Landscape-Ecological Approach in Identifying Distribution Patterns of Pollutants Within the Lake Baikal Drainage Basin

Pleiades Publishing Ltd - Tập 40 - Trang 137-143 - 2019
M. Yu. Semenov1, Yu. M. Semenov2,3, V. A. Snytko2,4, A. V. Silaev2
1Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
2V. B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
3Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russia
4S.I. Vavilov Institute for the History of Science and Technology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Tóm tắt

With a view to conducting a comprehensive assessment of pollution of the water bodies within the Lake Baikal drainage basin using dimensionless indicators of the water chemical composition, the problems of identifying and testing the indicators were dealt with, which are necessary for determining the sources and levels of pollution and assessing the contributions of the tributaries to lake pollution and the self-cleaning ability of the waters. The methodology of geoecological monitoring as suggested by these authors is based on identifying correlations between polluters and environmental sites by examining technogenic material of from the sites as mixtures, and material from the sources as their components. Identification of the spatio-temporal structure of pollution involves analyzing the landscape organization of the lake drainage basin and the distribution patterns of pollutants. Substantiation of the observation and monitoring network, extrapolation of monitoring results and display of real-time data used landscape mapping methods. An analysis was made of the landscape and geochemical differentiation of the Lake Baikal drainage basin, and the unified indicators of water composition relating water pollution to natural conditions were ranked. The study revealed areas of geosystems with different rates of organic matter decomposition, i. e. the water areas of the lake with a different self-cleaning ability of the waters, and the areas of the drainage basin, the soils of which are responsible for the formation of waters of different types. The resulting contours were generalized in accordance with the scale of the map for the spatial differentiation of biogeochemical parameters of the landscape organization of the drainage basin. The highest decomposition rate of organic matter is characteristic for taiga dark-coniferous geosystems of optimal development, submontane and intermontane depressions and valleys of Khamar-Daban Range, and the lowest rate is typical for goletz and subgoletz geosystems as well as for taiga forests along the western coast of Lake Baikal.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Protection of Lake Baikal and Environmental Management in the Baikal Region: Annual Report of the Government Commission on Baikal for 1997, Moscow: Gosudarstvennyi Tsentr Ekologicheskikh Programm, 1998 [in Russian]. Grachev, M.A., On the Present State of the Ecological System of Lake Baikal, Novosibirsk: Izd. SO RAN, 2002 [in Russian]. Kirso, U., Irha, N., Paalme, L., Reznikov, S., and Matveyev, A., Levels and Origin of PAHs in Some Big Lakes, Polycycl. Aromat. Comp., 2002, vol. 22, issue 3–4, pp. 715–728. Ok, G., Shirapova, G., Matafonova, G., Batoev, V., and Lee, S., Characteristics of PAHs, PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs in the Sediment of Lake Baikal, Russia, Polycycl. Aromat. Comp., 2013, vol. 33, issue 2, pp. 173–192. Semenov, M.Yu., Marinaite, Golobokova, L.P., Khuriganova, O.I., Khodzher, T.V., and Semenov, Yu.M., Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Lake Baikal Water and Adjacent Air Layer, Chem. Ecol., 2017, vol. 33, issue 10, pp. 977–990. Batoev, V.B., Weissflog, L., Wenzel, K.-D., Tsydenova, O.V., and Palitsyna, S.S., Pollution of the Lake Baikal Drainage Basin: Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons, Khimiya v Interesakh Ustoichivogo Razvitiya, 2003, no. 6, pp. 837–842 [in Russian]. Reznikov, S.A. and Adzhiev, R.A., Persistent Organic Pollutants in Bottom Sediments in the North of Lake Baikal in the Area of the Baikal-Amur Mainline Impact, Russ. Meteorol. Hydrol., 2015, vol. 40, issue 3, pp. 207–214. Ravindra, K., Sokhi, R. and Grieken, R., van, Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Source Attribution, Emission Factors and Regulation, Atmos. Environ., 2008, vol. 42, issue 10, pp. 2895–2921. Semenov, M.Yu., Snytko, V.A. and Marinaite, I.I., Investigating the Origin of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Water of Lake Baikal, Doklady Akad. Nauk, 2017, vol. 474, issue 6, pp.746–750 [in Russian]. Cheremisin, A.A., Marichev, V.N. and Novikov, P.V., Transport of Polar Stratospheric Clouds From the Arctic to Tomsk in January 2010, Atmos. Ocean. Opt., 2013, vol. 26, issue 6, pp. 492–498. Christophersen, N., Neal, C., Hooper, R.P., Vogt, R.D., and Andersen, S., Modelling Streamwater Chemistry as a Mixture of Soilwater End-Members — A Step Towards Second-Generation Acidification Models, J. Hydrol., 1990, vol. 116, issues 1–4, pp. 307–320. McArthur, J.M., Sikdar, P.K., Hoque, M.A., and Ghosal, U., Waste-Water Impacts on Groundwater: Cl/Br Ratios and Implications for Arsenic Pollution of Groundwater in the Bengal Basin and Red River Basin, Vietnam, Sci. Total Environ., 2012, vol. 437, pp. 390–402. Renner, R.M., Glasby, G.P. and Szefer P., Endmember Analysis of Heavy-Metal Pollution in Surficial Sediments From the Gulf of Gdansk and the Southern Baltic Sea off Poland, Appl. Geochem., 1998, vol. 13, issue 3, pp. 313–318. Tobiszewski, M. and Namieśnik, J., PAH Diagnostic Ratios for the Identification of Pollution Emission Sources, Environ. Pollut., 2012, vol. 162, pp. 110–119. Wang, J., Rossow, W.B., Uttal, T., and Rozendaal, M., Variability of Cloud Vertical Structure During ASTEX Observed From a Combination of Rawinsonde, Radar, Ceilometer, and Satellite, Mon. Weather Rev., 1999, vol. 127, pp. 2484–2502. Larsen, R.K. and Baker, J.E., Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Urban Atmosphere: A Comparison of Three Methods, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2003, vol. 37, no. 9, pp. 1873–1881. Henry, R.C., Multivariate Receptor Models—Current Practice and Future Trends, Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Syst., 2002, vol. 60, issues 1–2, pp. 43–48. Semenov, M.Yu., Snytko, VA. and Marinaite, New Method for Assessing Contributions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons to Pollution of Environmental Objects, Doklady Akad. Nauk, 2015, vol. 463, issue 1, pp. 699–703. Legorburu, I., Rodríguez, J.G., Valencia, V., Solaun O., Borja, Á., Millán, E., Galparsoro, I., and Larreta, J., Sources and Spatial Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Coastal Sediments of the Basque Country (Bay of Biscay), Chem. Ecol., 2014, vol. 30, issue 8, pp. 701–718. Vassoevich, N.B., Stratification and Sedimentary Differentiation, Doklady Akad. Nauk, 1949, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 685–688 [in Russian]. Semenov, M.Yu., Marinaite, Zhuchenko, N.A., Lhuriganova, O.I., Bashenkhaeva, N.V., and Molozhnikova, Ye.V, Identification of Sources and Pathways of Input of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons to Surface Waters From Chemical Monitoring Data, Geoekologiya, Inzhenernaya Geologiya, Gidrogeologiya, Geokriologiya, 2017, no. 1, pp. 40–49 [in Russian]. Semenov, M.Yu. and Snytko, V.A., Optimization of Approaches for Simulation of the Chemical Composition of River Water, Doklady Akad. Nauk, 2013, vol. 453, issue 2, pp. 1288–1291. Snytko, V.A. and Semenov, Yu.M., Experience of Conjugate Mapping of Geomers and Geochores, Geogr. Prir. Resur., 1981, no. 4, pp. 28–37 [in Russian]. Semenov, Yu.M., Landscape Mapping for Purposes of Environmental Management, Geogr. Prir. Resur., 1985, n. 2, pp. 22–28 [in Russian]. Semenov, Yu.M. and Suvorov, E.G., Toward the Development of the Concept of Landscape Monitoring, Geogr. Prir. Resur., 1994, no. 4, pp. 5–9 [in Russian]. Ecological Atlas of the Lake Baikal Basin, A.R. Batuev, L.M. Korytny, J. Oyungerel, and D. Enkhtaivan, Eds., Irkutsk: IG SO RAN, 2015 [in Russian]. Soil Atlas of the Russian Federation, S.A. Shoba, Ed., Moscow: Astrel, 2011 [in Russian].