Language policies and linguistic competence: new speakers in the Norwegian construction industry
Tóm tắt
Taking the Norwegian construction industry as its site of study, this article discusses under which conditions migrant workers in the Norwegian construction industry obtain the status as new speakers in the workplace. These conditions are determined by language proficiency requirements and speaker hierarchies that are constructed through language management at various institutional levels (legislation, industry and workplace). Moreover, the article highlights how language management in the construction industry ascribes linguistic competences, especially competences in the nation-state language Norwegian, with value. Ultimately, this value entails opportunities as well as challenges for the professional lives of migrant workers. The study uses an Ethnography of Language Policy approach combined with Foucauldian discourse analysis which emphasises discourses as social practices. Discourses of policy documents and recommendations are analysed and contextualised with workplace practices and workers’ accounts from three different Norwegian construction sites. The article contributes to the study of new speakers by providing insights into language management in a workplace dominated by multilingualism, migration, and temporariness.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Arbeidstilsynet. (2011). Forskrift om utførelse av arbeid. In Arbeidstilsynet (Ed.), (Vol. 703, pp. 250). Trondheim: Direktoratet for arbeidstilsynet.
Arbeidstilsynet. (2014). Forstår du hva jeg sier? Krav til kommunikasjon og språk på bygge- og anleggsplassen. Trondheim: Direktoratet for arbeidstilsynet.
Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and symbolic power. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Costa, J. (2015). New speakers, new language: On being a legitimate speaker of a minority language in Provence. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2015(231), 127–145.
Duchêne, A. (2011). Neoliberalism, social inequalities, and multilingualism: The exploitation of linguistic resources and speakers. Langage et société, 2(136), 81–108.
Duchêne, A., & Heller, M. (Eds.). (2012a). Language in late capitalism: Pride and profit (Routledge critical studies in multilingualism). New York: Routledge.
Duchêne, A., & Heller, M. (2012b). Language policy in the workplace. In B. Spolsky (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of language policy (pp. 323–334). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Foucault, M. (1971). Orders of discourse. Social Science Information, 10(2), 7–30.
Friberg, J. H., Arnholtz, J., Eldring, L., Hansen, N. W., & Thorarins, F. (2013). Labour migrants from Central and Eastern Europe in the Nordic countries: Patterns of migration, working conditions and recruitment practices. In J. H. Friberg, & L. Eldring (Eds.), TemaNord (Vol. 2013:570, pp. 43–140). http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:702572/FULLTEXT01.pdf: Norden.
Friberg, J. H., & Haakestad, H. (2015). Arbeidsmigrasjon, makt og styringsideologier: Norsk byggenæring i en brytningstid. Søkelys på arbeidslivet, 31(03), 182–205.
Garfinkel, H. (1984). Studies in ethnomethodology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Gumperz, J. J., & Hymes, D. (1986). Directions in sociolinguistics: The ethnography of communication. Oxford: Blackwell.
Heller, M. (2010). The commodification of language. Annual Review of Anthropology, 39, 101–114.
Hornberger, N. H., & Johnson, D. C. (2007). Slicing the onion ethnographically: Layers and spaces in multilingual language education policy and practice. TESOL Quarterly, 41(3), 509–532.
Hull, G. (1999). What’s in a label? Complicating notions of the skills-poor worker. Written Communication, 16(4), 379–411.
Hymes, D. (1973). Speech and language: On the origins and foundations of inequality among speakers. Daedalus, 102(3), 59–85.
Jaffe, A. (2015). Defining the new speaker: Theoretical perspectives and learner trajectories. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 231, 21–44.
Johnson, D. C. (2009). Ethnography of language policy. Language Policy, 8(2), 139–159.
Johnson, D. C. (2013). Language policy. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.
Kilskar, S. S., Wasilkiewicz, K., Nygaard, B., & Øren, A. (2017). Flerkulturelle arbeidsplasser i byggenæringen: Kartlegging av muligheter og utfordringer. Trondheim: SINTEF.
King, K. A., & Rambow, A. C. (2012). Transnationalism, migration and language education policy. In B. Spolsky (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of language policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kraft, K. (2017). Constructing migrant workers: Multilingualism and communication in the transnational construction site. PhD thesis. Oslo: University of Oslo.
Kraft, K. (2018). Kontekster og vilkår for arbejdsintegreret sproglæring. Sprogforum, 66(24), 71–77.
Kraft, K. (2019, forthcoming). Linguistic securitisation as a governmentality in the neoliberalising welfare state. In: L. Martin Rojo & A. Del Percio (Eds.), Language, governmentality and neoliberalism. Abingdon: Routledge.
Lee, J. S., Hill-Bonnet, L., & Raley, J. (2011). Examining the effects of language brokering on student identities and learning opportunities in dual immersion classrooms. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 10(5), 306–326.
Lindquist, J. (2015). Anthropology of brokers and brokerage. In J. D. Wright (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences (2nd ed., pp. 870–874). Oxford: Elsevier.
Lønsmann, D., & Kraft, K. (2018). Language policy and practice in multilingual production workplaces. Multilingua, 37(4), 403–427.
Mortensen, J. (2017). Transient multilingual communities as a field of investigation: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 27(3), 271–288.
NHO. (2016). Bemanningsbarometeret 2016: Bemanningsbransjens årsstatistikk. NHO Service/Prognosesenteret.
Nyen, T., & Tønder, A. H. (2014). Yrkesfagene under press. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
O’Rourke, B., Pujolar, J., & Ramallo, F. (2015). New speakers of minority languages: The challenging opportunity—Foreword. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2015(231), 1–20.
Pujolar & O’Rourke. (2016). New speakers, non-native speakers: Towards a post-national linguistics. Draft paper.
Seriøsitetskrav (2015). Seriøsitetskrav: Spesielle kontraktbestemmelser som skal sikre seriøsitet i bygg- og anleggskontrakter - tillegg til Norsk Standard. Retrieved from http://bnl.no/globalassets/dokumenter/diverse-notater/15-11-16-seriositetskrav---bestemmelser.pdf.
Skovholt, K., & Veum, A. (2015). Tekstanalyse: Ei innføring. Oslo: Cappelen Damm Akademisk.
Spolsky, B. (2012). The Cambridge handbook of language policy (Cambridge handbooks in language and linguistics). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Van Leeuwen, T. (2009). Discourse as the recontextualization of social action: A guide. In R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of critical discourse analysis (2nd ed., pp. 144–161). London: SAGE Publications.
Wasilkiewicz, K., Kilskar, S. S., Øren, A., Tinmannsvik, R. K., & Kilanowska, I. (2018). Multicultural workplaces: A state of the art study of the Norwegian construction industry. In S. Haugen, A. Barros, C. van Gulijk, T. Kongsvik, & J. E. Vinnem (Eds.), Safety and reliability: Safe societies in a changing world. London: Taylor & Francis.