L’inflammation microscopique dans la sclérose en plaques : inflammation focale et inflammation diffuse

Leary, 1999, 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of normal appearing white matter in primary progressive multiple sclerosis, J Neurol, 246, 1023, 10.1007/s004150050507 De Stefano, 2003, Evidence of early cortical atrophy in MS: relevance to white matter changes and disability, Neurology, 60, 1157, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000055926.69643.03 Ingle, 2003, Primary progressive multiple sclerosis: a 5-year clinical and MR study, Brain, 126, 2528, 10.1093/brain/awg261 Frischer, 2009, The relation between inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis brains, Brain, 132, 1175, 10.1093/brain/awp070 Kivisakk, 2003, Human cerebrospinal fluid central memory CD4+ Tcells: evidence for trafficking through choroid plexus and meninges via P-selectin, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 100, 8389, 10.1073/pnas.1433000100 Sawcer, 2011, Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis, Nature, 476, 214, 10.1038/nature10251 Tzartos, 2011, IL-21 and IL21 receptor expression in lymphocytes and neurons in multiple sclerosis brain, Am J Pathol, 178, 794, 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.10.043 Kerlero de Rosbo, 1997, Predominance of the autoimmune response to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in multiple sclerosis: reactivity to the extracellular domain of MOG is directed against three major regions, Eur J Immunol, 27, 3059, 10.1002/eji.1830271144 Skulina, 2004, Multiple sclerosis: brain infiltrating CD8+ T cells persist as clonal expansions in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101, 2428, 10.1073/pnas.0308689100 Kerschensteiner, 1999, Activated human T cells, B cells, and monocytes produce brain-derived neurotrophic factor in vitro and in inflammatory brain lesions: a neuroprotective role of inflammation?, J Exp Med, 189, 865, 10.1084/jem.189.5.865 Stadelmann, 2002, BDNF and gp145trkB in multiple sclerosis brain lesions: neuroprotective interactions between immune cells ans neuronal cells?, Brain, 125, 75, 10.1093/brain/awf015 Serafini, 2004, Detection of ectopic B-cell follicles with germinal centers in the meninges of patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis brain, J Exp Med, 204, 2899, 10.1084/jem.20071030 Hauser, 2008, B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, N Engl J Med, 358, 676, 10.1056/NEJMoa0706383 Trebst, 2001, CCR1+/CCR5+ mononuclear phagocytes accumulate in the central nervous system of patients with multiple sclerosis, Am J Pathol, 159, 1701, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63017-9 Kutzelnigg, 2014, Pathology of multiple sclerosis and related inflammatory demyelinating diseases, 122, 15 Brück, 1995, Monocyte/macrophage difffernciation in early multiple sclerosis lesions, Ann Neurol, 38, 788, 10.1002/ana.410380514 Barnett, 2009, Immunoglobulins and complement in postmortem multiple sclerosis tissue, Ann Neurol, 65, 32, 10.1002/ana.21524 Henderson, 2009, Multiple sclerosis: distribution of inflammatory cells in newly forming lesions, Ann Neurol, 66, 739, 10.1002/ana.21800 Kutzelnigg, 2005, Cortical demyelination and diffuse white matter injury in multiple sclerosis, Brain, 128, 2705, 10.1093/brain/awh641 Bo, 2003, Intracortical multiple sclerosis lesions are not associated with increased lymphocyte infiltration, Mult scler, 9, 323, 10.1191/1352458503ms917oa Bian, 2013, A serial in vivo 7T magnetic resonance imaging study of white matter lesions in multiple sclerosis, Mult scler, 19, 69, 10.1177/1352458512447870 Filippi, 2012, Association between pathological and MRI findings in multiple sclerosis, Lancet Neurol, 11, 349, 10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70003-0 Barkhof, 2003, Remyelinated lesions in multiple sclerosis: magnetic resonance image appearance, Arch Neurol, 60, 1073, 10.1001/archneur.60.8.1073 Hickey, 1991, T lymphocyte entry into the central nervous sytem, J Neurosci Res, 28, 254, 10.1002/jnr.490280213 Padden, 2007, Differences in expression of junctional adhesion molecule-A and beta-catenin in multiple sclerosis brain tissue: increasing evidence for the role of tight junction pathology, Acta Neuropathol, 113, 177, 10.1007/s00401-006-0145-x Greenwood, 2011, Review: leukocyte-endothelial cell cross talk at the blood brain barrier: a prerequisite for successful immune cell entry to the brain, Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol, 37, 24, 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2010.01140.x Mehling, 2008, FTY720 therapy exerts differential effects on T cell subsets in multiple sclerosis, Neurology, 71, 1261, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000327609.57688.ea Haddock, 2006, Expression of ADAMTS-1, -4, -5 and TIMP-3 in normal and multiple sclerosis white matter, Mult scler, 12, 386, 10.1191/135248506ms1300oa Van Horssen, 2006, Matrix metalloproteinase-19 is highly expressed in active multiple sclerosis lesions, Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol, 32, 585, 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2006.00766.x Proescholdt, 2003, Vascular endothelial growth factor is expressed in multiple sclerosis plaques and can induce inflammatory lesions in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis rats, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 61, 914, 10.1093/jnen/61.10.914 Bjartmar, 2003, Axonal loss in the pathology of MS: consequences for understanding the progressive phase of the disease, J Neurol Sci, 206, 165, 10.1016/S0022-510X(02)00069-2 Silver, 2001, Quantitative contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate blood-brain-barrier integrity in multiple sclerosis: a preliminary study, Mult Sclero, 7, 75, 10.1191/135245801678227577 Filippi, 2003, Evidence for widespread axonal damage at the earliest clinical stage of multiple sclerosis, Brain, 126, 433, 10.1093/brain/awg038 Vellinga, 2009, Use of ultrasmall Superparamagnetic Particles of Iron Oxide (USPIO)-enhanced MRI to demonstrate diffuse inflammation in the normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) of multiple sclerosis patients: an exploratory study, J Mag Res Imaging, 29, 774, 10.1002/jmri.21678 Narayanan, 1998, Serial proton magnetic resonance imaging, and quantitative lesion volumetry in multiple sclerosis, Ann Neurol, 43, 56, 10.1002/ana.410430112 Howell, 2011, Meningeal inflammation is widespread and linked to cortical pathology in multiple sclerosis, Brain, 134, 2755, 10.1093/brain/awr182 Choi, 2012, Meningeal inflammation plays a role in the pathology of primary progressive multiple sclerosis, Brain, 135, 2925, 10.1093/brain/aws189 Lassmann, 2012, Progressive multiple sclerosis: pathology and pathogenesis, Nat Rev Neurol, 8, 647, 10.1038/nrneurol.2012.168 Hochmeister, 2006, Dysferlin is a new marker for leaky brain blood vessels in multiple sclerosis, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 65, 855, 10.1097/01.jnen.0000235119.52311.16 Lassman, 2007, The immunopathology of multiple sclerosis: an overview, Brain Pathol, 17, 210, 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2007.00064.x