Lake responses to reduced nutrient loading – an analysis of contemporary long‐term data from 35 case studies

Freshwater Biology - Tập 50 Số 10 - Trang 1747-1771 - 2005
Erik Jeppesen1,2, Martin Søndergaard1, Jens Peder Jensen1, Karl E. Havens3, Orlane Anneville4, Laurence Carvalho5, Michael Coveney6, Rainer Deneke7, Martin T. Dokulil8, Bob Foy9, Filip De Boeck4, Stephanie E. Hampton10, Sabine Hilt11, Külli Kangur12, Jan Köhler11, Eddy H.H.R. Lammens13, Torben L. Lauridsen1, Marina Manca14, Margarita Fernández‐Aláez15, Brian Moss16, Peeter Nõges17, Gunnar Persson17, Geoff Phillips18, R. Portielje13, Susana Romo15, Claire L. Schelske19, Dietmar Straile20, István Tátrai21, Eva Willén17, Monika Winder10
1Department of Freshwater Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, Silkeborg, Denmark
2Department of Plant Biology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
3Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida, FL, U.S.A.
4INRA, Centre Alpin de Recherche sur les Réseaux Trophiques des Ecosystèmes Limniques, Station d'Hydrobiologie Lacustre, Université de Savoie, Cedex, France
5Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Scotland
6Water Resources Department/Environmental Sciences Division, St Johns River Water Management District, Palatka, FL, U.S.A.
7Brandenburg University of Technology (BTUC), Research Station Bad Saarow, Bad Saarow, Germany
8Institute for Limnology, Mondsee, Austria
9Agricultural and Environmental Science Division, Newforge Lane, Belfast, U.K.
10University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.
11Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
12Võrtsjärv Limnological Station, Institute of Zoology and Botany, Estonian Agricultural University, Estonia
13RIZA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
14CNR, Pallanza, Italy
15Área de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Ed. Investigación, Campus Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
16School of Biological Sciences, Derby Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.
17Department of Environmental Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
18Environment Agency, National Ecology Technical Team, Reading, U.K.
19Department of Geological Sciences, Land Use and Environmental Change Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A.
20Limnologisches Institut, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
21Limnological Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tihany, Klebelsberg, Hungary

Tóm tắt

Summary1. This synthesis examines 35 long‐term (5–35 years, mean: 16 years) lake re‐oligotrophication studies. It covers lakes ranging from shallow (mean depth <5 m and/or polymictic) to deep (mean depth up to 177 m), oligotrophic to hypertrophic (summer mean total phosphorus concentration from 7.5 to 3500 μg L−1 before loading reduction), subtropical to temperate (latitude: 28–65°), and lowland to upland (altitude: 0–481 m). Shallow north‐temperate lakes were most abundant.2. Reduction of external total phosphorus (TP) loading resulted in lower in‐lake TP concentration, lower chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration and higher Secchi depth in most lakes. Internal loading delayed the recovery, but in most lakes a new equilibrium for TP was reached after 10–15 years, which was only marginally influenced by the hydraulic retention time of the lakes. With decreasing TP concentration, the concentration of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) also declined substantially.3. Decreases (if any) in total nitrogen (TN) loading were lower than for TP in most lakes. As a result, the TN : TP ratio in lake water increased in 80% of the lakes. In lakes where the TN loading was reduced, the annual mean in‐lake TN concentration responded rapidly. Concentrations largely followed predictions derived from an empirical model developed earlier for Danish lakes, which includes external TN loading, hydraulic retention time and mean depth as explanatory variables.4. Phytoplankton clearly responded to reduced nutrient loading, mainly reflecting declining TP concentrations. Declines in phytoplankton biomass were accompanied by shifts in community structure. In deep lakes, chrysophytes and dinophytes assumed greater importance at the expense of cyanobacteria. Diatoms, cryptophytes and chrysophytes became more dominant in shallow lakes, while no significant change was seen for cyanobacteria.5. The observed declines in phytoplankton biomass and chl a may have been further augmented by enhanced zooplankton grazing, as indicated by increases in the zooplankton : phytoplankton biomass ratio and declines in the chl a : TP ratio at a summer mean TP concentration of <100–150 μg L−1. This effect was strongest in shallow lakes. This implies potentially higher rates of zooplankton grazing and may be ascribed to the observed large changes in fish community structure and biomass with decreasing TP contribution. In 82% of the lakes for which data on fish are available, fish biomass declined with TP. The percentage of piscivores increased in 80% of those lakes and often a shift occurred towards dominance by fish species characteristic of less eutrophic waters.6. Data on macrophytes were available only for a small subsample of lakes. In several of those lakes, abundance, coverage, plant volume inhabited or depth distribution of submerged macrophytes increased during oligotrophication, but in others no changes were observed despite greater water clarity.7. Recovery of lakes after nutrient loading reduction may be confounded by concomitant environmental changes such as global warming. However, effects of global change are likely to run counter to reductions in nutrient loading rather than reinforcing re‐oligotrophication.

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Freshwater Biology

Tập 50 Số 10

1747-1771

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