Kognitive Störungen bei schizophrenen Patienten
Tóm tắt
Kognitive Störungen sind in den letzten Jahren vermehrt in das Blickfeld des wissenschaftlichen, aber auch des klinischen Interesses gerückt. Kognitive Störungen sind insbesondere bei schizophren Erkrankten von Bedeutung. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag werden grundlegende Definitionen vermittelt sowie ein aktueller Überblick über das Ausmaß dieser Defizite bei schizophrenen Patienten, deren Entstehungsbedingungen und ihren Zeitverlauf sowie über Behandlungsmöglichkeiten mit besonderem Schwerpunkt auf psychopharmakologische Therapien gegeben.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Albus M, Hubmann W, Mohr F et al (2006) Neurocognitive functioning in patients with first-episode schizophrenia: results of a prospective 5-year follow-up study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 256:442–451
Ambelas A (1992) Preschizophrenics: adding to the evidence, sharpening the focus. Br J Psychiatry 160:401–404
Andreasen NC, Carpenter WT Jr, Kane JM et al (2005) Remission in schizophrenia: proposed criteria and rationale for consensus: Am J Psychiatry 162:441–449
Antonova E, Kumari V, Morris R et al (2005) The relationship of structural alterations to cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: a voxel-based morphometry study: Biol Psychiatry 58:457–467
Asarnow RF, Nuechterlein KH, Subotnik KL et al (2002) Neurocognitive impairments in nonpsychotic parents of children with schizophrenia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the University of California, Los Angeles Family Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59:1053–1060
Aylward E, Walker E, Bettes B (1984) Intelligence in schizophrenia: Meta-analysis of research. Schizophr Bull 10:430–459
Baddeley A (1986) Working memory. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Baddeley A (2003) Working memory: looking back and looking forward. Nat Rev Neurosci 4:829–839
Baddeley AD, Hitch GJ (1974) Working memory. Academic Press, New York
Barrantes-Vidal N, Aguilera M, Campanera S et al (2007) Working memory in siblings of schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res 95:70–75
Bender S, Dittmann-Balcar A (2008) Kognitives Training bei Schizophrenie. In: Kircher T, Gaugel S (Hrsg) Neuropsychologie der Schizophrenie. Symptome, Kognition, Gehirn. Springer, Heidelberg, S 589–598
Bilder RM, Lipschutz-Broch L, Reiter G et al (1992) Intellectual deficits in first-episode schizophrenia: evidence for progressive deterioration. Schizophr Bull 18:437–448
Bilder RM, Volavka J, Czobor P et al (2002) Neurocognitive correlates of the COMT Val(158)Met polymorphism in chronic schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 52:701–707
Blake DJ, Nawrotzki R, Loh NY et al (1998) Beta-dystrobrevin, a member of the dystrophin-related protein family. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:241–246
Brenner HD, Stranke WG, Mewes WG et al (1980) Erfahrungen mit dem spezifischen Therapieprogramm zum Training kognitiver und kommunikativer Fähigkeiten in der Rehabilitation chronisch schizophrener Patienten. Nervenarzt 51:106–112
Broadbent D (1958) Perception and communication. Pergamon, Oxford
Buchanan RW, Freedman R, Javitt DC et al (2007) Recent advances in the development of novel pharmacological agents for the treatment of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 33:1120–1130
Buchsbaum MS, Nuechterlein KH, Haier RJ et al (1990) Glucose metabolic rate in normals and schizophrenics during the Continuous Performance Test assessed by positron emission tomography. Br J Psychiatry 156:216–227
Buchsbaum MS, Haier RJ, Potkin SG et al (1992) Frontostriatal disorder of cerebral metabolism in never-medicated schizophrenics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:935–942
Burdick KE, Goldberg TE, Funke B et al (2007) DTNBP1 genotype influences cognitive decline in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 89:169–172
Callicott JH, Egan MF, Mattay VS et al (2003) Abnormal fMRI response of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in cognitively intact siblings of patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 160:709–719
Callicott JH, Mattay VS, Verchinski BA et al (2003) Complexity of prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia: more than up or down. Am J Psychiatry 160:2209–2215
Cannon TD, Zorrilla LE, Shtasel D et al (1994) Neuropsychological functioning in siblings discordant for schizophrenia and healthy volunteers. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:651–661
Cannon TD, Hennah W, van Erp TG et al (2005) Association of DISC1/TRAX haplotypes with schizophrenia, reduced prefrontal grey matter, and impaired short- and long-term memory. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:1205–1213
Carter CS, Barach DM, Buchanan RW et al (2009) Identifying cognitive mechanisms targeted for treatment development in schizophrenia: An overview of the first meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia Initiative. Biol Psychiatry 64:4–10
Censits D, Ragland D, Gur R, Gur R (1997) Neuropsychological evidence supporting neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: a longitudinal study. Schizophr Res 24:289–298
Chen WJ, Liu SK, Chang CJ et al (1998) Sustained attention deficit and schizotypal personality features in nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 155:1214–1220
Chouinard S, Sepehry AA, Stip E (2007) Oral cholinesterase inhibitor add-on therapy for cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia: a quantitative systematic review. Part I. Clin Neuropsychopharmacol 30:169–182
Chumakov I, Blumenfeld M, Guerassimenko O et al (2002) Genetic and physiological data implicating the new human gene G72 and the gene for D-amino acid oxidase in schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:13675–13680
Davidson M, Reichenberg A, Rabinowitz J et al (1999) Behavioral and intellectual markers for schizophrenia in apparently healthy adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 156:1328–1335
DeRosse P, Funke B, Burdick KE et al (2006) Dysbindin genotype and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 163:532–534
Dickinson D, Ramsey ME, Gold JM (2007) Overlooking the obvious: a meta-analytic comparison of digit symbol coding tasks and other cognitive measures in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64:532–542
Egan MF, Goldberg TE, Gscheidle T et al (2000) Relative risk of attention deficits in siblings of patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 157:1309–1316
Egan MF, Goldberg TE, Kolachana BS et al (2001) Effect of COMT Val108/158 Met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:6917–6922
Egan MF, Straub RE, Goldberg TE et al (2004) Variation in GRM3 affects cognition, prefrontal glutamate, and risk for schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:12604–12609
Exner C (2008) Gedächtnis – Psychologie. In: Kircher T, Gaugel S (Hrsg) Neuropsychologie der Schizophrenie. Symptome, Kognition, Gehirn. Springer, Heidelberg, S 252–269
Falkai P, Scherk H (2009) Schizophrenie, schizotype und wahnhafte Störungen (ICD-10: F20-F29). In: Kasper S, Volz HP (Hrsg) Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie compact. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 99–117
Fallgatter A, Langer J (2008) Wahrnehmung – Psychologie. In: Kircher T, Gauggel S (Hrsg) Neuropsychologie der Schizophrenie. Symptome, Kognition, Gehirn. Springer, Heidelberg, S 145–154
Falls DL (2003) Neuroregulins: functions, forms, and signalling strategies. Exp Cell Res 284:14–30
Fanous AH, van den Oord EJ, Riley BP et al (2005) Relationship between a high-risk haplotype in the DTNBP1 (dysbindin) gene and clinical features of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 162:1824–1832
Ferreri F, Agbokou C, Gauthier S (2006) Cognitive dysfunctions in schizophrenia: potential benefits of cholinesterase inhibitor adjunctive therapy. J Psychiatry Neurosci 31:369–376
Fioravanti M, Carlone O, Vitale B et al (2005) A meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in adults with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Neuropsychol Rev 15:73–95
Fuller R, Nopoulos P, Arndt S et al (2002) Longitudinal assessment of premorbid cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia through examination of standardized scholastic test performance. Am J Psychiatry 159:1183–1189
Genderson MR, Dickinson D, Diaz-Asper CM et al (2007) Factor analysis of neurocognitive tests in a large sample of schizophrenic probands, their siblings, and healthy controls. Schizophr Res 94:231–239
Gold S, Arndt S, Mopolous P et al (1999) Longitudinal study of cognitive function in first-episode and recent-onset schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 156:1342–1348
Goldberg TE, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Weinberger DR (1993) Course of schizophrenia: Neuropsychological evidence for a static encephalopathy. Schizophr Bull 19:797–804
Goldberg TE, Torrey EF, Gold JM et al (1995) Genetic risk of neuropsychological impairment in schizophrenia: a study of monozygotic twins discordant and concordant for the disorder. Schizophr Res 17:77–84
Goldberg TE, Egan MF, Gscheidle T et al (2003) Executive subprocesses in working memory: relationship to catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met genotype and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60:889–896
Goldberg TE, Straub RE, Callicott JH et al (2006) The G72/G30 gene complex and cognitive abnormalities in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 31:2022–2032
Green MF, Marder SR, Glynnn SM et al (2002) The neurocognitive effects of low-dose haloperidol: A two-year comparison with risperidone. Biol Psychiatry 51:972–978
Green MF, Nuechterlein KH, Gold JM et al (2004) Approaching a consensus cognitive battery for clinical trials in schizophrenia: the NIMH-MATRICS conference to select cognitive domains and test criteria. Biol Psychiatry 56:301–307
Harrison PJ, Weinberger DR (2005) Schizophrenia genes, gene expression, and neuropathology: on the matter of their convergence. Mol Psychiatry 10:40–68
Harvey PD, Moriarty PJ, Serper MR et al (2000) Practice-related improvement in information processing with novel antipsychotic treatment. Schizophr Res 46:139–148
Harvey PD, Keefe RSE (2001) Studies of cognitive change in patients with schizophrenia following novel antipsychotic treatment. Am J Psychiatry 158:176–184
Harvey PD, Green MF, Keefe RSE, Velligan DI (2004) Cognitive functioning in schizophrenia: A consensus statement on its role in the definition and evaluation of affective treatments for the illness. J Clin Psychiatry 65:361–372
Harvey PD, Rabinowitz J, Eerdekens M, Davidson M (2005) Treatment of cognitive impairment in early psychosis: a comparison of risperidone and haloperidol in a large long-term trial. Am J Psychiatry 162:1888–1895
Hawkins KA, Hoffman RE, Quinlan DM et al (1997) Cognition, negative symptoms, and diagnosis: a comparison of schizophrenic, bipolar, and control samples: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 9:81–89
Heaton R, Paulsen J, McAdams L et al (1994) Neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenics: relationship to age, chronicity, and dementia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:469–476
Heaton RK, Gladsjo JA, Palmer BW et al (2001) Stability and course of neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia: Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:24–32
Hoff AL, Riordan H, O’Donnell DW et al (1992) Neuropsychological functioning of first-episode schizophreniform patients. Am J Psychiatry 149:898–903
Hoff AL, Riordan H, O’Donell DW et al (1992) Anomalous lateral sulcus asymmetry and cognitive function in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 18:257–272
Hoff AL, Sakuma M, Wieneke M et al (1999) Longitudinal neuropsychological follow-up study of patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 156:1336–1341
Hoff AL, Svetina C, Shields G et al (2005) Ten year longitudinal study of neuropsychological functioning subsequent to a first episode of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 78:27–34
Hughes C, Kumari V, Soni W et al (2003) Longitudinal study of symptoms and cognitive function in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 59:137–146
Hughes C, Kumari V, Das M et al (2005) Cognitive functioning in siblings discordant for schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 111:185–192
Hulshoff Pol HE, Kahn RS (2008) What happens after the first episode? A review of progressive brain changes in chronically ill patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 34:354–366
Jones P, Rodgers B, Murray R, Marmot M (1994) Child developmeent risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet 344:1398–1402
Jones HM, Brammer MJ, O’Toole et al (2004) Cortical effects of quetiapine in first-episode schizophrenia: A preliminary functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 56:938–942
Kathmann N (2001) Neurokognitive Grundlagen schizophrener Symptome: Ein Überblick. Ztschr Klin Psychol Psychother 30:241–250
Kathmann N, Reuter B (2008) Aufmerksamkeit – Psychologie. In: Kircher T, Gauggel S (Hrsg) Neuropsychologie der Schizophrenie. Symptome, Kognition, Gehirn. Springer, Heidelberg, S 166–179
Keefe RSE, Seidman LJ, Christensee BK et al (2004) Comparative effect of atypical and conventional antipsychotic drugs on neurocognition in first-episode psychosis: A randomized, double-blind trial of olanzapine versus low doses of haloperidol. Am J Psychiatry 161:985–995
Keefe RSE, Sweeney JA, Gu H et al (2007) Effects of olanzapine, quetiapine and risperidone on neurocognitive function in early psychosis: A randomized, double-blind 52-week comparison. Am J Psychiatry 164:1061–1071
Keefe RS, Bilder RM, Davis SM et al (2007) CATIE Investigators; Neurocognitive Working Group. Neurocognitive effects of antipsychotic medications in patients with chronic schizophrenia in the CATIE trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64:633–647
Kircher T, Gauggel S (Hrsg) (2008) Neuropsychologie der Schizophrenie. Symptome, Kognition, Gehirn. Heidelberg
Kirov G, O’Donovan MC, Owen MJ (2005) Finding schizophrenia genes. J Clin Invest 115:1440–1448
Koelkebeck K, Abdel-Hamid M, Ohrmann P, Brüne M (2008) Theory of Mind bei Schizophrenien: Klinische und wissenschaftliche Aspekte. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 76:573–582
Kraepelin E (1913) Psychiatrie (8. Aufl.) Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig
Lautenbacher S, Möser C (2003) Neuropsychologie der Schizophrenie. In: Lautenbacher S, Gauggel S (Hrsg) Neuropsychologie psychischer Störungen. Springer, Heidelberg, S 285–299
Li Q, Clark S, Lewis DV, Wilson WA (2002) NMDA receptor antagonists disinhibit rat posterior cingulated and retrosplenial cortices: a potential mechanism of neurotoxicity. J Neurosci 22:3070–3080
Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP et al (2005) Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) Investigators. N Engl J Med 353:1209–1223
Lindenmayer JP, Khan A, Iskander A et al (2007) A randomized controlled trial of olanzapine versus haloperidol in the treatment of primary negative symptoms and neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 68:368–379
Malla AK, Norman RMG, Manchanda R, Townsend L (2002) Symptoms, cognition, treatment adherence and functional outcome in first-episode psychosis. Psychol Med 32:1109–1119
Marker K (1999) Cogpack (Cognition I). Marker Software, Ladenburg
McGhie A (1970) Attention and perception in schizophrenia. In: Maher A (ed) Progress in Experimental Brain Research Vol. 5, Academic Press, New York
McGurk SR, Meltzer HY (2000) The role of cognition in vocational functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 45:175–184
McGurk SR, Twamley EW, Sitzer DI et al (2007) A meta-analysis of cognitive remediation in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 164:1791–1802
Meyer-Lindenberg A, Weinberger DR (2006) Intermediate phenotypes and genetic mechanisms of psychiatric disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:818–827
Mishara AL, Goldberg TE (2004) A meta-analysis and critical review of the effects of conventional neuroleptic treatment on cognition in schizophrenia: opening a closed book. Biol Psychiatry 55:1013–1022
Mohamed S, Fleming S, Penn DL, Spaulding W (1999) Insight in schizophrenia: its relationship to measures of executive functions. J Nerv Ment Dis 187:525–531
Olbrich R (2001) Computergestütztes Training in der Psychiatrie. Nervenheilkunde 20:90–95
Pantelis C, Yucel M, Wood SJ et al (2005) Structural brain imaging evidence for multiple pathological processes at different stages of brain development in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 31:672–696
Rapoport JL, Addington AM, Frangou S, Psych MR (2005) The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: update 2005. Mol Psychiatry 10:434–449
Reichenberg A, Weiser M, Rabinowitz J et al (2002) A population-based cohort study of premorbid intellectual, language, and behavioral functioning in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and nonpsychotic bipolar disorder: Am J Psychiatry 159:2027–2035
Reichenberg A, Harvey PD (2007) Neuropsychological impairments in schizophrenia: Integration of performance-based and brain imaging findings. Psychol Bull 133:833–858
Riedel M, Spellmann I, Strassnig M et al (2007) Effects of risperidone and quetiapine on cognition in patients with schizophrenia and predominantly negative symptoms. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 257:360–370
Riedel M, Müller N, Spellmann I et al (2007) Efficacy of olanzapine versus quetiapine on cognitive dysfunctions in patients with an acute episode of schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 257:402–412
Röder V, Brenner HD, Kienzle N, Hodel B (1995) Integriertes Psychologisches Therapieprogramm für schizophrene Patienten (IPT). 3. überarbeitete und ergänzte Auflage. Beltz, München Weinheim
Röder V, Müller DR, Mueser KT, Brenner HD (2006) Integrated psychological therapy (IPT) for schizophrenia: is it effective. Schizophr Bull 32 [Suppl 1]:81–93
Rybakowski JK, Borkowska A, Skibinska M et al (2006) Prefrontal cognition in schizophrenia and bipolar illness in relation to Val66Met polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 60:70–76
Saykin AJ, Gur RC, Gur RE et al (1991) Neuropsychological function in schizophrenia: selective impairment in memory and learning. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48:618–624
Schuepbach D, Hill SK, Sanders RD et al (2004) Early treatment-induced improvement of negative symptoms predicts cognitive functioning in treatment-naive first episode schizophrenia: a 2-year followup. Schizophr Bull 30:837–848
Seidman LJ, Pepple JR, Raraone SV (1993) Neuropsychological performance in chronic schizophrenia in response to neuroleptic dose reduction. Biol Psychiatry 33:575–584
Sharma T, Antonova L (2003) Cognitive function in schizophrenia. Deficits, functional consequences, and future treatment: Psychiatr Clin North Am 26:25–40
Snitz BE, Macdonald A III, Cohen JD et al (2005) Lateral and medial hypofrontality in first-episode schizophrenia: functional activity in a medication-naive state and effects of short-term atypical antipsychotic treatment. Am J Psychiatry 162:2322–2329
Spellmann I, Müller N, Musil R et al (2009) Associations of SNAP-25 polymorphisms with cognitive dysfunctions in Caucasian patients with schizophrenia during a brief trail of treatment with atypical antipsychotics. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci (in press)
Squire LR (1987) Memory and brain. Oxford Univ Press, New York
Velligan DI, Mahurin RK, Diamond PL et al (1997) The functional significance of symptomatology and cognitive function in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 25:21–31
Velligan DI, Newcomer J, Pultz J et al (2002) Does cognitive function improve with quetiapine in comparison to haloperidol. Schizophr Res 53:239–248
Volz HP, Gaser C, Häger F et al (1999) Decreased frontal activation in schizophrenics during stimulation with the continuous performance test–a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Eur Psychiatry 14:17–24
Volz HP (2006) Kognition und Schizophrenie. Internet-Fortbildung, Thieme
Wagner M, Quednow BB, Westheide J et al (2005) Cognitive improvement in schizophrenic patients does not require a serotonergic mechanism: randomized controlled trial of olanzapine vs. olanzapine. Neuropsychopharmacology 30:381–390
Weickert TW, Goldberg TE, Marenco S et al (2003) Comparison of cognitive performances during placebo period and an atypical antipsychotic treatment period in schizophrenia: Critical examination of confounds. Neuropsychopharmacology 28:1491–1500
Weickert TW, Goldberg TE, Mishara A et al (2004) Catechol-O-methyltransferase val108/158met genotype predicts working memory response to antipsychotic medications. Biol Psychiatry 56:677–682
Williams NM, Preece A, Spurlock G et al (2004) Support for RGS4 as a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 55:192–195
Wolf RC, Walter H (2008) Arbeitsgedächtnis – Psychologie. In: Kircher T, Gauggel S (Hrsg) Neuropsychologie der Schizophrenie. Symptome, Kognition, Gehirn. Springer, Heidelberg, S 231–241
Woodward ND, Purdon SE, Meltzer HY, Zald DH (2005) A meta-analysis of neuropsychological change to clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 8:457–472
Woodward ND, Tibbo P, Purdon SE (2007) An fMRI investigation of procedural learning in unaffected siblings of individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 94:306–316
Wykes T, Reeder C (2005) Cognitive remediation therapy for schizophrenia: theory and practice. Routledge, London
Zammit S, Allebeck P, David AS et al (2004) A longitudinal study of premorbid IQ Score and risk of developing schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe depression, and other nonaffective psychoses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61:354–360
Zinkstok JR, de Wilde O, van Amelsvoort TA et al (2007) Association between the DTNBP1 gene and intelligence: a case-control study in young patients with schizophrenia and related disorders and unaffected siblings. Behav Brain Funct 3:19
Zubin J (1985) Negative symptoms: are they indigenous to schizophrenia? Schizophr Bull 11:461–470