Nền tảng môi trường Mỹ Latinh: Những cái nhìn so sánh

Catherine Christen1, Selene Herculano2, Kathryn Hochstetler3, Renae Prell4, Marie Price5, J. Timmons Roberts6
1Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
2Departmento de Sociologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, UFF/ICHF/GSO, Niteroi, Brazil
3Political Science Dept., Colorado State University, Fort Collins
4Dept. of Geography, University of Wisconsin at Whitewater, Whitewater
5Dept. of Geography, George Washington University, Washington DC
6Dept. of Sociology, Program in Latin American Studies, Tulane University, New Orleans

Tóm tắt

Bài viết này nghiên cứu ba khái quát phổ biến từ tài liệu về sự đấu tranh môi trường ở Mỹ Latinh. Độ hợp lệ của những khái quát này, được cấu trúc dưới dạng giả thuyết, được kiểm nghiệm thông qua bốn nghiên cứu tình huống từ Costa Rica, Mexico, Venezuela và Brazil. Khái quát đầu tiên là căng thẳng phát sinh giữa những nhà môi trường quốc tế chủ yếu quan tâm đến việc bảo tồn vùng đất hoang và những nhà môi trường quốc gia tham gia vào một loạt các vấn đề địa phương và quốc nội bao gồm chất lượng môi trường đô thị và quyền tiếp cận nguồn tài nguyên tự nhiên. Thứ hai là các tổ chức môi trường ở Mỹ Latinh có cấu trúc và đối tượng tham gia mang tính ưu tú. Thứ ba là các chiến thuật cụ thể do những nhà môi trường thực hiện sẽ liên quan chặt chẽ đến mức độ mở của hệ thống chính trị của quốc gia họ. Thông qua phương pháp nghiên cứu tình huống liên ngành, chúng tôi phát hiện ra rằng hai giả thuyết đầu tiên nhanh chóng bị phá vỡ khi được kiểm tra kỹ lưỡng, trong khi giả thuyết thứ ba được hỗ trợ. Chúng tôi đề xuất một khuôn khổ điều chỉnh để diễn giải hoạt động môi trường trong khu vực, trong đó cân nhắc vai trò của nhà nước cũng như các chiến lược cạnh tranh được sử dụng bởi các nhóm môi trường tự phát, tình nguyện tư nhân và chuyên nghiệp hóa. Sự đấu tranh môi trường ở Mỹ Latinh rất đa dạng, thể hiện nhiều hình thức khác nhau trong các thời kỳ và các quốc gia khác nhau. Việc phát triển một lý thuyết chung về môi trường ở Mỹ Latinh là không thể, nhưng có thể đạt được những phân loại cụ thể hơn ở mức độ trung bình.

Từ khóa

#Môi trường #Mỹ Latinh #phong trào môi trường #phân loại #nghiên cứu tình huống

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