Labor efficiency and intensity of land use in rice production: An example from Kalimantan
Tóm tắt
The “Boserup hypothesis” contends that land-intensive systems of agriculture will be adopted only when high population density precludes the use of land-extensive methods. In the Kerayan District of East Kalimantan (Indonesia) the Lun Dayeh practice permanent-field rice cultivation despite very low human densities. An examination of the relative labor efficiencies of shifting and permanent-field agriculture in the Kerayan, as well as of local environmental and historical variables, explains why this “anomalous” situation exists. It is argued that since relative success in production of rice by shifting- and permanent-field irrigated methods depends on many natural and social conditions other than levels of population density, the “environment-free” Boserup hypothesis cannot adequately explain or predict the occurrence of particular forms of rice agriculture.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Barlett, P. F. (1980). Adaptive strategies in peasant agricultural production.Annual Review of Anthropology 1980 9: 545–573.
Boserup, E. (1965).The Conditions of Agricultural Growth. Aldine, Chicago, Ill.
Boserup, E. (1981).Population and Technological Change: A Study of Long-Term Trends. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill.
Bronson, B. C. (1972). Farm labor and evolution of food production. In Spooner, B. (ed.),Population Growth: Anthropological Implications, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Brookfield, H. C. (1972). Intensification and disintensification in Pacific agriculture: A theoretical approach.Pacific Viewpoint 13(1): 30–48.
Brown, P., and Podolefsky, A. (1976). Population density, agricultural intensity, land tenure, and group size in the New Guinea Highlands.Ethnology 15: 211–238.
Clarke, W. C. (1966). From extensive to intensive shifting cultivation: A succession from New Guinea. Ethnology 5: 347–359.
Conklin, H. C. (1957).Hanunoo Agriculture. FAO, Rome, Italy.
Conklin, H. C. (1980).Ethnographic Atlas of Ifugao. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.
Corey, R. (1981, November). Personal communication. Department of Soils, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.
Crain, J. B. (1970).The Lun Dayeh of Sabah, East Malaysia: Aspects of Marriage and Social Exchange. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.
Crain, J. B. (1973). Mengalong Lun Dayeh agricultural organisation.Brunei Museum Journal 3(1): 1–25.
De Datta, S. K. (1981).Principles and Practices of Rice Production. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Deegan, J. L. (1973).Change Among the Lun Bawang, A Borneo People. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington. Seattle, Wash.
Eilers, R. G., and Loi, K. S. (1982). The Soils of Northern Interior Sarawak (East-Malaysia). Dept. of Agriculture-Sarawak, Kuching.
Freeman, J. D. (1955).Iban Agriculture: A Report of the Shifting Cultivation of Hill Rice by the Iban of Sarawak. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, England.
Freeman, J. D. (1970).Report on the Iban. Athlone Press, London, England.
Fryer, D. W., and Jackson, J. C. (1977).Indonesia. Westview Press, Boulder, Colo.
Furer-Haimendorf, C. (1962).The Apa Tanis and Their Neighbours;A Primitive Civilization of the Eastern Himalayas. Routledge and Paul, London, England.
Furer-Haimendorf, C. (1980).A Himalayan Tribe: From Cattle to Cash. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India.
Geddes, W. R. (1954).The Land Dayaks of Sarawak. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, England.
Geertz, C. (1963).Agricultural Involution: The Process of Ecological Change in Indonesia. University of California Press, Berkeley, Calif.
Hanks, L. M. (1972).Rice and Man. Aldine, Chicago, Ill.
Harris, M. (1971).Culture, Man and Nature: An Introduction to General Anthropology. Crowell, New York.
Harrison, T. (1959).World Within. Cresset Press, London, England.
Izikowitz, K. H. (1951). Lamet: Hill peasants in French Indochina.Ethnologiska Studier 17, 1–375.
Langub, J. (1983).Rural Development in Ba Kelalan, Sarawak, Malaysia: Interaction between Government and Community. Unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canad.
Netting, R. McC. (1968).Hill Farmers of Nigeria: Cultural Ecology of the Kofyar of the Jos Plateau. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Wash.
Padoch, C. (1982).Migration and Its Alternatives Among the Iban of Sarawak. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Institute voor Taal-, Landen Volkenkunde 98, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague.
Rubin, J. (1973). Notes on the comparative study of agriculture of world regions.Peasant Studies Newsletter 2(4): 1–4.
St. John, Spencer (1862).Life in the Forest of the Far East (Two Volumes). Smith, Elder and Co., London, England.
Schneeberger, W. F. (1979). Contributions to the ethnology of central northeast Borneo.Studia Ethnologica Bernensia No. 2. University of Berne Institute of Ethnology, Berne, Switzerland.
Spencer, J. E. (1966).Shifting Cultivation in Southeastern Asia. University of California Press, Berkeley, Calif.
Turner, B. L., Hanham, R. Q., and Portararo, A. V. (1977). Population pressure and agricultural intensity.Annals of the Association of American Geographers 67(3): 384–396.
Vasey, D. E. (1979). Population and agricultural intensity in the humid tropics.Human Ecology 7(3): 269–283.