Laboratory models of sepsis and septic shock

Wichterman, 1980, Sepsis and septic shock—A review of laboratory models and a proposal, J. Surg. Res., 29, 189, 10.1016/0022-4804(80)90037-2

Parker, 1983, Septic shock: Hemodynamics and pathogenesis, J. Amer. Med. Assoc., 250, 3324, 10.1001/jama.250.24.3324

Pepe, 1982, Clinical predictors of the adult respiratory distress syndrome, Amer. J. Surg., 144, 124, 10.1016/0002-9610(82)90612-2

Deutschman, 1987, Physiology and metabolism in isolated viral septicemia: Further evidence of an host-dependent response, Arch. Surg., 122, 21, 10.1001/archsurg.1987.01400130027003

Okrent, 1987, Cardiorespiratory patterns in viral septicemia, Amer. J. Med., 83, 681, 10.1016/0002-9343(87)90898-9

Wyles, 1980, The systemic septic response: Does the organism matter?, Crit. Care Med., 8, 55, 10.1097/00003246-198002000-00001

Marshall, 1988, The microbiology of multiple organ failure: The proximal gastrointestinal tract as an occult reservoir of pathogens, Arch. Surg., 123, 309, 10.1001/archsurg.1988.01400270043006

Meakins, 1980, The surgical intensive care unit: Current concepts in infection, Surg. Clin. North Amer., 60, 117, 10.1016/S0039-6109(16)42038-4

Hangen, 1987, Adult respiratory distress syndrome: A live E. coli septic primate model, Amer. J. Pathol., 126, 396

Stevens, 1986, Effects of anti-C5a antibodies on the adult respiratory distress syndrome in septic primates, J. Clin. Invest., 77, 1812, 10.1172/JCI112506

Cryer, 1987, Skeletal microcirculatory responses to hyperdynamic Escherichia coli sepsis in unanesthetized rats, Arch. Surg., 122, 86, 10.1001/archsurg.1987.01400130092014

Cryer, 1988, Prostaglandins maintain renal microvascular blood flow during hyperdynamic bacteremia, Circ. Shock, 26, 71

Baker, 1988, Effect of endotoxin and trauma on survival after cecal ligation and puncture in mice, Surg. Forum, 39, 116

Baker, 1985, Clarifications of the role of endotoxin in intra-abdominal and systemic sepsis, Surg. Forum, 36, 68

Olson, 1985, The role of C5 in septic lung injury, Ann. Surg., 202, 771, 10.1097/00000658-198512000-00018

Barke, 1989, The association of Escherichia coli virulence and pulmonary microvascular damage, Arch. Surg., 124, 449, 10.1001/archsurg.1989.01410040059013

Brigham, 1974, Increased sheep lung vascular permeability caused by Pseudomonas bacteremia, J. Clin. Invest., 54, 792, 10.1172/JCI107819

Demling, 1986, The pulmonary and systemic response to recurrent endotoxemia in the adult sheep, Surgery, 100, 876

Drake, 1986, Effect of endotoxin on diaphragm lymph contamination in unanesthetized sheep, J. Appl. Physiol., 62, 706, 10.1152/jappl.1987.62.2.706

Gnidec, 1988, Ibuprofen reduces the progression of permeability edema in an animal model of hyperdynamic sepsis, J. Appl. Physiol., 65, 1024, 10.1152/jappl.1988.65.3.1024

Lebel, 1989, Increased lymphatic elimination of interstitial hyaluronan during E. coli sepsis in sheep, Amer. J. Physiol., 256, H1524

Reus, 1983, Removal of abdominal sources of caudal mediastinal node lymph in anesthetized sheep, J. Appl. Physiol., 55, 996, 10.1152/jappl.1983.55.3.996

Staub, 1975, Preparation of chronic lung lymph fistulas in sheep, J. Surg. Res., 19, 315, 10.1016/0022-4804(75)90056-6

Talke, 1985, A model of ovine endotoxemia characterized by an increased cardiac output, Circ. Shock, 17, 103

Traber, 1988, Cardiopulmonary responses to continuous administration of endotoxin, Amer. J. Physiol., 254, H833

Dodds, 1982, The pig model for biomedical research, 41, 247

Rietschel, 1982, Bacterial endotoxin: Chemical structure, biological activity and role in septicemia, Scand. J. Infect. Dis. Suppl., 31, 821

Abraham, 1983, Sequential cardiorespiratory patterns in septic shock, Crit. Care Med., 11, 799, 10.1097/00003246-198310000-00007

Groeneveld, 1986, Hemodynamic determinants of mortality in human septic shock, Surgery, 99, 140

Parker, 1984, Profound but reversible myocardial depression in patients with septic shock, Ann. Intern. Med., 100, 483, 10.7326/0003-4819-100-4-483

Parker, 1987, Serial cardiovascular variables in survivors and nonsurvivors of human septic shock: Heart rate as an early predictor of prognosis, Crit. Care Med., 15, 923, 10.1097/00003246-198710000-00006

Montgomery, 1985, Causes of mortality in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome, Amer. Rev. Respir. Dis., 132, 485

Brackett, 1985, Evaluation of cardiac output, total peripheral vascular resistance, and plasma concentrations of vasopressin in the conscious, unrestrained rat during endotoxemia, Circ. Shock, 17, 273

D'Orio, 1987, A comparison of Escherichia coli endotoxin single bolus injection with low-dose endotoxin infusion on pulmonary and systemic vascular changes, Circ. Shock, 21, 207

Ferguson, 1978, Effects of endotoxin on regional blood flow in the unanesthetized guinea pig, J. Surg. Res., 25, 236, 10.1016/0022-4804(78)90113-0

Hinshaw, 1968, Comparison of canine responses to Escherichia coli organisms and endotoxin, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 127, 981

Hussian, 1985, Distribution of respiratory muscle and organ blood flow during endotoxic shock in dogs, J. Appl. Physiol., 59, 1802, 10.1152/jappl.1985.59.6.1802

Law, 1988, Nalaxone alters organ perfusion during endotoxin shock in conscious rats, Amer. J. Physiol., 255, H1106

Wyler, 1970, The effects of endotoxin on distribution of cardiac output in unanesthetized rabbits, Amer. J. Physiol., 219, 246, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1970.219.1.246

Buchanan, 1976, Hypoglycemic depression of RES function, Amer. J. Physiol., 231, 265, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1976.231.1.265

Filkins, 1974, Depression of hepatic gluconeogenesis and the hypoglycemia of endotoxin shock, Amer. J. Physiol., 227, 778, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1974.227.4.778

Wilmore, 1980, Effect of injury and infection on visceral metabolism and circulation, Ann. Surg., 192, 491, 10.1097/00000658-198010000-00008

Wolfe, 1978, Glucose and lactate metabolism in experimental septic shock, Amer. J. Physiol., 235, R219

Elin, 1975, Lack of clinical usefulness of the limulus test and the diagnosis of endotoxemia, N. Engl. J. Med., 292, 521, 10.1056/NEJM197509112931102

Stumacher, 1973, Limitations of the usefulness of the limulus assay for endotoxin, N. Engl. J. Med., 288, 1261, 10.1056/NEJM197306142882402

Senterfitt, 1968, Salmonellosis in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis BCG. I. Role of endotoxin in infection, J. Bacteriol., 96, 287, 10.1128/JB.96.2.287-292.1968

Greisman, 1969, The role of endotoxin during typhoid fever and tularemia in man. IV. The integrity of the endotoxin tolerance mechanism during infection, J. Clin. Invest., 48, 613, 10.1172/JCI106020

Hagberg, 1984, Difference in susceptibility to gram-negative urinary tract infection between C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeN mice, Infect. Immun., 46, 839, 10.1128/IAI.46.3.839-844.1984

Vas, 1973, Endotoxin sensitivity of inbred mouth strains, Canad. J. Microbiol., 19, 767, 10.1139/m73-125

Natanson, 1989, Role of endotoxemia in cardiovascular dysfunction and mortality: Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus challenges in a canine model of human septic shock, J. Clin. Invest., 83, 243, 10.1172/JCI113866

Danner, 1988, Endotoxemia in critically ill patients, Clin. Res., 36, 370A

van Deventer, 1988, Endotoxaemia: An early predictor of septicaemia in febrile patients, Lancet, 1, 605, 10.1016/S0140-6736(88)91412-2

Revhaug, 1988, Inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase attenuates the metabolic response to endotoxin in humans, Arch. Surg., 123, 162, 10.1001/archsurg.1988.01400260042004

Suffredini, 1987, Endotoxin (E) administration produces abnormal cardiovascular (CV) responses in normal humans, Clin. Res., 35, 386A

Suffredini, 1988, Intravenous endotoxin (E) to normal humans causes gas exchange abnormalities and increased alveolar epithelial permeability, Clin. Res., 36, 511A

Proctor, 1986, Protection of mice against lethal endotoxemia by a lipid A precursor, Infect. Immun., 52, 905, 10.1128/IAI.52.3.905-907.1986

Fink, 1988, Systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of cyclo-oxygenase and thromboxane synthetase inhibition in normal and hyperdynamic endotoxemic rabbits, Circ. Shock, 26, 41

Johnston, 1989, E. coli endotoxin produces hyperdynamic hemodynamics in the rat, Circ. Shock, 27, 320

Brobmann, 1970, Mesenteric vascular responses to endotoxin in the monkey and dog, Amer. J. Physiol., 219, 1464, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1970.219.5.1464

Brungardt, 1972, Route of endotoxin delivery: Effects on canine mesenteric hemodynamics, Amer. J. Physiol., 223, 565, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1972.223.3.565

Breslow, 1987, Effect of vasopressors on organ blood flow during endotoxin shock in pigs, Amer. J. Physiol., 252, H291

Cunnion, 1986, Coronary circulation in human septic shock, Circulation, 73, 637, 10.1161/01.CIR.73.4.637

Dhainaut, 1987, Coronary hemodynamics and myocardial metabolism of lactate, free fatty acids, glucose, and ketones in patients with septic shock, Circulation, 75, 533, 10.1161/01.CIR.75.3.533

Fink, 1989, Effect of lipopolysaccharide on intestinal intramucosal hydrogen ion concentration in pigs: Evidence of gut ischemia in a normodynamic model of septic shock, Crit. Care Med., 17, 641, 10.1097/00003246-198907000-00009

Fink, 1989, Complement depletion with Naje haje cobra venom factor limits prostaglandin release and improves visceral perfusion in porcine endotoxic shock, J. Trauma, 29, 1076, 10.1097/00005373-198908000-00004

Fink, 1989, Systemic and mesenteric O2 metabolism in endotoxic pigs: Effect of ibuprofen and meclofenamate, J. Appl. Physiol., 67, 1950, 10.1152/jappl.1989.67.5.1950

Natanson, 1988, Cardiovascular performance with E. coli challenges in a canine model of human sepsis, Amer. J. Physiol., 254, H558

Natanson, 1986, Gram-negative bacteremia produces both severe systolic and diastolic cardiac dysfunction in a canine model that simulates human septic shock, J. Clin. Invest., 78, 259, 10.1172/JCI112559

Fish, 1985, Myocardial dysfunction in a nonlethal, nonshock model of chronic endotoxemia, Circ. Shock, 16, 241

Goldfarb, 1983, Canine left ventricular performance during LD50 endotoxemia, Amer. J. Physiol., 244, H370

Lee, 1988, Left ventricular function during chronic endotoxemia in a swine, Amer. J. Physiol., 254, H324

Modig, 1988, Comparison of effects of dextran-70 and Ringer's acetate on pulmonary function, hemodynamics, and survival in experimental septic shock, Crit. Care Med., 16, 266, 10.1097/00003246-198803000-00011

Melchior, 1987, Hemodynamic effects of continuous norepinephrine infusion in dogs with and without hyperkinetic endotoxic shock, Crit. Care Med., 15, 687, 10.1097/00003246-198707000-00012

Emerson, 1967, Effects of slow intravenous endotoxin infusion on hemodynamics and survival in dogs, J. Appl. Physiol., 22, 874, 10.1152/jappl.1967.22.5.874

Kurtz, 1982, Effects of continuous intravenous infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin in swine, Amer. J. Vet. Res., 43, 262

Fish, 1984, Continuous infusion of endotoxin from an osmotic pump in the conscious-unrestrained rat: A unique model of chronic endotoxemia, Circ. Shock, 12, 135

Fish, 1986, Regional blood flow during continuous low-dose endotoxin infusion, Circ. Shock, 18, 267

Arita, 1988, Induction of hypermetabolism in guinea pigs by endotoxin infused through the portal vein, Arch. Surg., 123, 1420, 10.1001/archsurg.1988.01400350134021

Fink, 1987, Systemic and regional hemodynamic changes after intraperitoneal endotoxin in rabbits: Development of a new model of the clinical syndrome of hyperdynamic sepsis, Circ. Shock, 22, 73

Pass, 1984, Cardiopulmonary response of the rat to gram-negative bacteremia, Amer. J. Physiol., 246, H344

Sato, 1982, The pathophysiology of septic shock: Changes in hemodynamics in rats following live E. coli injection, 7, 25

Hinshaw, 1981, Survival of primates in lethal septic shock following delayed treatment with steroids, Circ. Shock, 8, 291

Hinshaw, 1988, Evaluation of naloxone therapy for Escherichia coli sepsis in the baboon, Arch. Surg., 123, 700, 10.1001/archsurg.1988.01400300042006

Hinshaw, 1981, Effectiveness of steroid-antibiotic treatment in primates administered LD100Escherichia coli, Ann. Surg., 194, 51, 10.1097/00000658-198107000-00009

Bone, 1987, A controlled clinical trial of high-dose methylprednisolone in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock, N. Engl. J. Med., 317, 653, 10.1056/NEJM198709103171101

Sprung, 1984, The effects of high-dose corticosteroids in patients with septic shock: A prospective, controlled study, N. Engl. J. Med., 311, 1137, 10.1056/NEJM198411013111801

1987, N. Engl. J. Med., 317, 659, 10.1056/NEJM198709103171102

Carroll, 1982, Hyperdynamic severe intravascular sepsis depends on fluid administration in cynomolgus monkey, Amer. J. Physiol., 243, R131

Schaer, 1990, Renal hemodynamics and prostglandin E2 excretion in a non-human primate model of septic shock, Crit. Care Med., 18, 52, 10.1097/00003246-199001000-00013

Tracey, 1987, Anti-cachectin/TNF monoclonal antibodies prevent septic shock during lethal bacteraemia, Nature (London), 330, 662, 10.1038/330662a0

Crocker, 1981, Bacteremia: Host-specific lung clearance and pulmonary failure, J. Trauma, 21, 215, 10.1097/00005373-198103000-00004

Crocker, 1981, Pulmonary clearance of blood-borne bacteria, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 153, 845

Dehring, 1983, Comparison of live bacteria infusions in a porcine model of acute respiratory failure, J. Surg. Res., 34, 151, 10.1016/0022-4804(83)90054-9

Davies, 1989, Ibuprofen plus prostaglandin E1 in a septic porcine model of adult respiratory distress syndrome, J. Trauma, 29, 284, 10.1097/00005373-198903000-00002

Dehring, 1983, Indomethacin improvement of septic acute respiratory failure in a porcine model, J. Trauma, 23, 725, 10.1097/00005373-198308000-00008

Byrne, 1988, Successful use of an anti-platelet-activating factor agent in the porcine Pseudomonas ARDS model, Surg. Forum, 39, 61

Lee, 1986, Effects of ibuprofen on a pig Pseudomonas ARDS model, J. Surg. Res., 40, 438, 10.1016/0022-4804(86)90212-X

Sielaff, 1987, Successful treatment of adult respiratory distress syndrome by histamine and prostaglandin blockade in a porcine Pseudomonas model, Surgery, 102, 350

Shaw, 1984, A conscious septic dog model with hemodynamic and metabolic responses similar to responses of humans, Surgery, 95, 553

Ahrenholz, 1980, Fibrin in peritonitis. I. Beneficial and adverse effects of fibrin in experimental E. coli peritonitis, Surgery, 88, 41

Fink, 1984, Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis restores normal hemodynamics in canine hyperdynamic sepsis, Ann. Surg., 200, 619, 10.1097/00000658-198411000-00011

Nakatani, 1984, Hepatic and systemic metabolic response to aerobic and anaerobic intra-abdominal abscesses in a highly reproducible chronic rat model, Circ. Shock, 13, 271

Vary, 1986, Effect of sepsis on activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in skeletal muscle and liver, Amer. J. Physiol., 250, E634

Alexander, 1989, A new model for studying nutrition in peritonitis: The adverse effect of overfeeding, Ann. Surg., 209, 334, 10.1097/00000658-198903000-00014

Baker, 1983, Evaluation of factors affecting mortality rate after sepsis in a murine cecal ligation and puncture model, Surgery, 94, 331

Richmond, 1985, Renal and cardiovascular response to nonhypotensive sepsis in a large animal model with peritonitis, Surgery, 97, 205

Avila, 1985, Peripheral lymph flow in sheep with bacterial peritonitis: Evidence for increased peripheral microvascular permeability accompanying systemic sepsis, Surgery, 97, 685

Cummings, 1988, Association between renal and sympathetic responses to nonhypotensive systemic sepsis, Crit. Care Med., 16, 1132, 10.1097/00003246-198811000-00010

Lang, 1983, Sustained hypermetabolic sepsis in rats: Characterization of the model, J. Surg. Res., 35, 201, 10.1016/S0022-4804(83)80005-5

Lang, 1984, Cardiac output and redistribution of organ blood flow in hypermetabolic sepsis, Amer. J. Physiol., 246, R331

Albrecht, 1964, The increase of circulatory requirements in the presence of inflammation, Surgery, 56, 158

Hermreck, 1969, Mechanisms for the high circulatory requirements in sepsis and septic shock, Ann. Surg., 170, 677, 10.1097/00000658-196910000-00017

Gahhos, 1981, Hemodynamic responses to sepsis: Hypodynamic vs. hyperdynamic states, J. Surg. Res., 31, 475, 10.1016/0022-4804(81)90185-2

Durkot, 1989, Hyper- and hypodynamic models of sepsis in guinea pigs, J. Surg. Res., 46, 118, 10.1016/0022-4804(89)90213-8

Mela-Riker, 1988, Chronic hyperdynamic sepsis in the rat. I. Characterization of the animal model, Circ. Shock, 25, 231