Large-Scale Common Features of Sub-Tropical Convergence Zones (the Baiu Frontal Zone, the SPCZ, and the SACZ) Part II : Conditions of the Circulations for Generating the STCZs

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan - Tập 71 Số 5 - Trang 581-610 - 1993
Yasu‐Masa Kodama

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Akiyama, T., 1973: The large-scale aspects of the characteristic features of the Baiu front. Papers Met Geophys., 24, 175-188.

Akiyama, T., 1978: Mesoscale pulsation of convective rain in medium-scale disturbances developed in the Baiu Front. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 56, 267-283.

Akiyama, T., 1984a: A medium-scale cloud cluster in a Baiu front Part I: Evolution process and fine structure. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 62, 485-504.

Akiyama, T., 1984b: A medium-scale cloud cluster in a Baiu front Part II: Thermal and kinematic fields and heat budget. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 62, 505-521.

Akiyama, T., 1989: Large, synoptic and meso-scale variations of the Baiu front, during July 1982 Part I: Cloud features. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 67, 57-81.

Akiyama, T., 1990a: Large, synoptic and meso-scale variations of the Baiu front, during July 1982 Part II: Frontal structure and disturbances. J. Meteor. Soc Japan, 68, 557-574.

Akiyama, T., 1990b: Large, synoptic and meso-scale variations of the Baiu front, during July 1982 Part III: Space-time scale and structure of frontal disturbances. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 68, 705-727.

Asakura, T., 1970: A study on climate variations around Japan and heat source/sink in the atmosphere. Part I: Tibetan Plateau and climate of Japan (in Japanese) . Meteorological Research Note, 21, 277-290.

Chen, S. -J. and L. Dell'Osso, 1986: The effect of Qinghai-Tibet Plaeau forcing on the Meso-Scale rainbearing circulation systems over Eastern China during presuumer rainy season. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 64, 53-63.

Chen, T. -C. and M. Murakami, 1988: The 30-50 day variation of convective activity over the western Pacific Ocean with emphasis on the northwestern Region Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 892-906.

Chen, T. -C., M. -C. Yen and M. Murakami, 1988: The water vapor transport associated with the 30-50 day oscillation over the Asian monsoon regions during 1979 summer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1983-2002.

Chen, T. -C. and J. -M. Chen, 1993: The intraseasonal oscillation of the lower-tropospheric circulation over the western Pacific during the 1979 northern summer. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 71, 205-220.

Hahn, D. G. and S. Manabe, 1975: The role of mountains in the south Asia Monsoon circulation. J. Atmos Sci., 32, 1515-1541.

Huang, H. -J. and D. C. Vincent, 1983: Changes in circulation features over the South Pacific during FGGE, 10-27 January 1979. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1611-1618.

Huang, H. -J. and D. G. Vincent, 1985: Significance of the South Pacific convergence zone in energy conversions of the Southern Hemisphere during FGGE, 10-27 January 1979. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1359-1371.

Hubert, L. F., 1961: A subtropical convergence line of the South Pacific. A case study using meteorological satellite data. J. Geophys. Res., 66, 797-812.

Hurrell, J. W. and D. G. Vincent, 1987: Significance of the South Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ) in the energy budget of the Southern Hemisphere tropics Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1797-1801.

Hurrell, J. W. and D. G. Vincent, 1990: Relationships between tropical heating and subtropical westerly maxima in the Southern Hemisphere during SOP-1, FGGE tropics. J. Climate, 3, 751-768.

Iwasaki, K., T. Eguchi, Y. Honda, Ko. Masuda, S. Murai, J. Matsumoto, T. Mikami, M. Shinoda, Sukit. V. and H. Yanagimachi, 1992: Precipitation and temperature distributions of the world (Iwasaki, K., ed.) . A contribution to the research project "Better understanding of Earth Environment via satellite. " Division of Geography, Faculty of Letters, Hokkaido Univ

Kalnay, E., K. C. Mo and J. Palgle, 1986: Largeamplitude short-scale stationary rossby waves in the Southern Hemisphere: Observations and mechanistic experiment to determine their origin. J. Atmos Sci., 43, 252-275.

Kato, K., 1985: On the abrupt change in the structure of the Baiu front over the China Continent in late May of 1979. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 63, 20-36.

Kato, K., 1987a: Airmass transformation over the semiarid region around North China and abrupt change in the structure of the Baiu front in early summer J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 65, 737-750.

Kato, K., 1987b: Characteristics of the Baiu front and the seasonal transitions of the large-scale circulations in East Asia (in Japanese) . Tenki, 34, 685-688.

Kato, K., 1989: Seasonal transition of the lower-level circulation systems around the Baiu front in China in 1979 and its relation to the Northern Summer Monsoon. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 67, 249-265.

Kato, K. and Y. -M. Kodama, 1992: Formation of the quasi-stationary Baiu front to the south of the Japan Islands in early May of 1979. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 70, 631-647.

Kiladis, G. N., H. von Storch and H. van Loon, 1989: Origin of the South Pacific convergence zone. J. Climate, 2, 1185-1195.

Kiladis, G. N. and K. M. Weickmann, 1992a: Circulation anomalies associated with tropical convection during Northern winter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1900-1923.

Kiladis, G. N. and K. M. Weickmann, 1992b: Extratropical forcing of tropical Pacific convection during Northern winter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1924-1938.

Kodama, Y. -M., 1992: Large-scale common features of subtropical precipitation zones (the Baiu frontal zone, the SPCZ and the SACZ) Part I: Characteristics of subtropical frontal zones. J. Meteor. Soc Japan, 70, 813-836.

Kousky, V. E., 1979: Frontal Influences on Northwast Brazil. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 1140-1153.

Kurashima, A. and Y. Hiranuma, 1970: Is the Baiu front the polar front? (in Japanese) . Tenki, 17, 245-246.

Lau, K. -M. and H. Lim, 1984: On the dynamics of equatorial forcing of climate teleconnections. J. Atmos Sci., 41, 161-171.

Marine Department of the Japan Meteorological Agency, 1991: Climatic charts of sea surface temperatures of the western North Pacific and the global ocean 51 pp

Maruyama, T., Ts. Nitta and Y. Tsuneoka, 1986: Estimation of monthly rainfall from satellite-observed cloud amount in the tropical Pacific. J. Meteor. Soc Japan, 64, 147-153.

Matsumoto, J., 1984: Summertime circulation patterns over Eastern Asia (in Japanese with English abstract) . Geograph. Rev. Japan (Ser. A) , 57, 137-155.

Matsumoto, S., K. Ninomiya and S. Yoshizumi, 1971: Characteristic features of Baiu front associated with heavy rainfall. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 49, 267-281.

Matsumoto, S., S. Yoshizumi and M. Takeuchi, 1970: On the structure of the Baiu front and associated intermediate-scale disturbances in the lower atmosphere. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 49, 267-281.

Meehl, A. G., 1988: Tropical-midlatitudes interactions in the Indian and Pacific sectors of the Southern Hemisphere. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 472-484.

Murakami, M., 1983: Analysis of the deep convective activity over the western Pacific and Southeast Asia Part I: Diurnal variations. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 61, 60-76.

Murakami, M., 1984: Analysis of the deep convective activity over the western Pacific and Southeast Asia Part II: Seasonal and intraseasonal variations during Northern Summer. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 62, 88-108.

Murakami, T., 1951: On the study of the change of the upper westerlies in the last stage of Baiu season (rainy season in Japan) (in Japanese with English abstract) . J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 29, 162-175.

Murakami, T., 1956: The topographical effect upon the stationary upper flow patterns. Pap. in Meteor. and Geophy., 7, 69-89.

Murakami, T., 1959: The general circulation and watervapor balance over the Far East during the rainy season. Geophys. Mag., 29, 131-171.

Murakami, T., 1986: Monsoon (in Japanese) . Tokyo-do Press Co Murakami, T. and W. -G. Huang, 1984: Orographic effect of the Tibetan Plateau on the rainfall variations over central China during the 1979 summer. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 62, 895-909.

Murakami, T., 1986: Monsoon (in Japanese) . Tokyo-do Press Co Murakami, T. and W. -G. Huang, 1984: Orographic effect of the Tibetan Plateau on the rainfall variations over central China during the 1979 summer. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 62, 895-909.

Murakami, T. and T. Nakazawa, 1985: Transition from Southern to Northern Hemisphere Summer Monsoon. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1470-1486.

Murakami, T., L. -X. Chen and A. Xie, 1986: Relationship among seasonal cycles, low-frequency oscillation, and transient disturbances as revealed from outgoing longwave radiation data. Mon. Wea. Rev.,114, 1456-1465.

Nakamura, H. and N. Hasegawa, 1987: Forecast experiments on the large-scale features of the Baiu front Short- and Medium-Range Numerical Weather Prediction. Special Volume of J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 441-453.

Ninomiya, K., 1978: Heavy rainfalls associated with frontal depression in Asian subtropical humid region (I) Synoptic-scale features. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 56, 253-266.

Ninomiya, K., 1984: Characteristics of Baiu front as a predominant subtropical front in the summer northern hemisphere. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 62, 880-894.

Ninomiya, K. and T. Akiyama, 1992: Multi-scale features of Baiu, the summer monsoon over Japan and the East Asia. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 70, 467-495.

Ninomiya, K. and T. Murakami, 1987: The early summer rainy season (Baiu) over Japan. Monsoon Meteorology, 93-121. Oxford University Press

Ninomiya, K. and H. Muraki, 1986: Large-scale circulations over East Asia during Baiu period of 1979. J Meteor. Soc. Japan, 64, 409-429.

Ninomiya, K. and K. Yamazaki, 1979: Heavy rainfall associated with frontal depression in Asian subtropical humid region. Part II: Mesoscale features of precipitation, radar echoes and stratification. J. Meteor Soc. Japan, 57, 399-413.

Ogawa, T., 1982: Rainfall phenomena over Polynesia (unpublished, in Japanese with English abstract) Bachelor thesis, Department of Geography, University of Tokyo

Ogura, Y., T. Asai and K. Dohi, 1985: A case study of a heavy precipitation event along the Baiu front in northern Kyushu, 23 July 1982: Nagasaki Heavy Rainfall. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 63, 883-900.

Saito, N., 1985: Quasi-stationary waves in mid-latitudes and the Baiu in Japan. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 63, 983-995.

Satyamurty, P., R. P. dos Santos and M. A. M. Lemes, 1980: On the stationary trough generated by the Andes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 510-520.

Streten, N. A., 1973: Some characteristics of satelliteobserved bands of persistent cloudiness over the Southern Hemisphere. Mon. Wea. Rev., 101, 486-495.

Streten, N. A., 1975: Satellite derived inferences to some characteristics of the South Pacific atmospheric circulation associated with the Nino event of 1972-1973. Mon. Wea. Rev., 103, 989-995.

Streten, N. A. and A. J. Troup, 1973: A synoptic climatology of satellite observed cloud vortices over the Southern Hemisphere. Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 99, 56-72.

Streten, N. A. and J. W. Zillman, 1984: Climate of the South Pacific Ocean. Climate of the Oceans (Van Loon, H., ed.) , 263-371. World Survey of Climatology

Suda, K. and T. Asakura, 1955: A study on the unusual "Baiu" season in 1954 by means of northern hemisphere upper air mean chart. J. Meter. Soc. Japan, 33, 233-244.

Taljaard, J. J., 1967: Development, distribution and movement of cyclones and anticyclones in the Southern Hemisphere during the IGY. J. Appl. Meteor., 6, 973-987.

Taljaard, J. J., 1968: Climatic frontal zones of the Southern Hemisphere. Notos, 17, 23-34.

Tao, S. -Y. and Y. -H. Ding, 1981: Observational evidence of the influence of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) plateau on the occurrence of heavy rain and severe convective storms in China. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 62, 23-30.

Trenberth, K. E., 1976: Spatial and temporal variations of the Southern Oscillation. Quart. J. R. Meteor Soc., 102, 639-653.

Trewartha, G. T., 1968: An introduction of climate McGraw-Hill Book Co

van Loon, H., 1965: A climatological study of the atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere during the IGY Part I: 1 July 1957-31 March 1958. J Appl. Meteor., 4, 479-491.

van Loon, H., 1984: The Southern Oscillation Part III: Associations with the trades and with the trough in the westerlies of the South Pacific Ocean. Mon. Wea Rev., 112, 947-954.

van Loon, H. and D. J. Shea, 1985: The Southern Oscillation Part IV: The precurcors south of 15°S to the extremes of the oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 2063-2074.

Vincent, D. G., 1982: Circulation features over the South Pacific during 10-18 January 1979. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 981-993.

Vincent, D. G., 1985: Cyclone development in the South Pacific Convergence Zone during FGGE, 10-17 January 1979. Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 111, 155-172.

von Storch, H., H. van Loon and G. N. Kiladis, 1988: The Southern Oscillation Part VIII: Model sensitivity to SST anomalies in the tropical and subtropical regions of the South Pacific convergence zone. J. Climate, 1, 325-331.

Yamazaki, N. and T. -C. Chen, 1993: Analysis of the East Asian Monsoon during early summer of 1979: Structure of the Baiu front and its relationship to large-scale fields. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 71, 339-355.

Yasunari, T., 1977: Stationary waves in the Southern Hemisphere mid-latitude zone revealed from average brightness charts. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 55, 274-285.

Yoshimura, M., 1967: Annual change in frontal zones in the Northern Hemisphere (in Japanese with English abstract) . Geograph. Rev. Japan (ser. A) , 40, 393-408.

Yoshino, M. M., 1965: Four stages of the rainy season in early summer over East Asia (Part I) . J. Meteor. Soc Japan, 43, 231-245.

Yoshino, M. M., 1966: Four stages of the rainy season in early summer over East Asia (Part II) . J. Meteor Soc. Japan, 44, 209-217.

Yoshizumi, S., 1977: On the structure of intermediatescale disturbances on the Baiu front. J. Meteor. Soc Japan, 55, 107-120.