Các thể chế hôn nhân và tỷ lệ giới tính ở Ấn Độ

Duke University Press - Tập 47 - Trang 989-1012 - 2010
Tanika Chakraborty1, Sukkoo Kim2
1DIW-Berlin, Berlin
2Washington University and National Bureau of Economic Research, USA

Tóm tắt

Bài viết này khám phá mối quan hệ giữa các thể chế hôn nhân và tỷ lệ giới tính ở Ấn Độ vào thời điểm đầu thế kỷ XX. Do các quy tắc hôn nhân khác nhau theo đẳng cấp, ngôn ngữ, tôn giáo và khu vực, chúng tôi xây dựng tỷ lệ giới tính theo những phân loại này ở cấp huyện dựa trên dữ liệu từ Tổng điều tra dân số năm 1901 của Ấn Độ cho Punjab (Bắc), Bengal (Đông) và Madras (Nam). Chúng tôi phát hiện rằng tỷ lệ giới tính nam-nữ thay đổi tích cực theo thứ hạng đẳng cấp, giảm dần khi di chuyển từ Bắc xuống Đông và sau đó xuống Nam, cao hơn đối với người Hindu so với người Hồi giáo, và cao hơn đối với những người nói tiếng Ấn-Âu phía Bắc so với những người nói tiếng Dravidian phía Nam. Chúng tôi lập luận rằng những mô hình có hệ thống này trong dữ liệu phù hợp với những biến thể trong thể chế gia đình, hôn nhân và thừa kế.

Từ khóa

#các thể chế hôn nhân #tỷ lệ giới tính #Ấn Độ #đẳng cấp #ngôn ngữ #tôn giáo #khu vực #tổng điều tra dân số

Tài liệu tham khảo

Agarwal, B. 1994.A Field of One’s Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press. —. 1997. “‘Bargaining’ and Gender Relations: Within and Beyond the Household.”Feminist Economics 3: 1–51. Agarwala, S.N. 1957. “The Age at Marriage in India.”Population Index 2: 96–107. Bardhan, P.K. 1974. “On Life and Death Questions.”Economic and Political Weekly 9(32–34): 1293–305. Bittle, A.H. 2002. “Endogamy, Consanguinity and Community Genetics.”Journal of Genetics 81: 91–98. Blunt, E.A.H. 1931.The Caste System of Northern India. London: Oxford University Press. Botticini, M. and A. Siow. 1993. “Why Dowries?”American Economic Review 93: 1385–98. Caldwell, J.C., P.H. Reddy, and P. Caldwell. 1984. “The Determinants of Family Structure in Rural South India.”Journal of Marriage and the Family 46: 215–29. Chakraborty, T. and S. Kim. 2008. “Caste, Kinship and Sex Ratios in India.” NBER Working Paper No. 13828. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. Coale, A.J. and P. Demeny. 1983.Regional Model Life Tables and Stable Populations. 2nd ed. New York: Academic Press. Das Gupta, M., J. Zhenghua, L. Bohua, X. Zhenming, W. Chung, and B. Hwa-Ok. 2003. “Why Is Son Preference So Persistent in East and South Asia? A Cross-Country Study of China, India and the Republic of Korea.”Journal of Development Studies 40: 153–87. Dasgupta, S. 1986.Caste, Kinship and Community: Social System of a Bengal Caste. Madras: Universities Press (India). Dirks, N.B. 1993.The Hollow Crown: Ethnohistory of an Indian Kingdom. 2nd ed. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. Dyson, T. and M. Moore. 1983. “On Kinship Structure, Female Autonomy, and Demographic Behavior in India.”Population and Development Review 9: 35–60. Folbre, N. 1997. “Gender Coalitions: Extrafamily Influences on Intrafamily Inequality.” Pp. 263–74 inIntrahousehold Resource Allocation in Developing Countries: Models, Methods, and Policy, edited by L. Haddad, J. Hoddinott, and H. Alderman. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Fox, R. 1967.Kinship and Marriage. Middlesex, England: Penguin Books. —. 1971.Kin Clan Raja and Rule. Berkeley: University of California Press. Goody, J. 1973. “Bridewealth and Dowry in Africa and Eurasia.” Pp. 1–58 inBridewealth and Dowry, edited by J. Goody and S.J. Tambiah. London: Cambridge University Press. Gough, E.K. 1956. “Brahmin Kinship in a Tamil Village.”American Anthropologist 58: 826–53. Gould, H.A. 1960. “The Micro-Demography of Marriages in a North Indian Area.”Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 16: 476–91. Greif, A. 2006a. “Family Structure, Institutions, and Growth: The Origins and Implications of Western Corporations.”American Economic Review 96: 308–12. —. 2006b.Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons From Medieval Trade. New York: Cambridge University Press. Hoddinott, J. and L. Haddad. 1995. “Does Female Income Share Influence Household Expenditures? Evidence From Cote D’Ivore.”Oxford Bulletin of Economic and Statistics 57: 77–96. Ibbetson, D. 1916 [1974].Panjab Castes. Lahore: SH Mubarak Ali. Kapur, S. and S. Kim. 2006. “British Colonial Institutions and Economic Development in India.” NBER Working Paper No. 12613. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. Karve, I. 1990.Kinship Organization in India. 3rd edition. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. Kishor, S. 1993. “‘May God Give Sons to All’: Gender and Child Mortality in India.”American Sociological Review 58: 247–65. Kolenda, P. 1987.Regional Differences in Family Structure in India. Jaipur, India: Rawat. Lundberg, S.J. and R.A. Pollak. 1993. “Separate Spheres Bargaining and the Marriage Market.”Journal of Political Economy 101: 988–1010. Lundberg, S.J., R.A. Pollak, and T.J. Wales. 1997. “Do Husbands and Wives Pool Their Resources? Evidence From the United Kingdom Child Benefit.”Journal of Human Resources 32: 463–80. Mandelbaum, D.G. 1970.Society in India. Vols. 1 and 2. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Manser, M. and M. Brown. 1980. “Marriage and Household Decision-Making: A Bargaining Analysis.”International Economic Review 21: 31–44. Mathur, D. 2007. “What’s Love Got to Do With It? Parental Involvement and Spouse Choice in Urban India.” Working paper. Department of Economics, University of Chicago. McElroy, M.B. 1990. “The Empirical Content of Nash-Bargained Household Behavior.”Journal of Human Resources 25: 559–83. McElroy, M.B. and M.J. Horney. 1981. “Nash-Bargained Household Decisions: Toward a Generalization of the Theory of Demand.”International Economic Review 22: 333–49. Miller, B. 1981.The Endangered Sex: Neglect of Female Children in Rural North India. 2nd ed. Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press. Miller, E.J. 1954. “Caste and Territory in Malabar.”American Anthropologists 56: 410–20. Morgan, L.H. 1871.Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Munshi, K. and M.R. Rosenzweig. 2005. “Why Is Mobility in India So Low? Social Insurance, Inequality and Growth.” Center for International Development Working Paper No. 121. Harvard University. Murthi, M., A.-C. Guio, and J. Dreze. 1995. “Mortality, Fertility, and Gender Bias in India: A District-Level Analysis.”Population and Development Review 21: 745–82. Nasir, R. and A.K. Kalla. 2006. “Kinship System, Fertility and Son Preference Among the Muslims: A Review.”Anthropologist 8: 275–81. Nesfield, J.C. 1885.Brief View of the Caste System of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh. Allahabad: North-Western Provinces and Oudh Government Press. Norberg, K. 2004. “Partnership Status and the Human Sex Ratio at Birth.” NBER Working Paper No. W10920. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. North, D.C., J.J. Wallis, and B.R. Weingast. 2006. “A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History.” NBER Working Paper No. 12795. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. Park, C.B. and N.-H. Cho. 1995. “Consequences of Son Preference in a Low-Fertility Society: Imbalance of the Sex Ratio at Birth in Korea.”Population and Development Review 21: 59–84. Parry, J.P. 1979.Caste and Kinship in Kangra. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Pradhan, M.C. 1966.The Political System of the Jats of Northern India. London: Oxford University Press. Qian, N. 2006. “Missing Women and the Price of Tea in China: The Effect of Sex-Specific Earnings on Sex Imbalance.” CEPR Discussion Paper No. 5986. Centre for Economic Policy Research, London. Risley, H.H. 1892.The Tribes and Castes of Bengal. Vols. 1 and 2. Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Press. Sen, A. 1990. “More Than 100 Million Women Are Missing.”New York Review of Books 37(20), Dec. 20. Stein, B. 1994.Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India. Delhi: Oxford University Press. Stone, L. 1997.Kinship and Gender: An Introduction. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Tambiah, S.J. 1973. “Dowry and Bridewealth, and the Property Rights of Women in South Asia.” Pp. 59–169 inBridewealth and Dowry, edited by J. Goody and S.J. Tambiah. London: Cambridge University Press. Thapar, R. 1984.From Lineage to State: Social Formations in the Mid-First Millennium B.C. in the Ganga Valley. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Thomas, D. 1990. “Intra-Household Resource Allocation: An Inferential Approach.”Journal of Human Resources 24: 635–64. —. 1994. “Like Father, Like Son; Like Mother, Like Daughter: Parental Resources and Child Height.”Journal of Human Resources 29: 950–88. Thurston, E. 1909.Castes and Tribes of Southern India. Vols. 1–7. Madras: Government Press. Trautmann, T. 1981.Dravidian Kinship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Visaria, P.M. 1961.The Sex Ratio of the Population of India. Census of India, Vol. 1, Monograph 10. Ministry of Home Affairs, New Delhi.