Knowledge translation for public health in low- and middle- income countries: a critical interpretive synthesis
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
World Health Organization. The Bamako call to action on research for health: World Health Organisation; 2008. [12 June 2016]. Available from: http://www.who.int/rpc/news/bamako_call_to_action/en/
McCoy D, Sanders D, Baum F, Narayan T, Legge D. Pushing the international health research agenda towards equity and effectiveness. Lancet. 2004;364:1630–1.
Sanders D, Labonte R, Baum F, Chopra M. Making research matter: a civil society perspective on health research. Bull World Health Organ. 2004;82:757–63.
McKibbon KA, Lokker C, Wilczynski NL, Ciliska D, Dobbins M, Davis DA, et al. A cross-sectional study of the number and frequency of terms used to refer to knowledge translation in a body of health literature in 2006: a tower of babel. Implement Sci. 2010;5:16.
Norton TC, Howell C, Reynolds C. Exploratory study of the role of knowledge brokers in translating knowledge to action following global maternal and newborn health technical meetings. Public Health. 2016;140:235–43.
Dagenais C, Ridde V, Laurendeau M, Souffez K. Knowledge translation research in population health: establishing a collaborative research agenda. Health Res Policy Syst. 2009;7:28.
Canadian Institutes of Health Research. Canada 2016 [12 June 2016]. Available from: http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/29529.html.
Welch V, Ueffing E, Tugwell P. Knowledge translation: an opportunity to reduce global health inequalities. J Int Dev. 2009;21:1066–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1647 .
Welch V, Petticrew M, O’Neill J, Waters E, Armstrong R, Bhutta ZA, et al. Health equity: evidence synthesis and knowledge translation methods. Syst Rev. 2013;2(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-2-43 .
Bennett NR, Cumberbatch C, Francis DK. There are challenges in conducting systematic reviews in developing countries: the Jamaican experience. J Clin Epidemiol. 2015;68:1095–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.09.026 .
Ruggeri K. Disseminating health research in sub-Saharan Africa through journal partnerships. Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2:e193–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70158-X .
Bissell K, Viney K, Brostrom R, Gounder S, Khogali M, Kishore K, et al. Building operational research capacity in the Pacific. Public Health Action. 2014;4:S2.
Cáceres CF, Mendoza W. Globalized research and ‘national science’: the case of Peru. Am J Public Health. 2009;99:1792–8. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.159236 .
Goyet S, Touch S, SamAn S, Fassier T, Frutos R, Tarantola A, et al. Gaps between research and public health priorities in low income countries: evidence from a systematic literature review focused on Cambodia. Implement Sci. 2015;10:32.
Redman-MacLaren ML, MacLaren DJ, Asugeni R, Fa’anuabae CE, Harrington H, Muse A, et al. “We can move forward”: challenging historical inequity in public health research in Solomon Islands. Int J Equity Health. 2010;9:25. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-9-25 .
Dixon-Woods M, Cavers D, Agarwal S, Annandale E, Arthur A, Harvey J, et al. Conducting a critical interpretive synthesis of the literature on access to healthcare by vulnerable groups. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006;6:35.
Orem JN, Mafigiri DK, Marchal B, Ssengooba F, Macq J, Criel B. Research, evidence and policymaking: the perspectives of policy actors on improving uptake of evidence in health policy development and implementation in Uganda. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:109. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-109 .
Siron S, Dagenais C, Ridde V. What research tells us about knowledge transfer strategies to improve public health in low-income countries: a scoping review. Int J Public Health. 2015;60:849–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-015-0716-5 .
Hanney SR, Gonzalez-Block MA, Buxton MJ, Kogan M. The utilisation of health research in policy-making: concepts, examples and methods of assessment. Health Res Policy Syst. 2003;1:2.
Moat KA, Lavis JN, Abelson J. How contexts and issues influence the use of policy-relevant research syntheses: a critical interpretive synthesis. Milbank Q. 2013;91:604–48.
Fane J, MacDougall C, Redmond G, Jovanovic J, Ward P. Young Children’s health and wellbeing across the transition to school: a critical interpretive synthesis. Child Aust. 2016;41:126–40.
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 .
Attree P. Growing up in disadvantage: a systematic review of the qualitative evidence. Child Care Health Dev. 2004;30:679–89.
Adrien A, Thompson LH, Archibald CP, Sandstrom PA, Munro M, Emmanuel F, et al. Translating knowledge from Pakistan’s second generation surveillance system to other global contexts. Sex Transm Infect. 2013;89(2):ii53–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2012-050774 .
Banerji D. The World Health Organization and public health research and practice in tuberculosis in India. Int J Health Serv. 2012;42:341–57.
Cordero C, Delino R, Jeyaseelan L, Lansang MA, Lozano JM, Kumar S, et al. Funding agencies in low- and middle-income countries: support for knowledge translation. Bull World Health Organ. 2008;86:524–34. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.07.040386 .
Frenk J, Chen L. Overcoming gaps to advance global health equity: a symposium on new directions for research. Health Res Policy Syst. 2011;9:11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4505-9-11 .
Burchett HE, Mayhew SH, Lavis JN, Dobrow MJ. The usefulness of different types of health research: perspectives from a low-income country. Evidence Policy. 2015;11:19–33. https://doi.org/10.1332/174426514x13990430410723 .
Hunter DJ, Fineberg HV. Convergence to common purpose in global health. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1753–5. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe1404077 .
Jönsson K, Tomson G, Jönsson C, Kounnavong S, Wahlström R. Health systems research in Lao PDR: capacity development for getting research into policy and practice. Health Res Policy Syst. 2007;5:11.
Keusch GT, Kilama WL, Moon S, Szlezak NA, Michaud CM. The global health system: linking knowledge with action—learning from malaria. PLoS Med. 2010;7:e1000179. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000179 .
Decoster K, Appelmans A, Hill P. A health systems research mapping exercise in 26 low-and middle-income countries: narratives from health systems researchers, policy brokers and policy-makers. Geneva: World Health Organization, The Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research; 2012. http://www.who.int/alliance-hpsr/alliancehpsr_backgroundpapermappingexercise.pdf .
Tomson G, Paphassarang C, Jönsson K, Houamboun K, Akkhavong K, Wahlström R. Decision-makers and the usefulness of research evidence in policy implementation—a case study from Lao PDR. Soc Sci Med. 2005;61:1291–9.
Rodríguez DC, Shearer J, Mariano ARE, Juma PA, Dalglish SL, Bennett S. Evidence-informed policymaking in practice: country-level examples of use of evidence for iCCM policy. Health Policy Plan. 2015;30:ii36–45.
Cash-Gibson L, Guerra G, Salgado-de-Snyder VN. SDH-NET: a south–north-south collaboration to build sustainable research capacities on social determinants of health in low-and middle-income countries. Health Res Policy Syst. 2015;13:45.
de-Graft Aikins AD, Arhinful DK, Pitchforth E, Ogedegbe G, Allotey P, Agyemang C. Establishing and sustaining research partnerships in Africa: a case study of the UK-Africa academic partnership on chronic disease. Glob Health. 2012;8:29. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-8-29 .
Orem JN, Mafigiri DK, Nabudere H, Criel B. Improving knowledge translation in Uganda: more needs to be done. Pan Afr Med J. 2014;17(1):14. https://doi.org/10.11694/pamj.supp.2014.17.1.3482 .
Young J. Research, policy and practice: why developing countries are different. J Int Dev. 2005;17:727–34.
Burchett HE, Mounier-Jack S, Griffiths UK, Biellik R, Ongolo-Zogo P, Chavez E, et al. New vaccine adoption: qualitative study of national decision-making processes in seven low- and middle-income countries. Health Policy Plan. 2012;27(2):ii5–16. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czs035 .
Reddy KS, Sahay S. Voices of decision makers on evidence-based policy: a case of evolving TB/HIV co-infection policy in India. AIDS Care 2016;28:397–400 4p. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2015.1096889 .
Hennink M, Stephenson R. Using research to inform health policy: barriers and strategies in developing countries. J Health Commun. 2005;10:163–80.
Ensor T, Clapham S, Prasai DP. What drives health policy formulation: insights from the Nepal maternity incentive scheme? Health Policy. 2009;90:247–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2008.06.009 .
Onwujekwe O, Uguru N, Russo G, Etiaba E, Mbachu C, Mirzoev T, et al. Role and use of evidence in policymaking: an analysis of case studies from the health sector in Nigeria. Health Res Policy Syst. 2015;13:46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-015-0049-0 .
Albert MA, Fretheim A, Maïga D. Factors influencing the utilization of research findings by health policy-makers in a developing country: the selection of Mali’s essential medicines. Health Res Policy Syst. 2007;5:2.
Corluka A, Hyder AA, Segura E, Winch P, McLean RK. Survey of argentine health researchers on the use of evidence in policymaking. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0125711. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125711 .
Orem JN, Ssengooba F, Macq J, Criel B. Malaria treatment policy change in Uganda: what role did evidence play? Malar J. 2014;13:345. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-13-345 .
Mijumbi RM, Oxman AD, Panisset U, Sewankambo NK. Feasibility of a rapid response mechanism to meet policymakers’ urgent needs for research evidence about health systems in a low income country: a case study. Implement Sci. 2014;9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-014-0114-z .
Dagenais C, Somé TD, Boileau-Falardeau M, McSween-Cadieux E, Ridde V. Collaborative development and implementation of a knowledge brokering program to promote research use in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Glob Health Action. 2015;8. https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v8.26004 .
Waqa G, Mavoa H, Snowdon W, Moodie M, Schultz J, McCabe M, et al. Knowledge brokering between researchers and policymakers in Fiji to develop policies to reduce obesity: a process evaluation. Implement Sci. 2013;8:74. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-8-74 .
Brambila C, Ottolenghi E, Marin C, Bertrand JT. Getting results used: evidence from reproductive health programmatic research in Guatemala. Health Policy Plan. 2007;22:234–45.
Fabic MS, Choi Y, Bird S. A systematic review of demographic and health surveys: data availability and utilization for research. Bull World Health Organ. 2012;90:604–12. https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.11.095513 .
Zachariah R, Ford N, Maher D, Bissell K, Van den Bergh R, van den Boogaard W, et al. Is operational research delivering the goods? The journey to success in low-income countries. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12:415–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(11)20309-7 .
Hawkes N, Aulakh BK, Jadeja N, Jimenez M, Buse K, Anwar I, et al. Strengthening capacity to apply health research evidence in policy making: experience from four countries. Health Policy Plan. 2015;31:161–70.
Hyder AA, Corluka A, Winch PJ, El-Shinnawy A, Ghassany H, Malekafzali H, et al. National policy-makers speak out: are researchers giving them what they need? Health Policy Plan. 2010;26:73–82.
Storeng KT, Behague DP. “Playing the numbers game”: evidence-based advocacy and the technocratic narrowing of the safe motherhood initiative. Med Anthropol Q. 2014;28:260–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12072 .
Mori AT, Kaale EA, Ngalesoni F, Norheim OF, Robberstad B. The role of evidence in the decision-making process of selecting essential medicines in developing countries: the case of Tanzania. PLoS One. 2014;9:e84824. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084824 .
Bosi MLM, Gastaldo D. Building bridges between research, policy and practice in public health. Rev Saude Publica. 2011;45:1197–200 <Go to ISI>://WOS:000297802600022.
Harris M, Macinko J, Jimenez G, Mahfoud M, Anderson C. Does a research article’s country of origin affect perception of its quality and relevance? A national trial of US public health researchers. BMJ Open. 2015;5. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008993 .
Winnik S, Speer T, Raptis DA, Walker JH, Hasun M, Clavien PA, et al. The wealth of nations and the dissemination of cardiovascular research. Int J Cardiol. 2013;169:190–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.08.101 .
Uthman OA, Wiysonge CS, Ota MO, Nicol M, Hussey GD, Ndumbe PM, et al. Increasing the value of health research in the WHO African region beyond 2015--reflecting on the past, celebrating the present and building the future: a bibliometric analysis. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e006340. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006340 .
Miranda JJ, Zaman MJ. Exporting ‘failure’: why research from rich countries may not benefit the developing world. Rev Saude Publica. 2010;44:185–9.
Valinejadi A, Sadoughi F, Salehi M. Diabetes knowledge translation status in developing countries: a mixed method study among diabetes researchers in case of Iran. Int J Prev Med. 2016;7:33. https://doi.org/10.4103/2008-7802.175992 .
Ssengooba F, Atuyambe L, Kiwanuka SN, Puvanachandra P, Glass N, Hyder AA. Research translation to inform national health policies: learning from multiple perspectives in Uganda. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2011;11:1.
Hate K, Meherally S, More NS, Jayaraman A, Bull S, Parker M, et al. Sweat, skepticism, and uncharted territory: a qualitative study of opinions on data sharing among public health researchers and research participants in Mumbai, India. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics. 2015;10:239–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/1556264615592383 .
Jao I, Kombe F, Mwalukore S, Bull S, Parker M, Kamuya D, et al. Research stakeholders’ views on benefits and challenges for public Health Research data sharing in Kenya: the importance of trust and social relations. PLoS One. 2015;10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135545 .
Borde E, Akerman M, Pellegrini Filho A. Mapping of capacities for research on health and its social determinants in Brazil. Cad Saude Publica. 2014;30:2081–91.
Kendall T, Langer A. Critical maternal health knowledge gaps in low- and middle-income countries for the post-2015 era. Reprod Health. 2015;12:55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-015-0044-5 .
English KM, Pourbohloul B. Increasing health policy and systems research capacity in low-and middle-income countries: results from a bibliometric analysis. Health Res Policy Syst. 2017;15:64.
El-Jardali F, Makhoul J, Jamal D, Ranson MK, Kronfol NM, Tchaghchagian V. Eliciting policymakers’ and stakeholders’ opinions to help shape health system research priorities in the Middle East and North Africa region. Health Policy Plan. 2010;25:15–27. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czp059 .
D’Souza C, Sadana R. Why do case studies on national health research systems matter?: identifying common challenges in low- and middle-income countries. Soc Sci Med. 2006;62:2072–8.
Zachariah R, Guillerm N, Berger S, Kumar AM, Satyanarayana S, Bissell K, et al. Research to policy and practice change: is capacity building in operational research delivering the goods? Tropical Med Int Health. 2014;19:1068–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12343 .
Quaglio GL, Ramsay A, Harries AD, Karapiperis T, Putoto G, Dye C, et al. Calling on Europe to support operational research in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2:e308–e10.
Cockcroft A, Masisi M, Thabane L, Andersson N. Building capacities of elected national representatives to interpret and to use evidence for health-related policy decisions: a case study from Botswana. J Public Health Policy. 2014;35:475–88. https://doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2014.30 .
Chen YL, Yang KH. Avoidable waste in the production and reporting of evidence. Lancet. 2009;374:786. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61591-9 .
Tharyan P. Don’t just do it, do it right: evidence for better health in low and middle income countries. Ceylon Med J. 2010;55:1–4.
Anyaoku EN, Anunobi CV. Measuring HINARI use in Nigeria through a citation analysis of Nigerian journal of clinical practice. Health Inf Libr J. 2014;31:148–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/hir.12056 .
World Health Organisation. Hinari Research for Health 2018 [July 2018]. Available from: http://www.who.int/hinari/en/ .
Hawkes N. Elsevier improves access to its products in 100 developing countries. BMJ. 2012;345:e6283. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e6283 .
Glover SW, Dema R, Yangzon P, Sonam K, Gleghorn C. A review of health and access to health information in Bhutan. Health Inf Libr J. 2006;23:290–3.
Yousefi-Nooraie R, Rashidian A, Nedjat S, Majdzadeh R, Mortaz-Hedjri S, Etemadi A, et al. Promoting development and use of systematic reviews in a developing country. J Eval Clin Pract. 2009;15:1029–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2009.01184.x .
Mbonye AK, Magnussen P. Translating health research evidence into policy and practice in Uganda. Malar J. 2013;12:274. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-12-274 .
Armstrong R, Waters E, Moore L, Dobbins M, Pettman T, Burns C, et al. Understanding evidence: a statewide survey to explore evidence-informed public health decision-making in a local government setting. Implement Sci. 2014;9(1):188.
Walugembe DR, Kiwanuka SN, Matovu JK, Rutebemberwa E, Reichenbach L. Utilization of research findings for health policy making and practice: evidence from three case studies in Bangladesh. Health Res Policy Syst. 2015;13:26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-015-0015-x .
Tabak RG, Khoong EC, Chambers DA, Brownson RC. Bridging research and practice: models for dissemination and implementation research. Am J Prev Med. 2012;43:337–50.
Moat KA, Lavis JN, Clancy SJ, El-Jardali F, Pantoja T. Evidence briefs and deliberative dialogues: perceptions and intentions to act on what was learnt. Bull World Health Organ. 2014;92:20–8. https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.12.116806 .
Rosenbaum SE, Glenton C, Wiysonge CS, Abalos E, Mignini L, Young T, et al. Evidence summaries tailored to health policy-makers in low-and middle-income countries. Bull World Health Organ. 2011;89:54–61.
Kasonde JM, Campbell S. Creating a knowledge translation platform: nine lessons from the Zambia forum for Health Research. Health Res Policy Syst. 2012;10:31. https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4505-10-31 .
El-Jardali F, Lavis J, Moat K, Pantoja T, Ataya N. Capturing lessons learned from evidence-to-policy initiatives through structured reflection. Health Res Policy Syst. 2014;12:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4505-12-2 .
Yazdizadeh B, Majdzadeh R, Alami A, Amrolalaei S. How can we establish more successful knowledge networks in developing countries? Lessons learnt from knowledge networks in Iran. Health Res Policy Syst. 2014;12:63. https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4505-12-63 .
Lavis JN, Guindon GE, Cameron D, Boupha B, Dejman M, Osei EJ, et al. Bridging the gaps between research, policy and practice in low- and middle-income countries: a survey of researchers. CMAJ. 2010;182:E350–61. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.081164 .
Yehia F, El Jardali F. Applying knowledge translation tools to inform policy: the case of mental health in Lebanon. Health Res Policy Syst. 2015;13:29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-015-0018-7 .
Sullivan TM, Limaye RJ, Mitchell V, D’Adamo M, Baquet Z. Leveraging the power of knowledge management to transform Global Health and development. Global Health Sci Pract. 2015;3:150–62. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-14-00228 .
Hamel N, Schrecker T. Unpacking capacity to utilize research: a tale of the Burkina Faso public health association. Soc Sci Med. 2011;72:31–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.09.051 .
Gadsby EW. Research capacity strengthening: donor approaches to improving and assessing its impact in low-and middle-income countries. Int J Health Plann Manag. 2011;26:89–106.
Orem JN, Marchal B, Mafigiri DK, Ssengooba F, Macq J, Da Silveira VC, et al. Perspectives on the role of stakeholders in knowledge translation in health policy development in Uganda. BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;13(1):324.
Shearer JC, Dion M, Lavis JN. Exchanging and using research evidence in health policy networks: a statistical network analysis. Implement Sci. 2014;9:126. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-014-0126-8 .
Lapaige V. “Integrated knowledge translation” for globally oriented public health practitioners and scientists: framing together a sustainable transfrontier knowledge translation vision. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2010;3:33–47.
Dagenais C, Queuille L, Ridde V. Evaluation of a knowledge transfer strategy from a user fee exemption program for vulnerable populations in Burkina Faso. Glob Health Promot. 2013;20:70–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757975912462416 .
Sumner A, Crichton J, Theobald S, Zulu E, Parkhurst J. What shapes research impact on policy? Understanding research uptake in sexual and reproductive health policy processes in resource poor contexts. Health Res Policy Syst. 2011;9:S3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4505-9-s1-s3 .
Johnson NA, Lavis JN. Procedures manual for the” evaluating knowledge-translation platforms in low-and middle-income countries” study. 2009.
Drake JK, Hutchings JE, Elias CJ. Making evidence work for communities: the role of nongovernmental organizations in translating science to programs. J Women's Health (Larchmt). 2010;19:2119–24. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2010.2050 .
Olivier C, Hunt MR, Ridde V. NGO–researcher partnerships in global health research: benefits, challenges, and approaches that promote success. Dev Pract. 2016;26:444–55.
Delisle H, Roberts JH, Munro M, Jones L, Gyorkos TW. The role of NGOs in global health research for development. Health Res Policy Syst. 2005;3:3.
Orem JN, Nanyunja M, Marchal B, Criel B, Ssengooba F. The roles and influence of actors in the uptake of evidence: the case of malaria treatment policy change in Uganda. Implement Sci. 2014;9:150. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-014-0150-8 .
Siminerio L, Mbanya JC. Translating diabetes research into global communities. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;93:443–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2011.07.010 .
Woelk G, Daniels K, Cliff J, Lewin S, Sevene E, Fernandes B, et al. Translating research into policy: lessons learned from eclampsia treatment and malaria control in three southern African countries. Health Res Policy Syst. 2009;7:31.
Zachariah R, Draquez B. Operational research in non-governmental organisations: necessity or luxury? Public Health Action. 2012;2:31.
Zachariah R, Ford N, Draguez B, Yun O, Reid T. Conducting operational research within a non governmental organization: the example of Medecins sans Frontieres. Int Health. 2010;2:1–8.
Kothari A, Armstrong R. Community-based knowledge translation: unexplored opportunities. Implement Sci. 2011;6(1):59.
Wilson MG, Lavis JN, Travers R, Rourke SB. Community-based knowledge transfer and exchange: helping community-based organizations link research to action. Implement Sci. 2010;5:33.
LaRocca R, Yost J, Dobbins M, Ciliska D, Butt M. The effectiveness of knowledge translation strategies used in public health: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):751.
Davies H, Nutley S, Walter I. Why ‘knowledge transfer’is misconceived for applied social research. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2008;13:188–90.
El-Jardali F, Fadlallah R. A call for a backward design to knowledge translation. Int. 2015;4:1–5.