Landslide risk management in Hong Kong
Tóm tắt
The combination of dense urban development, hilly terrain, and intense seasonal rainfall has caused acute landslide problems in Hong Kong, which are manifested by a death toll of over 470 people since the late 1940s. Tackling landslide problems in an urban setting, in particular under the effect of climate change, calls for a development and implementation of a holistic risk management strategy. It entails the use of engineering and non-engineering approaches, involving policy, legislative, administrative, innovation, technical, educational, community-based, and emergency-preparedness provisions. In this paper, these two approaches are showcased by the slope safety system that has been developed and promulgated in managing landslide risk for building Hong Kong as a world-class smart city.
Tài liệu tham khảo
AECOM, Lin B (2015) 24-hour Probable Maximum Precipitation Updating Study (GEO Report No. 314). Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong, pp 298
CEDD (2014). When hillside collapse: a century of landslides in Hong Kong. Civil Engineering and Development Department, HKSAR Government, 2nd edition.
Chan HS, Tong HW, Lee, SM. (2016) Extreme rainfall projection for Hong Kong in the 21st century using CMIP5 models. The 30th Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao seminar on meteorological science and technology.
Chan JCL, Tam FCY (2012) Review of climate change scenarios (GEO Report No. 269). Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong, pp 52
Chan RKS (1997) Geotechnical control of private sector buildings works. Proceedings of the Symposium on Building Construction in Hong Kong, June 1997, Hong Kong, pp 407–421
Chan RKS (2000) Hong Kong slope safety management system. Proceedings of the Symposium on Slope Hazards and their Prevention, Hong Kong, pp 1–16
Chan RKS, Mak SH, Au Yeung YS (2007) Partnering with the community to reduce landslide risk in Hong Kong over the past thirty years. Proceedings of the Seminar on Geotechnical Advancement in Hong Kong since 1970s. Hong Kong Institution of Engineers, pp 183–196
Cheng PFK, Ko FWY (2010) An updated assessment of landslide risk posed by man-made slopes and natural hillsides in Hong Kong (GEO Report No. 252). Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong
Cheung WM, Shiu YK (2000) Assessment of global landslide risk posed by pre-1978 man-made slope features: risk reduction from 1977 to 2000 Achieved by the LPM Programme (GEO Report No. 125). Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong
GCO (1984) Geotechnical Manual for Slopes. Geotechnical Control Office, Hong Kong, 300p
GEO (2018) Guide to Slope Maintenance (Geoguide 5), 3rd edn. Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong, 116p
HKO (1999) Final Report on The Probable Maximum Precipitation Updating Study for Hong Kong. Hong Kong Observatory, Hong Kong, 35p
Ho KKS, Ko FWY (2009) Application of quantified risk analysis in landslide risk management practice: Hong Kong experience. Georisk 3(3):134–146
Ho KKS, Lau JWC (2010) Learning from slope failures to enhance landslide risk management. Q J Eng Geol Hydrogeol 43(43):33–68
IPCC (2013) Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) Climate change: the physical science basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 1535p
Ko FWY (2005) Correlation between rainfall and natural terrain landslide occurrence in Hong Kong (GEO Report No. 168). Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong, 77p
Lam CCL, Mak SH, Wong AHT (1998) A new slope catalogue for Hong Kong. Proceedings of the Seminar on Slope Engineering in Hong Kong, Hong Kong Institution of Engineers, pp 235–242
Lin B (2017) 4-hour probable maximum precipitation (PMP) updating study in Hong Kong (GEO Report No. 331). Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong, 121p
MFJV (2007) Final report on the compilation of the enhanced natural terrain landslide inventory. In: Maunsell Fugro Joint Venture. Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong
Sewell RJ, Campbell SDG (1997) Geochemistry of coeval Mesozonic plutonic and volcanic suites in Hong Kong. J Geol Soc 154:1053–1066
Tang MC, Ho KKS, Chan TCF, Chan NF (2007) The landslip preventive measures programme of the Hong Kong SAR Government – reflections on achievements, advancement and lessons learnt in past 30 years. A Commemorative Volume Published in Conjunction with the 40th Anniversary of the Southeast Asian Geotechnical Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp 337–359
WMO (2009) Manual on estimation of probable maximum precipitation (PMP) (WMO No. 1045). World Meteorological Organization, pp 257
Wong HN (2005) Landslide risk assessment for individual facilities. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Landslide Risk Management, Vancouver, Canada, pp 237–296
Wong HN (2013) Enhancing the resilience of slope safety system against extreme events. The International Conference on Sichuan Reconstruction - The Review and Prospects of Sichuan (5.12) Post-disaster Reconstruction, Hong Kong, pp 11
Wong MC, Mok HY, Lee TC (2011) Observed changes in extreme weather indices in Hong Kong. Int J Climatol 31:2300–2311
Yu YF, Lam JS, Siu CK, Pun WK (2004) Recent advance in Landslip Warning System. Proceedings of the Seminar on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Engineering, Hong Kong, pp 139–147