francais d'Ophtalmologie - Tập 44 - Trang 564-581 - 2021
G. Drouglazet-Moalic1, C. David1, L. Trinh1, I. Goemaere1, V. Borderie1,2, N. Bouheraoua1,2
1Inserm-DGOS CIC 1423, centre hospitalier national d’ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts (CHNO des Quinze-Vingts), IHU ForeSight, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France
2INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, Sorbonne Université, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France

Tài liệu tham khảo

Rabinowitz, 1998, Keratoconus, Surv Ophthalmol, 42, 297, 10.1016/S0039-6257(97)00119-7 Jouve, 2015, Le crosslinking du collagène dans le kératocône, J Fr Ophtalmol, 38, 445, 10.1016/j.jfo.2014.12.003 Kamaev, 2012, Photochemical kinetics of corneal cross-linking with riboflavin, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 53, 2360, 10.1167/iovs.11-9385 Ferrara, 2012, Intrastromal corneal ring segments: visual outcomes from a large case series, Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 40, 433, 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2011.02698.x Torquetti, 2014, Intrastromal corneal ring segments implantation in patients with keratoconus: 10-year follow-up, J Refract Surg, 30, 22, 10.3928/1081597X-20131217-02 Fernández-Vega Cueto, 2016, Intrastromal corneal ring segment implantation in 409 paracentral keratoconic eyes, Cornea, 35, 1421, 10.1097/ICO.0000000000000978 Nanavaty, 2012, Outcomes of pseudophakic toric intraocular lens implantation in keratoconic eyes with cataract, J Refract Surg, 28, 884, 10.3928/1081597X-20121106-02 Emerah, 2019, Visual and refractive outcomes of posterior chamber phakic IOL in stable keratoconus, Int J Ophthalmol, 12, 840 Hashemian, 2018, Long-term outcomes of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens implantation in keratoconus, Clin Exp Optom, 101, 652, 10.1111/cxo.12671 Antonios, 2015, Safety and visual outcome of vision toric ICL Implantation after corneal collagen cross-linking in keratoconus: up to 2 years of follow-up, J Ophthalmol, 2015, 10.1155/2015/514834 Alfonso, 2017, Sequential intrastromal corneal ring segment and monofocal intraocular lens implantation for keratoconus and cataract: long-term follow-up, J Cataract Refract Surg, 43, 246, 10.1016/j.jcrs.2016.11.044 He, 2020, Three-step treatment of keratoconus and post-LASIK ectasia: implantation of ICRS, corneal cross-linking, and implantation of toric posterior chamber phakic IOLs, J Refract Surg, 36, 104, 10.3928/1081597X-20191217-01 Assaf, 2015, Simultaneous corneal crosslinking and surface ablation combined with phakic intraocular lens implantation for managing keratoconus, Int Ophthalmol, 35, 411, 10.1007/s10792-014-9963-3 Reinhart, 2011, Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty as an alternative to penetrating keratoplasty: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology, 118, 209, 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.11.002 Borderie, 2012, Long-term results of deep anterior lamellar versus penetrating keratoplasty, Ophthalmology, 119, 249, 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.07.057 Lee, 2005, Epithelial healing and clinical outcomes in excimer laser photorefractive surgery following three epithelial removal techniques: mechanical, alcohol, and excimer laser, Am J Ophthalmol, 139, 56, 10.1016/j.ajo.2004.08.049 Erie, 2003, Corneal wound healing after photorefractive keratectomy: a 3-year confocal microscopy study, Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc, 101, 293 Alio, 2013, Corneal inflammation following corneal photoablative refractive surgery with excimer laser, Surv Ophthalmol, 58, 11, 10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.04.005 Tomás-Juan, 2015, Corneal regeneration after photorefractive keratectomy: a review, J Optom, 8, 149, 10.1016/j.optom.2014.09.001 Erie, 2003, Keratocyte density in the human cornea after photorefractive keratectomy, Arch Ophthalmol, 121, 770, 10.1001/archopht.121.6.770 Gamaly, 2007, A prospective, randomized, contralateral eye comparison of epithelial laser in situ keratomileusis and photorefractive keratectomy in eyes prone to haze, J Refract Surg, 23, S1015, 10.3928/1081-597X-20071102-07 Gartry, 1992, Excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy. 18-month follow-up, Ophthalmology, 99, 1209, 10.1016/S0161-6420(92)31821-4 Shortt, 2006, Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) versus laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for myopia, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10.1002/14651858.CD005135.pub2 Thompson, 1995, Excimer laser phototherapeutic keratectomy: clinical and surgical aspects, Ophthalmic Surg Lasers, 26, 461, 10.3928/1542-8877-19950901-14 Rapuano, 1997, Excimer laser phototherapeutic keratectomy: long-term results and practical considerations, Cornea, 16, 151, 10.1097/00003226-199703000-00006 Campos, 1993, Clinical follow-up of phototherapeutic keratectomy for treatment of corneal opacities, Am J Ophthalmol, 115, 433, 10.1016/S0002-9394(14)74443-5 Morad, 1998, Excimer laser phototherapeutic keratectomy for recurrent corneal erosion, J Cataract Refract Surg, 24, 451, 10.1016/S0886-3350(98)80283-6 Orndahl, 1998, Treatment of corneal dystrophies with phototherapeutic keratectomy, J Refract Surg, 14, 129, 10.3928/1081-597X-19980301-11 Stonecipher, 2018, Comparing wavefront-optimized, wavefront-guided and topography-guided laser vision correction: clinical outcomes using an objective decision tree, Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 29, 277, 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000495 Munnerlyn, 1988, Photorefractive keratectomy: a technique for laser refractive surgery, J Cataract Refract Surg, 14, 46, 10.1016/S0886-3350(88)80063-4 Smadja, 2012, Ablation profiles in refractive surgery. Part 1: in search of excellence, J Fr Ophtalmol, 35, 126, 10.1016/j.jfo.2011.09.004 Mrochen, 2004, Wavefront-optimized ablation profiles: theoretical background, J Cataract Refract Surg, 30, 775, 10.1016/j.jcrs.2004.01.026 Cochener, 2015 Karimian, 2010, Conventional versus custom ablation in photorefractive keratectomy: randomized clinical trial, J Cataract Refract Surg, 36, 637, 10.1016/j.jcrs.2009.10.050 Oshika, 1999, Comparison of corneal wavefront aberrations after photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis, Am J Ophthalmol, 127, 1, 10.1016/S0002-9394(98)00288-8 Soler, 2011, A randomized comparison of pupil-centered versus vertex-centered ablation in LASIK correction of hyperopia, Am J Ophthalmol, 152, 10.1016/j.ajo.2011.03.034 Pasquali, 2012, Topography-guided laser refractive surgery, Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 23, 264, 10.1097/ICU.0b013e328354adf0 Manche, 2018, Recent advances in wavefront-guided LASIK, Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 29, 286, 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000488 El Awady, 2011, Wavefront-optimized ablation versus topography-guided customized ablation in myopic LASIK: comparative study of higher order aberrations, Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging, 42, 314, 10.3928/15428877-20110421-01 Jain, 2016, Outcomes of topography-guided versus wavefront-optimized laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia in virgin eyes, J Cataract Refract Surg, 42, 1302, 10.1016/j.jcrs.2016.06.035 Kim, 2019, Topography-guided versus wavefront-optimized laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia: Surgical outcomes, J Cataract Refract Surg, 45, 959, 10.1016/j.jcrs.2019.01.031 Ozulken, 2019, Comparison of wavefront-optimized ablation and topography-guided contoura ablation with LYRA protocol in LASIK, J Refract Surg, 35, 222, 10.3928/1081597X-20190304-02 Kanellopoulos, 2012, Topography-guided hyperopic and hyperopic astigmatism femtosecond laser-assisted LASIK: long-term experience with the 400Hz eye-Q excimer platform, Clin Ophthalmol, 6, 895, 10.2147/OPTH.S23573 Chen, 2012, Transepithelial, topography-guided ablation in the treatment of visual disturbances in LASIK flap or interface complications, J Refract Surg, 28, 120, 10.3928/1081597X-20110926-01 Shetty, 2017, Topography-guided neutralization technique for the management of flap complication in laser in situ keratomileusis, Indian J Ophthalmol, 65, 618, 10.4103/ijo.IJO_66_17 Reinstein, 2018, Incidence and outcomes of optical zone enlargement and recentration after previous myopic LASIK by topography-guided custom ablation, J Refract Surg, 34, 121, 10.3928/1081597X-20171215-01 Ghoreishi, 2018, Topography-guided transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy to correct irregular refractive errors after radial keratotomy, J Cataract Refract Surg, 44, 274, 10.1016/j.jcrs.2017.12.015 Lains, 2016, Irregular astigmatism after corneal transplantation – efficacy and safety of topography-guided treatment, Cornea, 35, 30, 10.1097/ICO.0000000000000647 Bandeira, 2018, Visual outcomes and aberrometric changes with topography-guided photorefractive keratectomy treatment of irregular astigmatism after penetrating keratoplasty, Cornea, 37, 283, 10.1097/ICO.0000000000001474 Sorkin, 2017, Topography-guided photorefractive keratectomy in the treatment of corneal scarring, J Refract Surg, 33, 639, 10.3928/1081597X-20170718-03 Randleman, 2006, Post-laser in-situ keratomileusis ectasia: current understanding and future directions, Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 17, 406, 10.1097/01.icu.0000233963.26628.f0 Bilgihan, 2000, Results of photorefractive keratectomy in keratoconus suspects at 4 years, J Refract Surg, 16, 438, 10.3928/1081-597X-20000701-06 Kasparova, 2003, Six-year experience with excimer laser surgery for primary keratoconus in Russia, J Refract Surg, 19, S250, 10.3928/1081-597X-20030302-17 Alpins, 2007, Customized photoastigmatic refractive keratectomy using combined topographic and refractive data for myopia and astigmatism in eyes with forme fruste and mild keratoconus, J Cataract Refract Surg, 33, 591, 10.1016/j.jcrs.2006.12.014 Cennamo, 2008, Treatment of keratoconus by topography-guided customized photorefractive keratectomy: two-year follow-up study, J Refract Surg, 24, 145, 10.3928/1081597X-20080201-04 Guedj, 2013, Photorefractive keratectomy in patients with suspected keratoconus: five-year follow-up, J Cataract Refract Surg, 39, 66, 10.1016/j.jcrs.2012.08.058 Chelala, 2013, Photorefractive keratectomy in patients with mild to moderate stable keratoconus: a five-year prospective follow-up study, Clin Ophthalmol, 7, 1923 Kanellopoulos, 2014, Keratoconus management: long-term stability of topography-guided normalization combined with high-fluence CXL stabilization (the Athens Protocol), J Refract Surg, 30, 88, 10.3928/1081597X-20140120-03 Kymionis, 2013, Combined transepithelial phototherapeutic keratectomy and corneal collagen crosslinking for ectatic disorders: cretan protocol, J Cataract Refract Surg, 39, 1939, 10.1016/j.jcrs.2013.10.003 Kymionis, 2010, Transepithelial phototherapeutic keratectomy using a 213-nm solid-state laser system followed by corneal collagen cross-linking with riboflavin and UVA irradiation, J Ophthalmol, 2010, 146543, 10.1155/2010/146543 Kymionis, 2012, Combined transepithelial phototherapeutic keratectomy and corneal collagen cross-linking for progressive keratoconus, Ophthalmology, 119, 1777, 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.03.038 Kymionis, 2014, Long-term results of combined transepithelial phototherapeutic keratectomy and corneal collagen crosslinking for keratoconus: cretan protocol, J Cataract Refract Surg, 40, 1439, 10.1016/j.jcrs.2014.01.040 Kapasi, 2012, Phototherapeutic keratectomy versus mechanical epithelial removal followed by corneal collagen crosslinking for keratoconus, Can J Ophthalmol, 47, 344, 10.1016/j.jcjo.2012.03.046 Grentzelos, 2017, Combined transepithelial phototherapeutic keratectomy and conventional photorefractive keratectomy followed simultaneously by corneal crosslinking for keratoconus: cretan protocol plus, J Cataract Refract Surg, 43, 1257, 10.1016/j.jcrs.2017.06.047 Kymionis, 2009, Simultaneous topography-guided PRK followed by corneal collagen cross-linking for keratoconus, J Refract Surg, 25, S807, 10.3928/1081597X-20090813-09 Kymionis, 2011, Management of post-laser in situ keratomileusis ectasia with simultaneous topography guided photorefractive keratectomy and collagen cross-linking, Open Ophthalmol J, 5, 11 Kymionis, 2011, Simultaneous topography-guided photorefractive keratectomy followed by corneal collagen cross-linking for keratoconus, Am J Ophthalmol, 152, 748, 10.1016/j.ajo.2011.04.033 Kontadakis, 2016, Long-term comparison of simultaneous topography-guided photorefractive keratectomy followed by corneal cross-linking versus corneal cross-linking alone, Ophthalmology, 123, 974, 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.010 Ewald, 2008, Limited topography-guided surface ablation (TGSA) followed by stabilization with collagen cross-linking with Uv irradiation & riboflavin (UVACCL) for keratoconus (KC), Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 49, 4338 Kanellopoulos, 2011, Management of corneal ectasia after LASIK with combined, same-day, topography-guided partial transepithelial PRK and collagen cross-linking: the athens protocol, J Refract Surg, 27, 323, 10.3928/1081597X-20101105-01 Kanellopoulos, 2009, Comparison of sequential vs. same-day simultaneous collagen cross-linking and topography-guided PRK for treatment of keratoconus, J Refract Surg, 25, S812, 10.3928/1081597X-20090813-10 Kanellopoulos, 2012, Long term results of a prospective randomized bilateral eye comparison trial of higher fluence, shorter duration ultraviolet A radiation, and riboflavin collagen cross linking for progressive keratoconus, Clin Ophthalmol, 6, 97, 10.2147/OPTH.S27170 Kanellopoulos, 2014, Epithelial remodeling after partial topography-guided normalization and high-fluence short-duration crosslinking (Athens protocol): results up to 1 year, J Cataract Refract Surg, 40, 1597, 10.1016/j.jcrs.2014.02.036 Kanellopoulos, 2019, Long-term stability with the athens protocol (topography-guided partial PRK combined with cross-linking) in pediatric patients with keratoconus, Cornea, 38, 1049, 10.1097/ICO.0000000000001996 Kanellopoulos, 2019, The impact of keratoconus treatment with the Athens Protocol (partial topography-guided photorefractive keratectomy combined with higher-fluence corneal collagen cross-linking) on quality of life: a long-term study, Clin Ophthalmol, 13, 795, 10.2147/OPTH.S188519 Kanellopoulos, 2019, Ten-year outcomes of progressive keratoconus management with the athens protocol (topography-guided partial-refraction PRK combined with CXL), J Refract Surg, 35, 478, 10.3928/1081597X-20190627-01 Kanellopoulos, 2019, Management of progressive keratoconus with partial topography-guided PRK combined with refractive, customized CXL – a novel technique: the enhanced Athens protocol, Clin Ophthalmol, 13, 581, 10.2147/OPTH.S188517 Al-Amri, 2018, 5-year follow-up of combined non-topography guided photorefractive keratectomy and corneal collagen cross linking for keratoconus, Int J Ophthalmol, 11, 48 Ohana, 2018, Outcomes of simultaneous photorefractive keratectomy and collagen crosslinking, Can J Ophthalmol, 53, 523, 10.1016/j.jcjo.2017.12.003 Kaiserman, 2019, Epithelial photorefractive keratectomy and corneal cross-linking for keratoconus: the Tel-Aviv Protocol, J Refract Surg, 35, 377, 10.3928/1081597X-20190514-01 Samra, 2016, Simultaneous versus sequential accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking and wave front guided prk for treatment of keratoconus: objective and subjective evaluation, J Ophthalmol, 2016, 2927546 Gore, 2018, Combined wavefront-guided transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy and corneal crosslinking for visual rehabilitation in moderate keratoconus, J Cataract Refract Surg, 44, 571, 10.1016/j.jcrs.2018.03.026 Tuwairqi, 2012, Safety and efficacy of simultaneous corneal collagen cross-linking with topography-guided PRK in managing low-grade keratoconus: 1-year follow-up, J Refract Surg, 28, 341, 10.3928/1081597X-20120316-01 Alessio, 2013, Photorefractive keratectomy followed by cross-linking versus cross-linking alone for management of progressive keratoconus: two-year follow-up, Am J Ophthalmol, 155, 10.1016/j.ajo.2012.07.004 Padmanabhan, 2014, Corneal changes following collagen cross linking and simultaneous topography guided photoablation with collagen cross linking for keratoconus, Indian J Ophthalmol, 62, 229, 10.4103/0301-4738.111209 Labiris, 2016, Impact of corneal cross-linking combined with photorefractive keratectomy on blurring strength, Clin Ophthalmol, 10, 571, 10.2147/OPTH.S100770 Althomali, 2018, Visual and refractive outcomes of combined excimer laser ablation with accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking in subclinical keratoconus, Saudi J Health Sci, 7, 7, 10.4103/sjhs.sjhs_119_17 Nattis, 2018, Visual and keratometric outcomes of keratoconus patients after sequential corneal crosslinking and topography-guided surface ablation: early United States experience, J Cataract Refract Surg, 44, 1003, 10.1016/j.jcrs.2018.05.020 Ahmet, 2018, Simultaneous transepithelial topography-guided photorefractive keratectomy and accelerated cross-linking in keratoconus: 2-year follow-up, Biomed Res Int, 2018, 2945751, 10.1155/2018/2945751 Iselin, 2020, Changes in higher order aberrations after central corneal regularization – a comparative two-year analysis of a semi-automated topography-guided photorefractive keratectomy combined with corneal cross-linking, Eye Vis, 7, 10, 10.1186/s40662-020-00179-2 Coskunseven, 2013, Topography-guided transepithelial PRK after intracorneal ring segments implantation and corneal collagen CXL in a three-step procedure for keratoconus, J Refract Surg, 29, 54, 10.3928/1081597X-20121217-01 Al-Tuwairqi, 2013, Intracorneal ring segments implantation followed by same-day topography-guided PRK and corneal collagen CXL in low to moderate keratoconus, J Refract Surg, 29, 59, 10.3928/1081597X-20121228-04 Zeraid, 2014, Visual rehabilitation in low-moderate keratoconus: intracorneal ring segment implantation followed by same-day topography-guided photorefractive keratectomy and collagen cross linking, Int J Ophthalmol, 7, 800 Al-Tuwairqi, 2015, One-year clinical outcomes of a two-step surgical management for keratoconus-topography-guided photorefractive keratectomy/cross-linking after intrastromal corneal ring implantation, Eye Contact Lens, 41, 359, 10.1097/ICL.0000000000000135 Kremer, 2012, Simultaneous wavefront-guided photorefractive keratectomy and corneal collagen crosslinking after intrastromal corneal ring segment implantation for keratoconus, J Cataract Refract Surg, 38, 1802, 10.1016/j.jcrs.2012.05.033 Lee, 2017, Visual rehabilitation in moderate keratoconus: combined corneal wavefront-guided transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy and high-fluence accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking after intracorneal ring segment implantation, BMC Ophthalmol, 17, 270, 10.1186/s12886-017-0666-1 Koh, 2019, One-year efficacy and safety of combined photorefractive keratectomy and accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking after intacs sk intracorneal ring segment implantation in moderate keratoconus, Biomed Res Int, 2019, 7850216, 10.1155/2019/7850216 Kymionis, 2010, Photorefractive keratectomy followed by same-day corneal collagen crosslinking after intrastromal corneal ring segment implantation for pellucid marginal degeneration, J Cataract Refract Surg, 36, 1783, 10.1016/j.jcrs.2010.06.044 Iovieno, 2011, Intracorneal ring segments implantation followed by same-day photorefractive keratectomy and corneal collagen cross-linking in keratoconus, J Refract Surg, 27, 915, 10.3928/1081597X-20111103-03 Dirani, 2014, Non-topography-guided photorefractive keratectomy for the correction of residual mild refractive errors after ICRS implantation and CXL in keratoconus, J Refract Surg, 30, 266, 10.3928/1081597X-20140320-05 Yeung, 2013, Transepithelial phototherapeutic keratectomy combined with implantation of a single inferior intrastromal corneal ring segment and collagen crosslinking in keratoconus, J Cataract Refract Surg, 39, 1152, 10.1016/j.jcrs.2013.03.025 Elbaz, 2015, Accelerated versus standard corneal collagen crosslinking combined with same day phototherapeutic keratectomy and single intrastromal ring segment implantation for keratoconus, Br J Ophthalmol, 99, 155, 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-304943 Rocha, 2019, Combined phototherapeutic keratectomy, intracorneal ring segment implantation, and corneal collagen cross-linking in keratoconus management, Cornea, 38, 1233, 10.1097/ICO.0000000000002073 Singal, 2020, Comparison of accelerated CXL alone, accelerated CXL-ICRS, and accelerated CXL-TG-PRK in progressive keratoconus and other corneal ectasias, J Cataract Refract Surg, 46, 276, 10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000000049 Ameline-Chalumeau, 2002 Kremer, 2012, Delayed epithelial healing following photorefractive keratectomy with mitomycin C treatment, Acta Ophthalmol, 90, 271, 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.01894.x Stojanovic, 2001, Correlation between ultraviolet radiation level and the incidence of late-onset corneal haze after photorefractive keratectomy, J Cataract Refract Surg, 27, 404, 10.1016/S0886-3350(00)00742-2 Majmudar, 2015, Mitomycin-C in corneal surface excimer laser ablation techniques: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology, 122, 1085, 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.01.019 Majmudar, 2000, Topical mitomycin-C for subepithelial fibrosis after refractive corneal surgery, Ophthalmology, 107, 89, 10.1016/S0161-6420(99)00019-6 Shalaby, 2009, Mitomycin C in photorefractive keratectomy, J Refract Surg, 25, S93, 10.3928/1081597X-20090115-03 Iqbal, 2019, Standard cross-linking versus photorefractive keratectomy combined with accelerated cross-linking for keratoconus management: a comparative study, Acta Ophthalmol, 97, e623, 10.1111/aos.13986 Spadea, 2000, Role of the corneal epithelium in refractive changes following laser in situ keratomileusis for high myopia, J Refract Surg, 16, 133, 10.3928/1081-597X-20000301-05 Chayet, 1998, Regression and its mechanisms after laser in situ keratomileusis in moderate and high myopia, Ophthalmology, 105, 1194, 10.1016/S0161-6420(98)97020-8 Bautista-Llamas, 2019, Complications and explantation reasons in intracorneal ring segments (ICRS) implantation: a systematic review, J Refract Surg, 35, 740, 10.3928/1081597X-20191010-02 Zhu, 2019, Combined protocols for corneal collagen cross-linking with photorefractive surgery for refractive management of keratoconus: update on techniques and review of literature, Ophthalmol Ther, 8, 15, 10.1007/s40123-019-00210-3 Kymionis, 2010, Posterior linear stromal haze formation after simultaneous photorefractive keratectomy followed by corneal collagen cross-linking, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 51, 5030, 10.1167/iovs.09-5105 Kymionis, 2014, Corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) combined with refractive procedures for the treatment of corneal ectatic disorders: CXL plus, J Refract Surg, 30, 566, 10.3928/1081597X-20140711-10 Coskunseven, 2009, Effect of treatment sequence in combined intrastromal corneal rings and corneal collagen crosslinking for keratoconus, J Cataract Refract Surg, 35, 2084, 10.1016/j.jcrs.2009.07.008 Hashemi, 2018, Appropriate sequence of combined intracorneal ring implantation and corneal collagen cross-linking in keratoconus: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Cornea, 37, 1601, 10.1097/ICO.0000000000001740 Gorgun, 2012, Assessment of intrastromal corneal ring segment position with anterior segment optical coherence tomography, Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging, 43, 214, 10.3928/15428877-20120301-01 Reinstein, 2001, Epithelial and stromal changes induced by intacs examined by three-dimensional very high-frequency digital ultrasound, J Refract Surg, 17, 310, 10.3928/1081-597X-20010501-04 Coskunseven, 2013, Collagen copolymer toric phakic intraocular lens for residual myopic astigmatism after intrastromal corneal ring segment implantation and corneal collagen crosslinking in a 3-stage procedure for keratoconus, J Cataract Refract Surg, 39, 722, 10.1016/j.jcrs.2012.11.027 Abdelmassih, 2017, Toric ICL implantation after sequential intracorneal ring segments implantation and corneal cross-linking in keratoconus: 2-year follow-up, J Refract Surg, 33, 610, 10.3928/1081597X-20170621-02 El-Raggal, 2007, Sequential intacs and verisyse phakic intraocular lens for refractive improvement in keratoconic eyes, J Cataract Refract Surg, 33, 966, 10.1016/j.jcrs.2007.02.024 Alfonso, 2011, Intrastromal corneal ring segments and posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens implantation for keratoconus correction, J Cataract Refract Surg, 37, 706, 10.1016/j.jcrs.2010.10.060 Coskunseven, 2017, Four-stage procedure for keratoconus: ICRS implantation, corneal cross-linking, toric phakic intraocular lens implantation, and topography-guided photorefractive keratectomy, J Refract Surg, 33, 683, 10.3928/1081597X-20170807-01 Benoist d’Azy, 2019, Efficacy of different procedures of intra-corneal ring segment implantation in keratoconus: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Transl Vis Sci Technol, 8, 38, 10.1167/tvst.8.3.38