Kerogen origin, evolution and structure

Abelson, 1954, Organic constituents of fossils, Carnegie Institution of Washington Yearbook, 53, 97

Acholla, 1993, Pyrite removal from kerogen without altering organic matter: the chromous chloride method, Energy and Fuels, 7, 406, 10.1021/ef00039a012

Adam, 1991, 2α and 3β Steroid thiols from reductive cleavage of macromolecular petroleum fraction, Tetrahedron Letters, 32, 2955, 10.1016/0040-4039(91)80661-O

Adam, 1998, Photochemical sulfurization of sedimentary organic matter: a widespread process occurring at early diagenesis in natural environments?, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 62, 265, 10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00332-3

Adam, 2000, Clue to early diagenesis sulfurization process from mild chemical cleavage of labile sulfur-rich macromolecules, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64, 3485, 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00443-9

Adler, 1977, Lignin chemistry. Past, present and future, Wood Science and Technology, 11, 169, 10.1007/BF00365615

Ahlers, 1999, 1H NMR analysis of sporopollenin from Typha angustifolia, Phytochemistry, 50, 1095, 10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00225-8

Albrecht, 1976, Geochemical studies on the organic matter from the Douala Basin (Cameroon)-I. Evolution of the extractable organic matter and the formation of petroleum, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 40, 791, 10.1016/0016-7037(76)90031-4

Allard, 1997, Artifactual origin of mycobacterial bacteran. Formation of melanoidin-like artifactual macromolecular material during the usual isolation process, Organic Geochemistry, 26, 691, 10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00037-5

Allard, 1998, An improved method for the isolation of artifact-free algaenans from microalgae, Organic Geochemistry, 28, 543, 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00012-6

Allard, 2002, Occurrence of high molecular weight lipids (C80+) in the trilaminar outer walls of some freshwater microalgae. A reappraisal of algaenan structure, Organic Geochemistry, 33, 789, 10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00029-3

Alldredge, 1987, Can microscale chemical patches persist in the sea? Microelectrode study of marine snow, fecal pellets, Science, 235, 689, 10.1126/science.235.4789.689

Allen, G., Laurier, D., Thouvenin, J., 1979. Etude sédimentologique du delta de la Mahakam. Notes et Mémoires N° 15, Compagnie Française des Pétroles, Paris.

Alpern, 1980, Pétrographie du kérogène, 339

Amblès, 1996, Ester- and ether-bond cleavage in immature kerogens, Organic Geochemistry, 24, 681, 10.1016/0146-6380(96)00059-9

Amrani, 2004, Mechanisms of sulfur introduction are chemically controlled: δ34S imprint, Organic Geochemistry, 35, 1319, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.06.019

Amrani, 2004, Reaction of polysulfide anions with α, β unsaturated isoprenoid aldehydes in aquatic media: simulation of oceanic conditions, Organic Geochemistry, 35, 909, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.04.002

Arnarson, 2001, Organic–mineral interactions in marine sediments studied using density fractionation and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Organic Geochemistry, 32, 1401, 10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00114-0

Arouri, 1999, A possible chlorophycean affinity of some Neoproterozoic acritarchs, Organic Geochemistry, 30, 1323, 10.1016/S0146-6380(99)00105-9

Aycard-Giorgi, M., Derenne, S., Largeau, C., Tribovillard, N., Baudin, F., 2001. Preservation processes of sedimentary organic matter along a core in a euxinic upwelling-influenced basin: The Cariaco Trough (Venezuela), In: 20th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry, Nancy, France, Abstracts vol. 2, pp. 137–138.

Aycard, 2003, Formation pathways of proto-kerogens in Holocene sediments of the upwelling influenced Cariaco Trench, Venezuela, Organic Geochemistry, 34, 701, 10.1016/S0146-6380(03)00058-5

Azevedo, 2001, Possible origin of acyclic (linear and isoprenoid) and tricyclic terpane methyl ketones in a Tasmanian tasmanite bitumen, Organic Geochemistry, 32, 443, 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00164-9

Baas, 1995, Selective preservation of chitin during the decay of shrimp, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59, 94, 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00012-7

Baldock, 2000, Role of the soil matrix and minerals in protecting natural organic materials against biological attack, Organic Geochemistry, 31, 697, 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00049-8

Bates, 1995, Sulfur geochemistry of organic-rich sediments from Mud Lake, Florida, USA, Chemical Geology, 121, 245, 10.1016/0009-2541(94)00122-O

Behar, 1986, Représentation chimique de la structure des kérogènes et des asphaltènes en fonction de leur origine et de leur degré d’évolution, Revue de l’Institut Français du Pétrole, 41, 173, 10.2516/ogst:1986010

Behar, 1987, Chemical modelling of kerogens, Organic Geochemistry, 11, 15, 10.1016/0146-6380(87)90047-7

Behar, F., Vandenbroucke, M., 1988. Characterization and quantification of saturates trapped inside kerogen: implications for pyrolysate composition. In: Mattavelli, L., Novelli, L. (Ed.), Advances in Organic Geochemistry 1987. Organic Geochemistry 13, 927-938.

Behar, 1995, Experimental simulation of gas generation from coals and a marine kerogen, Chemical Geology, 126, 247, 10.1016/0009-2541(95)00121-2

Behar, 1997, Thermal cracking of kerogen in open and closed systems: determination of kinetic parameters and stoichiometric coefficients for oil and gas generation, Organic Geochemistry, 26, 321, 10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00014-4

Behar, 2000, Nitrogen distribution in the pyrolysis products of a type II kerogen (Cenomanian, Italy). Timing of molecular nitrogen production versus other gases, Energy & Fuels, 14, 431, 10.1021/ef990157g

Behar, 2001, Rock-Eval 6 technology: performances and developments. Oil & Gas Science and Technology, Revue de l’Institut Français du Pétrole, 56, 111

Behar, 2003, Comparison of artificial maturation of lignite in hydrous and nonhydrous conditions, Organic Geochemistry, 34, 575, 10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00241-3

Belin, 1992, Application of backscattered electron imaging to the study of source rock microtextures, Organic Geochemistry, 18, 333, 10.1016/0146-6380(92)90074-8

Belin, S., 1992b. Distribution microscopique de la matière organique disséminée dans les roches-mères. Technique d’étude. Interprétation des conditions de dépôt et de diagenèse, Ph.D. Thesis, Orsay.

Benson, 1960

Berkaloff, 1983, The resistant polymer of the walls of the hydrocarbon-rich alga Botryococcus braunii, Phytochemistry, 22, 389, 10.1016/0031-9422(83)83010-6

Berner, 1964, Distribution and diagenesis of sulfur in some sediments from the Gulf of California, Marine Geology, 1, 117, 10.1016/0025-3227(64)90011-8

Berner, 1984, Sedimentary pyrite formation: an update, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48, 605, 10.1016/0016-7037(84)90089-9

Berner, 1985, Sulphate reduction, organic matter decomposition and pyrite formation, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A, 315, 25, 10.1098/rsta.1985.0027

Berner, 1987, Models for carbon and sulfur cycles and atmospheric oxygen: application to Paleozoic geologic history, American Journal of Science, 287, 177, 10.2475/ajs.287.3.177

Berner, 1994, GEOCARBII: a revised model of atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic time, American Journal of Science, 294, 56, 10.2475/ajs.294.1.56

Bertrand, 1994, Enhancement of accumulation and anoxic degradation of organic matter controlled by cyclic productivity: a model, Organic Geochemistry, 22, 511, 10.1016/0146-6380(94)90123-6

Binet, 2004, Occurrence of abundant diradicaloid moieties in the insoluble organic matter from the Orgueil and Murchison meteorites: a fingerprint of its extraterrestrial origin?, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68, 881, 10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00500-3

Blokker, 1998, Chemical structure of algaenans from the fresh water algae Tetraedron minimum, Scenedesmus communis and Pediastrum boryanum, Organic Geochemistry, 29, 1453, 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00111-9

Blokker, 1999, Molecular structure of the resistant biopolymers in the zygospore cell wall of Chlamydomonas monoica, Planta, 207, 539, 10.1007/s004250050515

Blokker, 2000, A comparative study of fossil and extant algaenans using ruthenium tetroxide degradation, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64, 2055, 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00367-7

Blokker, 2001, The chemical structure of Gloeocapsomorpha prisca microfossils: implications for their origin, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 65, 885, 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00582-2

Bock, 2000, Mesodensity organo-clay associations in a nearshore sediment, Marine Geology, 163, 65, 10.1016/S0025-3227(99)00105-X

Boom, 2005, Cutan, a common aliphatic biopolymer in cuticles of drought-adapted plants, Organic Geochemistry, 36, 595, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.10.017

Boon, 1992, Analytical pyrolysis mass spectrometry: new vistas opened by temperature-resolved in-source Py-MS, International Journal of Mass spectrometry and Ion processes, 755, 10.1016/0168-1176(92)85084-D

Boon, 1998, Molecular characterization of microgram amounts of oceanic colloidal organic matter by direct temperature-resolved ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometry, Organic Geochemistry, 29, 1051, 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00121-1

Bordenave, 1993, Screening techniques for source rock evaluation, 219

Boussafir, 1995, Electron microscopy and pyrolysis of kerogens from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation, U.K.: source organisms, preservation processes and origin of microcycles, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59, 3731, 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00273-3

Brassell, 1986, Isoprenoid thiophenes: novel products of sediment diagenesis?, Nature, 320, 160, 10.1038/320160a0

Breger, 1960, Diagenesis of metabolites and a discussion of the origin of petroleum hydrocarbons, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 19, 297, 10.1016/0016-7037(60)90036-3

Brooks, 1978, Sporopollenin: a review of its chemistry, palaeobiochemistry and geochemistry, Grana, 17, 91, 10.1080/00173137809428858

Brown, 1997, Speciation of the organic sulphur forms in a recent sediment and type I and II-S kerogens by high pressure temperature programmed reduction, Energy & Fuels, 11, 532, 10.1021/ef960202+

Brüchert, 1996, Contemporaneous early diagenetic formation of organic and inorganic sulfur in estuarine sediments from St. Andrew Bay, Florida, USA, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60, 2325, 10.1016/0016-7037(96)00087-7

Brukner, 1983, Extracts from the open and closed pores of an upper Triassic sequence from W.Hungary: a contribution to studies of primary migration, 175

Burges, 1964, The phenolic constituents of humic acid and the relation to the lignin of the plant cover, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 28, 1547, 10.1016/0016-7037(64)90005-5

Burgoyne, 1998, Quantitative production of H2 by pyrolysis of gas chromatographic effluents, Analytical Chemistry, 70, 5136, 10.1021/ac980248v

Burlingame, 1969, Fatty acids derived from the Green River Formation oil shale by extractions and oxidations – a review, 85

Burnham, 1999, Global kinetic analysis of complex materials, Energy & Fuels, 13, 1, 10.1021/ef9800765

Calvert, 1992, Organic carbon in marine sediments: is anoxia important?, 231

Carlson, 1992, Computer simulation of the molecular structure of bituminous coal, Energy & Fuels, 6, 771, 10.1021/ef00036a012

Carmo, 1997, Factors controlling the abundance of organic sulfur in flash-pyrolyzates of Upper Cretaceous kerogens from Sergipe Basin, Brazil, Organic Geochemistry, 26, 587, 10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00020-X

Carroll, 2001, Lake-type controls on petroleum source rock potential in nonmarine basins, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 85, 1033

Carruthers, 1912

Chermin, 1957, Chemical structure and properties of coal XVII – a mathematical model of coal pyrolysis, Fuel, 36, 85

Chou, 1990, Geochemistry of sulfur in coal, vol. 429, 30

Clayton, 1991, Oil-generating coals of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado, USA, Organic Geochemistry, 17, 735, 10.1016/0146-6380(91)90017-E

Clifford, 1995, A new rapid technique for the characterization of lignin in vascular plants: thermochemolysis with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), Organic Geochemistry, 23, 167, 10.1016/0146-6380(94)00109-E

Collins, 1995, Sorption by mineral surfaces: rebirth of the classical condensation pathway for kerogen formation?, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59, 2387, 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00114-F

Collinson, 1994, The oil-generating potential of plants from coal and coal-bearing strata through time: a review with new evidence from Carboniferous plants, vol. 77, 31

Combaz, 1980, Les kérogènes vus au microscope, 55

Combaz, 1978, Organic sedimentation and genesis of petroleum in Mahakam delta, Borneo, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 62, 1684

Corre, 1996, Influence of cell wall composition on the resistance of two Chlorella species (Chlorophyta) to detergents, Journal of Phycology, 32, 584, 10.1111/j.0022-3646.1996.00584.x

Dale, 1983, Dinoflagellate resting cysts: benthic plankton, 69

de Leeuw, 1990, Organic sulfur compounds and other biomarkers as indicators of palaeosalinity, vol. 429, 417

de Leeuw, 1991, Resistant biomacromolecules as major contributors to kerogen, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, 333, 329, 10.1098/rstb.1991.0082

de Leeuw, 1993, A review of macromolecular compounds that comprise living organisms and their role in kerogen, coal and petroleum formation, 23

de Poncins, P., 1950. La chimie des macromolécules. Son application à l’étude de la composition chimique des houilles, des cokes et des brais. In: Association Technique de l’Industrie du Gaz en France (Ed.), Compte rendu du 66e Congrès de l’Industrie du Gaz. Barnéoud frères et Cie, Laval, pp. 590–596.

del Rio, 2004, Preservation of peptide moieties in three Spanish sulfur-rich Teriary kerogens, Organic Geochemistry, 35, 993, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.06.002

Demaison, 1980, Anoxic environments and oil source bed genesis, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 64, 1179

Deming, 1993, The early diagenesis of organic matter: bacterial activity, 119

Deniau, 2001, Morphological and chemical features of a kerogen from the underground Mol laboratory (Boom Clay Formation, Oligocene, Belgium): structure, source organisms and formation pathways, Organic Geochemistry, 32, 1343, 10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00090-0

Deniau, 2004, Occurrence and nature of thermolabile compounds in the Boom Clay kerogen (Oligocene, underground Mol Laboratory, Belgium), Organic Geochemistry, 35, 91, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2003.10.010

Deniau, 2005, Simulation of thermal stress influence on the Boom Clay kerogen (Oligocene, Belgium) in relation to long-term storage of high activity nuclear waste. I – study of generated soluble compounds, Applied Geochemistry, 20, 587, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.09.013

Deniau, 2005, Determination of kinetic parameters and simulation of early CO2 production from the Boom Clay kerogen under low thermal stress, Applied Geochemistry, 20, 2097, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2005.07.006

Deport, 2006, Comparison between humic substances from soil and peats using TMAH and TEAAc thermochemolysis, Organic Geochemistry, 37, 649, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2006.01.014

Derbyshire, 1989, Molecular structure of coals: a debate, Fuel, 68, 1091, 10.1016/0016-2361(89)90178-6

Derenne, 1987, The quantitative analyse of coals and kerogens by 13C CP/MAS NMR, Journal de Chimie Physique, 84, 754

Derenne, 1989, Occurrence of a resistant biopolymer in the L race of Botryococcus braunii, Phytochemistry, 28, 1137, 10.1016/0031-9422(89)80197-9

Derenne, 1990, Characterization of Estonian Kukersite by spectroscopy and pyrolysis: evidence for abundant alkyl phenolic moieties in an Ordovician, marine, type II/I kerogen, vol. 16, 873

Derenne, 1991, Chemical evidence of kerogen formation in source rocks and oil shales via selective preservation of thin resistant outer walls of microalgae: origin of ultralaminae, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 55, 1041, 10.1016/0016-7037(91)90162-X

Derenne, 1992, Similar morphological and chemical variations of Gloeocapsomorpha prisca in Ordovician sediments and cultured Botryococcus braunii as a response to changes in salinity, Organic Geochemistry, 19, 299, 10.1016/0146-6380(92)90001-E

Derenne, 1992, Non-hydrolysable macromolecular constituents from outer walls of Chlorella fusca and Nanochlorum eucaryotum, Phytochemistry, 31, 1923, 10.1016/0031-9422(92)80335-C

Derenne, 1992, Structure of Chlorella fusca algaenan: relationships with ultralaminae in lacustrine kerogens; species- and environment-dependent variations in the composition of fossil ultralaminae, Organic Geochemistry, 18, 417, 10.1016/0146-6380(92)90104-6

Derenne, 1992, Formation of ultralaminae in marine kerogens via selective preservation of thin resistant outer walls of microalgae, Organic Geochemistry, 19, 345, 10.1016/0146-6380(92)90004-H

Derenne, 1996, First example of an algaenan yielding an aromatic-rich pyrolysate. Possible geochemical implications on marine kerogen formation, Organic Geochemistry, 24, 617, 10.1016/0146-6380(96)00053-8

Derenne, 1997, Chemical structure of the organic matter in a Pliocene maar-type oil shale. Implicated Botryococcus races and formation pathways, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61, 1879, 10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00042-2

Derenne, 1998, Timing and mechanisms of changes in nitrogen functionality during biomass fossilization, vol. 707, 243

Derenne, 2000, Origin of variations in organic matter abundance and composition in a lithologically homogeneous maar-type oil shale deposit (Gérce, Pliocene, Hungary), Organic Geochemistry, 31, 787, 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00093-0

Deshmukh, 2005, Insights in the structure of cutin and cutan from. Agave americana leaf cuticle using HRMAS NMR spectroscopy, Organic Geochemistry, 36, 1072, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.02.005

Dickens, 2004, Reburial of fossil carbon in marine sediments, Nature, 427, 336, 10.1038/nature02299

Dignac, 2004, Pyrolytic study of the non-extractable residues of 13C-atrazine in soil size fractions and soil humin, 161

Djuricić, 1971, Organic acids obtained by alkaline permanganate oxidation of kerogen from the Green River (Colorado) shale, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 35, 1201, 10.1016/0016-7037(71)90111-6

Domazetis, 2006, Molecular models of brown coal containing inorganic species, Organic Geochemistry, 37, 244, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.07.006

Dorbon, 1984, Distribution of carbazole derivatives in petroleum, Organic Geochemistry, 7, 111, 10.1016/0146-6380(84)90124-4

Douglas, 1991, Flash pyrolysis of Ordovician kerogens: unique distributions of hydrocarbons and sulphur compounds released from the fossilized alga Gloeocapsomorpha prisca., Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 55, 275, 10.1016/0016-7037(91)90417-4

Down, 1941, A preliminary study of the chemical constitution of kerogen, Journal of the Institute of Petroleum, 27, 426

Dragojlović, 2005, Ether and ester moieties in Messel shale kerogen examined by hydrolysis/ruthenium tetroxide oxidation/hydrolysis, Organic Geochemistry, 36, 1, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.07.011

Durand, 1973, Evolution de la matière organique au cours de l’enfouissement des sédiments, Compte rendus de l’Académie des Sciences (Paris), 276, 2253

Durand, B., 1975. Indices optiques, potentiel pétrolier et histoire thermique des sédiments. In: Alpern, B. (Ed.), Pétrographie de la Matière Organique des Sédiments, Relations avec la Paléotempérature et le Potentiel Pétrolier Editions du CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Paris, pp. 205–215.

Durand, 1976, Geochemical studies on the organic matter from the Douala Basin (Cameroon)-II. Evolution of kerogen, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 40, 801, 10.1016/0016-7037(76)90032-6

Durand, 1977, Etude de kérogènes par résonance paramagnétique électronique, 753

Durand, 1977, Etude géochimique d’une série de charbons, 601

Durand, 1980, Sedimentary organic matter and kerogen. Definition and quantitative importance of kerogen, 13

Durand, 1980, Procedures of kerogen isolation, 35

Durand, 1980, Elemental analysis of kerogens, 113

Durand, 1987, Oil saturation and primary migration: observations in shales and coals from the Kerbau wells, Mahakam delta, Indonesia, 173

Durand, 1988, Understanding of HC migration in sedimentary basins (present state of knowledge), Organic Geochemistry, 13, 445, 10.1016/0146-6380(88)90066-6

Durand-Souron, 1980, Thermogravimetric analysis and associated techniques applied to kerogens, 143

Durand-Souron, 1982, Formation of methane and hydrocarbons by pyrolysis of immature kerogens, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 46, 1193, 10.1016/0016-7037(82)90005-9

Duval, B.C., Cramez, C., Vail, P.R., 1998. Stratigraphic cycles and major marine source rocks. In: de Graciansky, P.C., Hardenbol, J., Jacquin, T., Vail, P.R. (Ed.), Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Stratigraphy of European Basins. SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Special Publication 60, Tulsa, pp. 43–51.

Eglinton, 1990, Rapid estimation of organic sulfur content of kerogens, coals and asphaltenes by flash pyrolysis-gas chromatography, Fuel, 69, 1394, 10.1016/0016-2361(90)90121-6

Eglinton, 1994, Carbon isotopic evidence for the origin of macromolecular aliphatic structure in kerogen, Organic Geochemistry, 21, 721, 10.1016/0146-6380(94)90015-9

Eglinton, 1994, Formation and diagenesis of macromolecular organic sulfur in Peru margin sediments, Organic Geochemistry, 22, 781, 10.1016/0146-6380(94)90139-2

Eglinton, 1997, Variability in organic carbon ages of individual organic compounds from marine sediments, Science, 277, 769, 10.1126/science.277.5327.796

Espitalié, J., Madec, M., Tissot, B., Mennig, J.J., Leplat, P., 1977. Source rock characterization method for petroleum exploration. Paper OTC (Offshore Technology Conference) 2935, pp. 439–444.

Espitalié, J., Senga-Makadi, K., Trichet, J., 1984. Role of the mineral matrix during kerogen pyrolysis. In: Schenck, P.A., de Leeuw, J.W., Lijmbach, G.W.M. (Eds.), Advances in Organic Geochemistry 1983, Organic Geochemistry 6, 365-382.

Espitalié, 1985, La pyrolyse Rock-Eval et ses applications, Revue de l’Institut Français du Pétrole, Part I, 40, 563, 10.2516/ogst:1985035

Espitalié, 1993, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, 237

Eusterhues, 2003, Stabilisation of soil organic matter by interactions with minerals as revealed by mineral dissolution and oxidative degradation, Organic Geochemistry, 34, 1591, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2003.08.007

Evitt, 1961, Observations on the morphology of fossil dinoflagellates, Micropaleontology, 7, 385, 10.2307/1484378

Faegri, 1971, The preservation of sporopollenin membranes under natural conditions, 256

Faulon, 1990, 3D chemical model for geological macromolecules, vol. 16, 981

Faulon, 1993, A computer-aided molecular model for high volatile bituminous coal, Fuel Processing Technology, 34, 277, 10.1016/0378-3820(93)90070-K

Faulon, 1995, Unraveling complex molecules, Chemtech January, 1995, 16

Fester, 1966, Oxygen functional groups in Green River oil-shale kerogen and trona acids, 22

Filley, 1999, Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) thermochemolysis: proposed mechanisms based upon the application of 13C-labeled TMAH to a synthetic model lignin dimer, Organic Geochemistry, 30, 607, 10.1016/S0146-6380(99)00040-6

Filley, 2000, The application of 13C-labeled tetramethylammonium hydroxide (13C-TMAH) thermochemolysis to the study of fungal degradation of wood, Organic Geochemistry, 31, 181, 10.1016/S0146-6380(99)00159-X

Filley, 2002, Biogeochemical controls on reaction of organic matter and aqueous sulfites in Holocene sediments of Mud Lake, Florida, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 66, 937, 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00829-8

Filley, 2002, Lignin demethylation and polysaccharide decomposition in spruce sapwood degraded by brown rot fungi, Organic Geochemistry, 33, 111, 10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00144-9

Flaig, 1966, The chemistry of humic substances, 103

Flaig, 1975, Chemical composition and physical properties of humic substances, vol. 1, 1

Flaig, W., 1988. Generation of model chemical precursors. In: Frimmel, F.H., Christman, R.F. (Eds), Humic Substances and their Role in the Environment. Dahlem Workshop Reports, Wiley, Chichester, pp. 75–92.

Flannery, 2001, Chitin in the fossil record: identification and quantification of D-glucosamine, Organic Geochemistry, 32, 745, 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00174-1

Flaviano, 1994, First indications of the formation of kerogen amorphous fractions by selective preservation. Role of non-hydrolysable macromolecular constituents of eubacterial cell walls, Organic Geochemistry, 22, 759, 10.1016/0146-6380(94)90137-6

Foriel, 2004, High-resolution imaging of sulfur oxidation states, trace elements, and organic molecules distribution in individual microfossils and contemporary microbial filaments, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68, 1561, 10.1016/j.gca.2003.10.006

Forsman, 1963, Geochemistry of kerogen, vol. 16, 148

Forsman, 1958, Insoluble organic matter (kerogen) in sedimentary rocks, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 15, 170, 10.1016/0016-7037(58)90055-3

François, 1987, A study of sulphur enrichment in the humic fraction of marine sediments during early diagenesis, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51, 17, 10.1016/0016-7037(87)90003-2

François, 1990, Marine sedimentary humic substances: structure, genesis and properties, Aquatic Sciences, 3, 41

Freeman, 1990, Evidence from carbon isotope measurements for diverse origins of sedimentary hydrocarbons, Nature, 343, 254, 10.1038/343254a0

Froelich, 1979, Early oxidation of organic matter in pelagic sediments of the Eastern equatorial Atlantic: Suboxic diagenesis, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 43, 1075, 10.1016/0016-7037(79)90095-4

Fuchs, 1942, Theory of coal pyrolysis, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 34, 567, 10.1021/ie50389a010

Furukawa, 2000, Enegy-filtering transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) investigations of clay-organic matter aggregates in aquatic sediments, Organic Geochemistry, 31, 735, 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00043-7

Garcette-Lepecq, 2000, Origin and formation pathways of kerogen-like organic matter in recent sediments off the Danube Delta (northwestern Black Sea), Organic Geochemistry, 31, 1663, 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00100-5

Garcette-Lepecq, 2001, Thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation of kerogen-like organic matter in a recent sediment off the Danube delta (northwestern Black Sea), Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 61, 147, 10.1016/S0165-2370(01)00133-4

Gatellier, 1993, A comparative study of macromolecular substances of a Coorongite and cell walls of the extant alga Botryococcus braunii, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 2053, 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90093-C

Gavalas, 1981, Model of coal pyrolysis. 2. Quantitative formulation and results, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, 20, 122, 10.1021/i100002a002

Gelin, 1995, Molecular indicators for paleoenvironmental changes in a Messinian evaporitic sequence (Vena del Geso, Italy): III. Stratigraphic changes in the molecular structure of kerogen in a single marl bed as revealed by flash pyrolysis, Organic Geochemistry, 23, 555, 10.1016/0146-6380(95)00041-C

Gelin, 1996, Novel, resistant microalgal polyethers: an important sink in the marine environment?, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60, 1275, 10.1016/0016-7037(96)00038-5

Gelin, 1997, Resistant biomacromolecules in marine microalgae of the classes Eustigmatophyceae and Chlorophyceae: Geochemical implications, Organic Geochemistry, 26, 659, 10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00035-1

Gelin, 1998, Laboratory sulfurisation of the marine microalga Nannochloropsis salina, Organic Geochemistry, 29, 1837, 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00171-5

Gelin, 1999, Distribution of aliphatic, nonhydrolysable biopolymers in marine microalgae, Organic Geochemistry, 30, 147, 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00206-X

Gélinas, 2001, Demineralization of marine and freshwater sediments for CP/MAS 13C NMR analysis, Organic Geochemistry, 32, 677, 10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00018-3

Gillaizeau, 1996, Source organisms and formation pathway of the kerogen of the Göynük Oil Shale (Oligocene, Turkey) as revealed by electron microscopy, spectrometry and pyrolysis, Organic Geochemistry, 24, 671, 10.1016/0146-6380(96)00058-7

Gillaizeau, 1997, Nitrogen fate during laboratory maturation of a type I kerogen (Oligocene, Turkey) and related algaenan: nitrogen mass balances and timing of N2 production versus other gases, Energy & Fuels, 11, 1237, 10.1021/ef970060z

Given, 1960, The distribution of hydrogen in coals and its relation to coal structure, Fuel, 39, 147

Gleixner, 1999, Molecular insight into soil carbon turnover, Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 13, 1278, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0231(19990715)13:13<1278::AID-RCM649>3.0.CO;2-N

Gleixner, 2002, Molecular dynamics of organic matter in a cultivated soil, Organic Geochemistry, 33, 357, 10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00166-8

Goldhaber, 1974, The sulfur cycle, vol. 5, 569

Goldhaber, 1975, Controls and consequences of sulfate reduction rates in recent marine sediments, Soil Science, 119, 42, 10.1097/00010694-197501000-00008

Goldhaber, 1980, Mechanisms of sulfur incorporation and isotope fractionation during early diagenesis in sediments of the Gulf of California, Marine Chemistry, 9, 95, 10.1016/0304-4203(80)90063-8

Goñi, 1993, Fungal degradation of wood lignins: geochemical perspectives from CuO-derived phenolic dimers and monomers, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 3985, 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90348-Z

Goth, 1988, Origin of Messel Oil Shale kerogen, Nature, 36, 759, 10.1038/336759a0

Gransch, 1974, On the origin of sulphur in crudes, 727

Graubau, A.W., 1936. Oscillation or pulsation. In: International Geological Congress, Report of the 16th session, vol. 1, pp. 539–553.

Greenwood, 1998, Applications of laser micropyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, Organic Geochemistry, 29, 1075, 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00101-6

Greenwood, 2000, The in situ analytical pyrolysis of two different organic components of a synthetic environmental matrix doped with (4,9-13C) pyrene, Organic Geochemistry, 31, 635, 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00048-6

Gubatz, 1993, Tracer experiments on sporopollenin biosynthesis, Grana, 1, 12, 10.1080/00173139309427447

Guilford, 1988, High resolution solid-state 13C NMR investigation of sporopollenin from different plant taxa, Plant Physiology, 86, 134, 10.1104/pp.86.1.134

Gustafsson, 1998, The flux of black carbon to surface sediments on the New England continental shelf, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 62, 465, 10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00370-0

Gustafsson, 2001, Evaluation of a protocol for the quantification of black carbon in sediments, soils and aquatic particles, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 15, 881, 10.1029/2000GB001380

Haider, 1967, Synthesis and transformation of phenolic compounds by Epicoccum nigrum in relation to humic acid formation, Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, 31, 766, 10.2136/sssaj1967.03615995003100060019x

Haider, 1992, Problems related to the humification processes in soils of temperate climates, 55

Han, 1995, Organic geochemical characterization of the density fractions of a Permian torbanite, Organic Geochemistry, 21, 39, 10.1016/0146-6380(95)90007-1

Hartgers, 1994, Evidence for only minor contribution from bacteria to sedimentary organic carbon, Nature, 369, 224, 10.1038/369224a0

Hartgers, 1997, Sulfur-binding in recent environments: II. Speciation of sulfur and iron and implications for the occurrence of organo-sulfur compounds, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61, 4769, 10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00279-2

Harvey, 1985, Geochemistry of humic substances in seawater, 233

Harvey, 1983, The structure of marine fulvic and humic acids, Marine Chemistry, 12, 119, 10.1016/0304-4203(83)90075-0

Harwood, 1977, Oil gas generation by laboratory pyrolysis of Kerogen, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 61, 2082

Hatcher, 1982, Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of ancient buried wood : II. Observations on the origin of coal from lignite bituminous coal, Organic Geochemistry, 4, 9, 10.1016/0146-6380(82)90003-1

Hatcher, 1983, Selective preservation and origin of petroleum-forming aquatic kerogen, Nature, 305, 498, 10.1038/305498a0

Hatcher, 1985, Geochemistry of humin, 275

Hatcher, 1987, Chemical structural studies of natural lignin by dipolar dephasing solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, Organic Geochemistry, 11, 31, 10.1016/0146-6380(87)90049-0

Hatcher, P.G., Spiker, E.C., 1988. Selective degradation of plant biomolecules. In: Frimmel, F.H., Christman, R.F. (Eds.), Humic Substances and their Role in the Environment, Dahlem Workshop Reports. Wiley, Chichester, pp. 59–74.

Hatcher, 1995, Comparison of two thermochemolytic methods for the analysis of lignin in decomposing gymnosperm wood: the CuO oxidation method and the method of thermochemolysis with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), Organic Geochemistry, 23, 881, 10.1016/0146-6380(95)00087-9

Hatcher, 1997, The organic geochemistry of coal: from plant materials to coal, Organic Geochemistry, 27, 251, 10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00051-X

Havinga, 1971, An experimental investigation into the decay of pollen and spores in various soil types, 446

Hay, 1995, Paleocenography of marine organic-carbon-rich sediments, 21

Hayes, 1990, Compound-specific isotopic analysis: a novel tool for reconstruction of ancient biogeochemical processes, vol. 16, 1115

Hedges, 1979, The characterization of plant tissues by their cupric oxide oxidation products, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 43, 1803, 10.1016/0016-7037(79)90028-0

Hedges, 1982, Characterization of lignin by capillary gas chromatography of cupric oxide oxidation products, Analytical Chemistry, 54, 174, 10.1021/ac00239a007

Hedges, J.I., 1988. Polymerization of humic substances in natural environments. In: Frimmel, F.H., Christman, R.F. (Eds.), Humic Substances and their Role in the Environment, Dahlem Workshop Reports. Wiley, Chichester, pp. 45–58.

Hedges, 1994, Origin and processing of organic matter in the Amazon River as indicated by carbohydrates and amino acids, Limnology and Oceanography, 39, 743, 10.4319/lo.1994.39.4.0743

Hedges, 1995, Sedimentary organic matter preservation: an assessment and speculative synthesis, Marine Chemistry, 49, 81, 10.1016/0304-4203(95)00008-F

Hedges, 1997, Comparative organic geochemistries of soils and marine sediments, Organic Geochemistry, 27, 319, 10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00056-9

Hedges, 1997, What happens to terrestrial organic matter in the oceans?, Organic Geochemistry, 27, 195, 10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00066-1

Hedges, 2000, The molecularly-uncharacterized component of nonliving organic matter in natural environments, Organic Geochemistry, 31, 945, 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00096-6

Heinrichs, 1993, Early diagenesis of organic matter: the dynamics (rates) of cycling of organic compounds, 101

Hemsley, 1993, The composition of sporopollenin and its use in living and fossil plant systematics, Grana, 1, 2, 10.1080/00173139309427446

Higuchi, 1981, Lignin structure and morphological distribution in plant cell walls, 1

Hill, 1999, The effects of retention and secondary cracking on the composition of migratable petroleum, 69

Himus, 1951, Observations on the composition of kerogen rocks and the chemical constitution of kerogen, 1

Hitchon, 1976, Formation of ralstonite during low-temperature acid digestion of shales, Canadian Mineralogist, 14, 391

Hockaday, 2006, Direct molecular evidence for the degradation and mobility of black carbon in soils from ultrahigh-resolution mass spectral analysis of dissolved organic matter from a fire-impacted forest soil, Organic Geochemistry, 37, 501, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.11.003

Hoering, 1984, Thermal reactions of kerogen with added water, heavy water and pure organic substances, Organic Geochemistry, 5, 267, 10.1016/0146-6380(84)90014-7

Hollander, 1990, Geochemical alteration of organic matter in eutrophic Lake Greifen: implications for the determination of organic facies and the origin of lacustrine source rocks, 181

Höld, 1998, Changes in the molecular structure of a type II-S kerogen (Monterey Formation, USA) during sequential chemical degradation, Organic Geochemistry, 29, 1403, 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00158-2

Holtvoeth, 2005, Soil organic matter as an important contributor to late Quaternary sediments of the tropical West African continental margin, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69, 2031, 10.1016/j.gca.2004.09.030

Hood, 1975, Organic metamorphism and the generation of petroleum, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 59, 986

Horsfield, 1992, On the typical petroleum-generating characteristics of alginite in the Cambrian Alum shale, 257

Hsieh, 2001, Ubiquitous occurrence of high molecular weight hydrocarbons in crude oils, Organic Geochemistry, 32, 955, 10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00071-7

Huc, 1974, Etude des acides humiques et de l’humine de sédiments récents considérés comme précurseurs des kérogènes, 53

Huc, 1977, Occurrence and significance of humic acids in ancient sediments, Fuel, 56, 73, 10.1016/0016-2361(77)90046-1

Huc, 1980, Origin and formation of organic matter in recent sediments and its relation to kerogen, 445

Huc, A.Y., Durand B., Roucache J., Vandenbroucke M., Pittion J.L., 1986. Comparison of three series of organic matter of continental origin. In: Leythaeuser, D., Rullkotter, J. (Ed.), Advances in Organic Geochemistry 1985. Organic Geochemistry 10, 65–72.

Huc, 1988, Aspects of depositional processes of organic matter in sedimentary basins, Organic Geochemistry, 13, 263, 10.1016/0146-6380(88)90045-9

Huc, 1990, Understanding organic facies: a key to improved quantitative petroleum evaluation of sedimentary basins, 1

Huc, 1990, Northern Lake Tanganyika. An example of organic sedimentation in an anoxic rift lake, 169

Huc, A.Y., Van Buchem, F.S.P., Colletta, B., 2005. Stratigraphic control on source rock distribution: first and second order scale. In: Harris, N.B. (Ed.), The Deposition of Organic-Carbon-Rich Sediments: Models, Mechanisms and Consequences. SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Special Publication 82, Tulsa, Oklahoma, pp. 225–242.

Hughey, 2004, Acidic and neutral polar NSO compounds in Smackover oils of different thermal maturity revealed by electrospray high field Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, Organic Geochemistry, 35, 863, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.02.008

Hunt, 1972, Distribution of carbon in crust of earth, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 56, 2273

Hunt, 1992, Modeling petroleum generation in sedimentary basins, 20

Hunt, 1996

Hutton, 1987, Petrographic classification of oil shales, International Journal of Coal Geology, 8, 203, 10.1016/0166-5162(87)90032-2

Ingalls, 2004, Organic matter diagenesis in shallow water carbonate sediments, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68, 4363, 10.1016/j.gca.2004.01.002

Isaksen, 1998, Controls on the oil and gas potential of humic coals, Organic Geochemistry, 29, 23, 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00042-4

Ishiwatari, 1985, Geochemistry of humic substances in lake sediments, 147

Jenisch-Anton, 1999, Oxygen-containing subunits in sulfur-rich nonpolar macromolecules, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63, 1059, 10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00300-7

Jocteur-Monrozier, L., Jeanson, P., 1981. Caractères généraux et évolution de l’azote organique dans les sédiments superficiels. In: Orgon IV. Editions du CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Paris, pp. 503–528.

Jokic, 2004, Integration of the polyphenol and Maillard reactions into a unified abiotic pathway for humification in nature: the role of δ -MnO2, Organic Geochemistry, 35, 747, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.01.021

Joll, 2004, Comparison of reagents for off-line thermochemolysis of natural organic matter, Organic Geochemistry, 35, 47, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2003.06.002

Jones, 1999, Modelling the relationship of coal structure to char porosity, Fuel, 78, 1737, 10.1016/S0016-2361(99)00122-2

Kaiser, 2000, The role of DOM sorption to mineral surfaces in the preservation of organic matter in soils, Organic Geochemistry, 31, 711, 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00046-2

Kaplan, 1963, The distribution and isotopic abundance of sulphur in recent marine sediments off southern California, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 27, 297, 10.1016/0016-7037(63)90074-7

Keil, 1994, Mineralogical and textural controls on the organic composition of coastal marine sediments: hydrodynamic separation using SPLITT-fractionation, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58, 879, 10.1016/0016-7037(94)90512-6

Kelemen, 1994, Quantification of nitrogen forms in Argonne Premium coals, Energy & Fuels, 8, 896, 10.1021/ef00046a013

Kelemen, 1999, Thermal chemistry of nitrogen in kerogen and low-rank coal, Energy & Fuels, 13, 529, 10.1021/ef9802126

Kelts, K., 1988. Environments of deposition of lacustrine petroleum source rocks: an introduction. In: Fleet, A.J., Kelts, K., Talbot, M.R. (Eds.), Lacustrine Petroleum Source Rocks. Geological Society Special Publication No. 40. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp. 3–26.

Kenig, 1990, Early sulfur incorporation in recent sedimentary organic matter within Abu Dhabi carbonate environment, vol. 429, 170

Khavari Khorasani, 1991, Geological and laboratory evidence for early generation of large amounts of liquid hydrocarbons from suberinite and subereous components, Organic Geochemistry, 17, 849, 10.1016/0146-6380(91)90025-F

Kiem, 2002, Refractory organic carbon in particle-size fractions of arable soils II: organic carbon in relation to mineral surface area and iron oxides in fraction <6μm, Organic Geochemistry, 33, 699, 10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00112-2

Killops, 1998, Predicting generation and expulsion of paraffinic oil from vitrinite-rich coals, Organic Geochemistry, 29, 1, 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00087-4

Kim, 2005, Microbial alteration of the acidic and neutral polar NSO compounds revealed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, Organic Geochemistry, 36, 1117, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.03.010

Kirk, 1987, Enzymatic “combustion: the microbial degradation of lignin, Annual Reviews of Microbiology, 41, 465, 10.1146/annurev.mi.41.100187.002341

Kissin, 1987, Catagenesis and composition of petroleum: origin of n-alkanes and isoalkanes in petroleum crudes, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51, 2445, 10.1016/0016-7037(87)90296-1

Klemme, 1991, Effective petroleum source rocks of the world: stratigraphic distribution and controlling depositional factors, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 75, 1809

Knicker, 1996, 13C and 15N spectroscopic investigation on the formation of fossil algal residues, Organic Geochemistry, 24, 661, 10.1016/0146-6380(96)00057-5

Knicker, 1997, Survival of protein in an organic-rich sediment: possible protection by encapsulation in organic matter, Naturwissenschaften, 84, 231, 10.1007/s001140050384

Knicker, 2001, Sequestration of organic nitrogen in the sapropel from Mangrovre Lake, Bermuda, Organic Geochemistry, 32, 733, 10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00005-5

Knicker, 2001, Identification of protein remnants in insoluble geopolymers using TMAH thermochemolysis/GC-MS, Organic Geochemistry, 32, 397, 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00186-8

Knicker, 2002, The feasibility of using DCPMAS 15N 13C NMR spectroscopy for a better characterization of immobilized 15N during incubation of 13C- and 15N-enriched plant material, Organic Geochemistry, 33, 237, 10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00155-3

Knicker, 2005, Condensation degree of burnt peat and plant residues and the reliability of solid-state VACP MAS 13C NMR spectra obtained from pyrogenic humic material, Organic Geochemistry, 36, 1359, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.06.006

Kohnen, 1989, Early incorporation of polysulphides in sedimentary organic matter, Nature, 341, 640, 10.1038/341640a0

Kok, 2000, Formation of insoluble, nonhydrolyzable, sulfur-rich macromolecules via incorporation of inorganic sulfur species into algal carbohydrates, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64, 2689, 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00382-3

Kok, 2000, Early steroid sulfurisation in surface sediments of a permanently stratified lake (Ace Lake, Antarctica), Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64, 1425, 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00430-5

Kokinos, 1998, Characterization of a highly resistant biomacromolecular material in the cell walls of a marine dinoflagellate resting cyst, Organic Geochemistry, 28, 265, 10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00134-4

Kolattukudy, 1976, Biochemistry of plant waxes, 289

Kolattukudy, 1980, Biopolyester membranes of plants: cutin and suberin, Science, 208, 890, 10.1126/science.208.4447.990

Kononova, 1966

Kowalewski, 1996, Preliminary results on molecular modelling of asphaltenes using structure elucidation programs in conjunction with molecular simulation programs, Energy & Fuels, 10, 97, 10.1021/ef950106t

Kracht, 2000, Isotope analysis of pyrolysis products from Sphagnum peat and dissolved organic matter from bog water, Organic Geochemistry, 31, 645, 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00041-3

Krein, 1994, The formation of isoprenoid sulfur compounds during diagenesis: simulated sulfur incorporation and thermal transformation, Organic Geochemistry, 21, 1015, 10.1016/0146-6380(94)90065-5

Kruge, 1997, Separation and artificial maturation of macerals from type II kerogens, Energy & Fuels, 11, 503, 10.1021/ef960191k

Kuhlbusch, 1995, Toward a global estimate of black carbon in residues of vegetation fires representing a sink of atmospheric CO2 and a source of O2, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 9, 491, 10.1029/95GB02742

Kujawinski, 2002, The application of electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI MS) to the structural characterization of natural organic matter, Organic Geochemistry, 33, 171, 10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00149-8

Lafargue, 1998, Rock-Eval 6 applications in hydrocarbon exploration, production and soils contamination studies, Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue de l’Institut Français du Pétrole, 53, 421, 10.2516/ogst:1998036

Lallier-Vergès, 1993, Control of the preservation of organic matter by productivity and sulphate reduction in Kimmeridgian shales from Dorset (UK), Marine and Petroleum Geology, 10, 600, 10.1016/0264-8172(93)90062-W

Landais, 1984, Importance of the oxidation/maturation pair in the evolution of humic coals, Organic Geochemistry, 7, 249, 10.1016/0146-6380(84)90121-9

Landais, 1993, Chemical characterization of Torbanites by Transmission Micro-FTIR spectroscopy. Origin and extent of compositional heterogeneities, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 2529, 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90415-S

Largeau, 1984, Formation of Botryococcus braunii kerogens. Comparative study of immature Torbanite and of the extant alga Botryococcus braunii., vol. 6, 327

Largeau, 1986, Pyrolysis of immature Torbanite and of the resistant biopolymer (PRB A) isolated from extant alga Botryoccocus braunii. Mechanism of formation and structure of Torbanite, vol. 10, 1023

Largeau, 1990, Occurrence and origin of “ultralaminar” structures in “amorphous kerogens of various source rocks and oil shales, vol. 16, 889

Largeau, 1990, Characterization of various kerogens by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) – Morphological relationships with resistant outer walls in extant microorganisms, Mededelingen Rijks Geology Dienst, 45, 91

Largeau, 1993, Relative efficiency of the selective preservation and degradation recondensation pathways in kerogen formation. Source and environment influence on their contributions to type I and II kerogens, Organic Geochemistry, 20, 611, 10.1016/0146-6380(93)90027-9

Largeau, 1995, Insoluble, non-hydrolysable, aliphatic macromolecular constituents of microbial cell walls, vol. 14, 77

Larsen, 1985, The nature of the macromolecular network structure of bituminous coals, Journal of Organic Chemistry, 50, 4729, 10.1021/jo00224a014

Larsen, 1989, Effect of demineralization on the macromolecular structure of coals, Energy & Fuels, 3, 557, 10.1021/ef00017a004

Larter, 1993, Determination of structural components of kerogens by the use of analytical pyrolysis methods, 271

Leithold, 2001, Watershed control on the carbon loading of marine sedimentary particles, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 65, 2231, 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00593-2

Lewan, 1979, Generation of oil-like pyrolyzates from organic-rich shales, Science, 203, 897, 10.1126/science.203.4383.897

Li, 2001, Hydrogen isotopic composition of individual alkanes as a new approach to petroleum correlation: case study from the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Organic Geochemistry, 32, 1387, 10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00116-4

Lim, 1996, Determination of black carbon by chemical oxidation and thermal treatment in recent marine and lake sediments and Cretaceous–Tertiary clays, Chemical Geology, 131, 143, 10.1016/0009-2541(96)00031-9

Lin, 1993, Reflectance FT-IR microspectroscopy of fossil algae contained in organic-rich shales, Applied Spectroscopy, 47, 265, 10.1366/0003702934066794

Littke, 1995, Molecular nitrogen in natural gas accumulations: generation from sedimentary matter at high temperatures, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 79, 410

Loiseau, 2002, Etude du devenir de l’atrazine dans des sols limono-argileux du Bassin Parisien par la combinaison de méthodes isotopiques et pyrolytiques, Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 173, 271, 10.2113/173.3.271

Lorant, 2002, Late generation of methane from mature kerogens, Energy & Fuels, 16, 412, 10.1021/ef010126x

Love, 1995, Release of covalently-bound alkane biomarkers in high yields from kerogen via catalytic hydropyrolysis, Organic Geochemistry, 23, 981, 10.1016/0146-6380(95)00075-5

Love, 1998, Differences in the mode of incorporation and biogenicity of the principal aliphatic constituents of a Type I oil shale, Organic Geochemistry, 28, 797, 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00050-3

Macko, 1993, Early diagenesis of organic matter in sediments: assessment of mechanisms and preservation by the use of isotopic molecular approaches, 211

Maillard, 1912, Action des acides aminés sur les sucres; formation des mélanoıˆdines par voie méthodique, Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences (Paris), 154, 66

Maillard, 1912, Formation d’humus et de combustibles minéraux sans intervention de l’oxygène atmosphérique, des microorganismes, des hautes températures, ou des fortes pressions, Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences (Paris), 155, 1554

Maillard, 1916, Synthèse des matières humiques par action des acides aminés sur les sucres réducteurs, Annales de Chimie, 9 e`me série, tome V, 258

Mango, 1997, The catalytic decomposition of petroleum into natural gas, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61, 5347, 10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00310-4

Mannino, 2000, Terrigenous dissolved organic matter along an estuarine gradient and its flux to the coastal ocean, vol. 31, 1611

Marchand, 1980, Electron paramagnetic resonance in kerogen studies, 243

Maroto-Valer, 1996, Characterization of partially carbonized coals by solid-state 13C NMR and optical microscopy, Energy & Fuels, 12, 833, 10.1021/ef970196x

Martin, 1971, Microbial activity in relation to soil humus formation, Soil Science, 111, 54, 10.1097/00010694-197101000-00007

Marzec, 1983, Mechanism of swelling and extraction and coal structure, Fuel, 62, 977, 10.1016/0016-2361(83)90176-X

Marzec, 1983, Application of 1H pulse n.m.r. to the determination of molecular and macromolecular phases in coals, Fuel, 62, 996, 10.1016/0016-2361(83)90130-8

Massiello, 1998, Black carbon in deep-sea sediments, Science, 280, 1911, 10.1126/science.280.5371.1911

Mastalerz, 1996, Elemental composition and molecular structure of Botryococcus alginite in Westphalian cannel coals from Kentucky, Organic Geochemistry, 24, 301, 10.1016/0146-6380(96)00027-7

Mastalerz, 1998, In situ FTIR and flash pyrolysis/GC-MS characterization of Protosalvinia (Upper Devonian, Kentucky, USA): implications for maceral classification, Organic Geochemistry, 28, 57, 10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00104-6

Matthews, 1978, Isotope-ratio-monitoring gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, Analytical Chemistry, 50, 1465, 10.1021/ac50033a022

Mayer, 1985, Biological and granulometric controls on sedimentary organic matter of an intertidal mudflat, Estuarine Marine and Coastal Shelf Science, 20, 491, 10.1016/0272-7714(85)90091-5

Mayer, 1993, Organic matter at the sediment–water interface, 171

Mayer, 1994, Surface area control of organic carbon accumulation in continental shelf sediments, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58, 1271, 10.1016/0016-7037(94)90381-6

Mayer, 1994, Relationships between mineral surfaces and organic carbon concentrations in soils and sediments, Chemical Geology, 114, 347, 10.1016/0009-2541(94)90063-9

Mayer, 2004, Organic matter in small mesospores in sediments and soil, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68, 3863, 10.1016/j.gca.2004.03.019

McIver, R.D., 1967. Composition of kerogen. Clue to its role in the origin of petroleum. In: Seventh World Petroleum Congress Proceedings, vol. 2, pp. 25–36.

McKinney, 1996, Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) thermochemolysis of the aliphatic biopolymer cutan: insights into the chemical structure, Organic Geochemistry, 24, 641, 10.1016/0146-6380(96)00055-1

McLafferty, 1999, Biomolecule mass spectrometry, Science, 284, 1289, 10.1126/science.284.5418.1289

Metzger, 1999, Chemicals of Botryococcus braunii, 205

Michaelis, 1989, Structural studies of marine and riverine humic matter by chemical degradation, Science of the Total Environment, 81/82, 41, 10.1016/0048-9697(89)90109-5

Michels, 1995, Effects of effluents and water pressure on oil generation during confined pyrolysis and high-pressure hydrous pyrolysis, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59, 1589, 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00065-8

Middelburg, 1999, Black carbon in marine sediments, Marine Chemistry, 65, 245, 10.1016/S0304-4203(99)00005-5

Mitchell, 1994, Determination of organic sulfur forms in some coals and kerogens by high pressure temperature-programmed reduction, Fuel, 73, 1159, 10.1016/0016-2361(94)90253-4

Mongenot, 1997, Sulfur-rich organic matter from bituminous laminites of Orbagnoux (France, Upper kimmeridgian). The role of early vulcanization, Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 168, 331

Mongenot, 1999, Spectroscopic, kinetic and pyrolytic studies of kerogen from the dark parallel laminae facies of the sulphur-rich Orbagnoux deposit (Upper Kimmeridgian, Jura), Organic Geochemistry, 30, 39, 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00199-5

Mongenot, 2000, Comparative studies of high resolution samples from the Orbagnoux deposit (Upper Kimmeridgian, Jura) via petrographic and bulk geochemical methods. Extent and origin of interfacies and intrafacies variations, Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 171, 23

Mongenot, 2001, Occurrence of proteinaceous moieties in S- and O-rich Late Tithonian kerogen (Kashpir oil shales, Russia), Organic Geochemistry, 32, 199, 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00154-6

Monin, 1980, Experimental simulation of the natural transformation of kerogen, 517

Monthioux, 1985, Comparison between natural and artificial maturation series of humic coals from the Mahakam delta, Indonesia, Organic Geochemistry, 8, 275, 10.1016/0146-6380(85)90006-3

Murgich, 1996, Molecular recognition and molecular mechanics of micelles of some model asphaltenes and resins, Energy & Fuels, 10, 68, 10.1021/ef950112p

Mycke, 1986, Molecular fossils from chemical degradation of macromolecular organic matter, 847

Nelson, 1995, Transformations in organic sulfur speciation during maturation of Monterey shale: constraints from laboratory experiments, vol. 612, 138

Nguyen, 2001, Preservation of proteins in marine systems: hydrophobic and other noncovalent associations as major stabilizing forces, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 65, 1467, 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00621-9

Nguyen, 2003, Preservation via macromolecular associations during Botryococcus braunii decay: proteins in the Pula kerogen, Organic Geochemistry, 34, 1391, 10.1016/S0146-6380(03)00154-2

Nguyen, 2003, Preservation of algaenan and proteinaceous material during the oxic decay of Botryococcus braunii as revealed by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and 13C NMR spectroscopy, Organic Geochemistry, 34, 483, 10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00261-9

Nicaise, G., 1977. Etude d’un phénomène d’altération naturelle en surface sur des échantillons prélevés à Fécocourt. IFP (Institut Français du Pétrole) report n° 24792.

Nip, 1986, Analysis of modern and fossil plant cuticles by Curie point Py-GC and Curie point Py-GC–MS: recognition of a new highly aliphatic and resistant biopolymer, vol. 10, 769

Nip, 1987, Comparison of flash pyrolysis, differential scanning calorimetry, 13C NMR and IR spectroscopy in the analysis of a highly aliphatic biopolymer from plant cuticles, Journal of Analytical Applied Pyrolysis, 11, 287, 10.1016/0165-2370(87)85036-2

Nip, 1989, A flash pyrolysis and petrographic study of cutinite from the Indiana paper coal, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53, 671, 10.1016/0016-7037(89)90010-0

Nissenbaum, 1972, Chemical and isotopic evidence for the in situ origin of marine humic substances, Limnology and Oceanography, 17, 570, 10.4319/lo.1972.17.4.0570

Oades, 1995, An overview of processes affecting the cycling of organic carbon in soils, 293

Oberlin, 1980, Electron microscopic study of kerogen microtexture. Selected criteria for determining the evolution path and evolution stage of kerogen, 191

Oberlin, 1999, Colloidal and supramolecular aspects of carbon, vol. 26, 48pp

Oka, 1977, Computer-assisted molecular structure construction for coal-derived compounds, Fuel, 56, 3, 10.1016/0016-2361(77)90033-3

Orr, 1978, Sulphur in heavy oils, oil sands and oil shales, 223

Orr, 1986, Kerogen/asphaltene/sulfur relationships in sulphur-rich Monterey oils, vol. 10, 499

Orr, 1990, Geochemistry of sulfur in petroleum systems, vol. 429, 2

Ourisson, 1984, The microbial origin of fossil fuels, Scientific American, 251, 34, 10.1038/scientificamerican0884-44

Patience, 1992, The functionality of organic nitrogen in some recent sediments from the Peru upwelling region, Organic Geochemistry, 18, 161, 10.1016/0146-6380(92)90126-I

Pearson, 2000, The origin of n-alkanes in Santa Monica basin surface sediments: a model based on compound-specific Δ14C and δ13C data, Organic Geochemistry, 31, 1103, 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00121-2

Pedentchouk, 2004, Sources of alkylbenzenes in Lower Cretaceous lacustrine source rocks, West African rift basins, Organic Geochemistry, 35, 33, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2003.04.001

Pelet, 1983, Preservation of sedimentary organic matter, 241

Penteado, H.L.B., Behar, F., 2000. Geochemical characterization and compositional evolution of the Gomo Member source rocks in the Reconcavo Basin, Brazil. In: Mello, M.R., Katz, B.J. (Eds.), Petroleum Systems of South Atlantic Margins. AAPG (American Association of Petroleum Geologists) Memoir 73, pp. 179–194.

Peters, 1993

Peters, 2004

Petersen, 2006, Oil generation capacity of coals as a function of coal age and aliphatic structure, Organic Geochemistry, 37, 558, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.12.012

Petrovich, 2001, Mechanisms of fossilization of the soft-bodied and lightly armored faunas of the Burgess Shale and of some other classical localities, American Journal of Science, 301, 683, 10.2475/ajs.301.8.683

Petsch, 1998, Coupling the geochemical cycles of C, P, Fe, and S: The effect on atmospheric O2 and the isotopic records of carbon and sulfur, American Journal of Science, 298, 246, 10.2475/ajs.298.3.246

Petsch, 2000, A field study of the chemical weathering of ancient sedimentary organic matter, Organic Geochemistry, 31, 475, 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00014-0

Petsch, 2001, A solid-state 13C NMR study of kerogen degradation during black shale weathering, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 65, 1867, 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00572-5

Petsch, 2001, 14C-dead living biomass: evidence for microbial assimilation of ancient organic carbon during shale weathering, Science, 292, 1127, 10.1126/science.1058332

Phillips, 1985, Stratigraphic and interregional changes in Pennsylvania coal-swamp vegetation: Environmental inferences, International Journal of Coal Geology, 5, 43, 10.1016/0166-5162(85)90010-2

Philp, 1976, Possible origin for insoluble organic (kerogen) debris in sediments from insoluble cell-wall materials of algae and bacteria, Nature, 262, 134, 10.1038/262134a0

Pichevin, 2004, Organic matter accumulation and preservation controls in a deep sea modern environment: an example from Namibian slope sediments, Organic Geochemistry, 35, 543, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.01.018

Poinar, 1999, Protein preservation and DNA retrieval from ancient tissues, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 8426, 10.1073/pnas.96.15.8426

Poirier, 2000, Chemical structure and sources of the macromolecular, resistant, organic fraction isolated from a forest soil (Lacadée, south-west France), Organic Geochemistry, 31, 813, 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00067-X

Poirier, 2001, Abundance and composition of the refractory organic fraction of an ancient, tropical soil (Pointe Noire, Congo), Organic Geochemistry, 33, 383, 10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00168-1

Poirier, 2003, Isolation and analysis of the non-hydrolysable fraction of a forest soil (Lacadée, southwest France), European Journal of Soil Science, 54, 243, 10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.00520.x

Poirier, 2006, Dynamics and origin of the non-hydrolysable organic fraction in a forest and a cultivated temperate soil, as determined by isotopic and microscopic studies, European Journal of Soil Science, 57, 719, 10.1111/j.1365-2389.2005.00764.x

Powell, 1991, Petroleum source rock assessment in non-marine sequences: pyrolysis and petrographic analysis of Australian coals and carbonaceous shales, Organic Geochemistry, 17, 375, 10.1016/0146-6380(91)90101-O

Pradier, 1992, Chemical basis of fluorescence alteration of crude oils and kerogens-II. Fluorescence and infrared micro-spectrometric analysis of vitrinite and liptinite, Organic Geochemistry, 18, 241, 10.1016/0146-6380(92)90065-6

Preston, 1996, Applications of NMR to soil organic matter: history and prospects, Soil Science, 161, 144, 10.1097/00010694-199603000-00002

Quénéa, 2005, Study of the composition of the macromolecular refractory fraction from an acidic sandy forest soil (Landes de Gascogne, France) using chemical degradation and electron microscopy, Organic Geochemistry, 36, 1151, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.03.006

Quénéa, 2006, Double-shot pyrolysis of the non-hydrolysable organic fraction isolated from a sandy forest soil (Landes de Gascogne, South-West France). Comparison with classical Curie point pyrolysis, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 76, 271, 10.1016/j.jaap.2005.12.007

Quénéa, 2006, Influence of change in land use on the refractory organic macromolecular fraction of a sandy spodosol (Landes de Gascogne, France), Geoderma, 136, 136, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2006.03.018

Quénéa, 2006, Black carbon quantification in forest and cultivated sandy soils (Landes de Gascogne, France). Influence of change in land-use, Organic Geochemistry, 37, 1185, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2006.05.010

Ransom, 1997, In situ organic matter in recent marine sediment: a TEM investigation of organic matter preservation on continental margins and the monolayer hypothesis, Marine Geology, 138, 1, 10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00012-1

Ransom, 1998, Organic matter preservation on continental slopes: importance of mineralogy and surface area, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 62, 1329, 10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00050-7

Read, 1968

Remusat, 2005, New insight on aliphatic linkages in the macromolecular organic fraction of Orgueil and Murchison meteorites through ruthenium tetroxide oxidation, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69, 4377, 10.1016/j.gca.2005.05.003

Remusat, 2006, Enrichment of deuterium in insoluble organic matter from primitive meteorites: a solar system origin?, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 243, 15, 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.12.010

Revill, 1994, Hydrocarbon biomarkers, thermal maturity, and depositional setting of tasmanite oil shales from Tasmania, Australia, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58, 3803, 10.1016/0016-7037(94)90365-4

Riboulleau, 2000, Pyrolytic and spectroscopic study of a sulphur-rich kerogen from the “Kashpir oil shales” (Upper Jurassic, Russian Platform), vol. 31, 1641

Riboulleau, 2001, Origin of contrasted features and preservation pathways in kerogens from the Kashpir oil shales (Upper Jurassic, Russian Platform), Organic Geochemistry, 32, 647, 10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00017-1

Riboulleau, 2002, Factors controlling the survival of proteinaceous material in Late Tithonian kerogens (Kashpir oil shales, Russia), Organic Geochemistry, 33, 1127, 10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00081-5

Richnow, 1992, Structural investigations of sulphur-rich macromolecular oil fractions and a kerogen by sequential chemical degradation, vol. 19, 351

Richnow, 1993, The chemical structure of macromolecular fractions of a sulfur-rich oil, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 2767, 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90389-E

Robbins, 1990, Proteins from the organic matrix of core-top and fossil planktonic foraminifera, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54, 2285, 10.1016/0016-7037(90)90052-M

Robert, 1979, Classification des matières organiques en fluorescence. Application aux roches mères pétrolières, Bulletin du CR Exploration-Production Elf Aquitaine, 3, 223

Robinson, 1969, Isolation procedures for kerogens and associated soluble organic materials, 181

Robinson, 1969, Kerogen of the Green River Formation, 619

Robinson, 1976, Origin and characteristics of Green River oil shale, vol. 5, 61

Robl, 1993, Comparison of the HF-HCl and HF-BF3 maceration techniques and the chemistry of resultant organic concentrates, Organic Geochemistry, 20, 249, 10.1016/0146-6380(93)90042-A

Rochdi, 1991, Fourier transform-infrared microspectroscopy of fossilized organic matter: Principles, semiquantitative aspects and applications, Spectroscopy International, 3, 37

Rowland, 1993, Incorporation of sulphur into phytol derivatives during simulated early diagenesis, Organic Geochemistry, 20, 1, 10.1016/0146-6380(93)90075-M

Rullkötter, 1990, The structure of kerogen and related materials. A review of recent progress and future trends, vol. 16, 829

Sabelle, S., Oliver, E., Metzger, P., Derenne, S., Largeau, C., 1993. Variability in phenol moieties in the resistant biomacromolecules of the A and B races of Botryococcus braunii. Geochemical implications, In: Øygard, K. (Ed.), Organic Geochemistry, Poster sessions from the 16th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry. Falch Hurtigtrykk, Oslo, pp. 558–562.

Saiz-Jimenez, 1986, Lignin pyrolysis products: their structure and their significance as biomarkers, Organic Geochemistry, 10, 869, 10.1016/S0146-6380(86)80024-9

Salmon, 1997, Kerogen chemical structure and source organisms in a Cenomanian organic-rich black shale (Central Italy) – Indications for an important role of the “sorptive protection” pathway, Organic Geochemistry, 27, 423, 10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00058-2

Salmon, 2000, Protection of organic matter by mineral matrix in a Cenomanian black shale, Organic Geochemistry, 31, 463, 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00013-9

Sarret, 2002, Sulfur speciation in kerogens of the Orbagnoux deposit (Upper Kimmeridgian, Jura) by XANES spectroscopy and pyrolysis, Organic Geochemistry, 33, 877, 10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00066-9

Sauer, 2001, Compound-specific D/H ratios of lipid biomarkers from sediments as a proxy for environmental and climatic conditions, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 65, 213, 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00520-2

Saxby, 1970, Isolation of kerogens in sediments by chemical methods, Chemical Geology, 6, 173, 10.1016/0009-2541(70)90017-3

Schaeffer, 1995, Product distributions from chemical degradation of kerogens from a marl from a Miocene evaporitic sequence (Vena del Gesso, N. Italy), Organic Geochemistry, 23, 541, 10.1016/0146-6380(95)00033-B

Schaeffer, 1995, Geochemical study of macromolecular organic matter from sulfur-rich sediments of evaporitic origin (Messinian of Sicily) by chemical degradation, Organic Geochemistry, 23, 567, 10.1016/0146-6380(95)00045-G

Schaeffer-Reiss, 1998, Stepwise chemical degradation of immature S-rich kerogens from Vena del Gesso (Italy), Organic Geochemistry, 29, 1857, 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00175-2

Schenk, 1997, Kinetics of petroleum formation and cracking, 233

Schimmelmann, 1999, D/H isotope ratios of kerogen, oil, and water in hydrous pyrolysis of source rocks containing kerogen types I, II, IIS, and III, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63, 3751, 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00221-5

Schmidt, 2000, Black carbon in soils and sediments: analysis, distribution, implications, and current challenges, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 14, 777, 10.1029/1999GB001208

Schmidt, 2001, Comparative analysis of black carbon in soil, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 15, 163, 10.1029/2000GB001284

Schmitter, 1980, Investigation of nitrogen containing bases in petroleum, 67

Schnitzer, 1975, Alkanes and fatty acids in humic substances, Fuel, 54, 17, 10.1016/0016-2361(75)90023-X

Schnitzer, 1978, Humic substances: chemistry and reactions, 1

Schnitzer, 1984, Kinetics and characteristics of humic acids produced from simple phenols, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 16, 371, 10.1016/0038-0717(84)90035-X

Schnitzer, 1985, Nature of nitrogen in humic substances, 303

Schouten, 1993, Natural sulphurization of ketones and aldehydes: A key reaction in the formation of organic sulphur compounds, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 5111, 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90613-2

Schouten, 1994, Laboratory simulation of natural sulphurization: II. Reaction of multifunctionalized lipids with inorganic polysulphides at low temperature, vol. 22, 25

Schouten, 1998, Structural characterization of aliphatic, non-hydrolyzable biopolymers in freshwater algae and a leaf cuticle using ruthenium tetroxide degradation, Phytochemistry, 49, 987, 10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00942-4

Senga-Makadi, K., 1982. Etude expérimentale des interactions entre matière organique – matrice minérale au cours de la pyrolyse. PhD Thesis, Université d’Orléans, France.

Sephton, 2001, Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry of macromolecular material in meteorites, Planetary and Space Science, 49, 465, 10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00163-X

Serio, 1987, Kinetics of volatile product evolution in coal pyrolysis: experiment and theory, Energy & Fuels, 1, 138, 10.1021/ef00002a002

Sessions, 2004, Isotopic exchange of carbon-bound hydrogen over geologic timescales, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68, 1545, 10.1016/j.gca.2003.06.004

Shinn, 1984, From coal to single-stage and two-stage products: a reactive model of coal structure, Fuel, 63, 1187, 10.1016/0016-2361(84)90422-8

Sieskind, 1972, Hydrocarbures formés par le craquage thermocatalytique de l’acide stéarique en présence de montmorillonite, Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences (Paris), 274, 2186

Simpson, 2004, Determination of black carbon in natural organic matter by chemical oxidation and solid-state 13C nuclear magnetique resonance spectroscopy, Organic Geochemistry, 35, 923, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.04.004

SinningheDamsté, 1988, Origin of organic sulphur compounds and sulphur-containing high molecular weight substances in sediments and immature crude oils, vol. 13, 593

Sinninghe Damsté, 1989, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53, 1323, 10.1016/0016-7037(89)90066-5

Sinninghe Damsté, 1990, Charaterization of organically bound sulfur in high molecular weight, sedimentary organic matter using flash pyrolysis and Raney Ni desulfurization, vol. 429, 486

Sinninghe Damsté, 1990, Analysis, structure and geochemical significance of organically-bound sulphur in the geosphere: State of the art and future research, vol. 16, 1077

Sinninghe Damsté, 1993, Characterization of tertiary Catalan lacustrine oil shale: Discovery of extremely organic sulphur-rich type I kerogens, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 389, 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90439-4

Sinninghe Damsté, 1993, Characterization of high molecular weight organic matter in marls of the salt IV Formation of the Mulhouse Basin, Organic Geochemistry, 20, 1237, 10.1016/0146-6380(93)90012-Z

Sinninghe Damsté, 1998, Origin of low-molecular-weight alkylthiophenes in pyrolysates of sulfur-rich kerogens as revealed by micro-scale sealed vessel pyrolysis, Organic Geochemistry, 29, 1891, 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00166-1

Sinninghe Damsté, 1998, Sulfurized carbohydrates: an important sink of organic matter?, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 164, 7, 10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00234-9

Siskin, 1995, Detailed structural characterization of the organic material in Rundle Ramsay Crossing and Green River oil shales, 143

Skjemstad, 1994, The removal of magnetic materials from surface soils. A solid-state 13C CP/MAS n.m.r study, Australian Journal of Soil Research, 32, 1215, 10.1071/SR9941215

Smernik, 2006, Assessing the quantitative reliability of solid-state 13C NMR spectra of kerogens, Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, 29, 312, 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2005.10.014

Smith, J.W., 1961. Ultimate composition of organic material in Green River oil shale. United States Bureau of Mines Report 5725.

Smith, 1983, The chemistry that formed Green River Foundation oil shales, 225

Snape, 1994, The potential of hydropyrolysis as a route for coal liquefaction, International Journal of Energy Research, 18, 233, 10.1002/er.4440180221

Solomon, 1981, vol. 169

Souron, 1977, Etude par spectrométrie de masse de la décomposition thermique de roches sédimentaires contenant de la matière organique de deux types différents et comparaison avec les kérogènes correspondants, 797

Spiro, 1981, Space-filling models for coal: a molecular description of coal plasticity, Fuel, 60, 1121, 10.1016/0016-2361(81)90064-8

Spiro, 1982, Space-filling models for coal. 2. Extension to coals of various ranks, Fuel, 61, 1080, 10.1016/0016-2361(82)90189-2

Stach, 1975

Stafford, 1988, Proanthocyanidins and the lignin connection, Phytochemistry, 27, 1, 10.1016/0031-9422(88)80583-1

Stainforth, 1990, Primary migration of hydrocarbons by diffusion through organic matter networks, and its effect on oil and gas generation, vol. 16, 61

Stankiewicz, 1994, Density gradient centrifugation: application to the separation of macerals of Type I, II and III sedimentary organic matter, Energy & Fuels, 8, 1513, 10.1021/ef00048a042

Stankiewicz, 1996, Geochemistry of the alginite and amorphous organic matter from type II-S kerogens, Organic Geochemistry, 24, 495, 10.1016/0146-6380(96)00048-4

Stankiewicz, 1997, Preservation of chitin in 25 million-year-old fossils, Science, 276, 1541, 10.1126/science.276.5318.1541

Stasiuk, 1999, Confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy of Botryococcus alginite from boghead oil shale, Boltysk, Ukraine: selective preservation of various micro-algal components, Organic Geochemistry, 30, 1021, 10.1016/S0146-6380(99)00046-7

Stevenson, 1969, Chemistry of humic acids and related pigments, 534

Stopes, 1935, On the petrology of banded bituminous coals, Fuel, 14, 4

Stuermer, 1978, Source indicators of humic substances and protokerogen. Stable isotope ratios, elemental compositions and electronic spin resonance spectra, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 42, 989, 10.1016/0016-7037(78)90288-0

Suess, 1973, Interaction of organic compounds with calcium carbonate II. Organo-carbonate associations in recent sediments, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37, 2435, 10.1016/0016-7037(73)90290-1

Suess, 1980, Particulate organic carbon flux in the oceans. Surface productivity and oxygen utilization, Nature, 288, 260, 10.1038/288260a0

Summons, 1993, Biogeochemical cycles: a review of fundamental aspects of organic matter formation, preservation and composition, 3

Swain, 1963, Geochemistry of humus, vol. 16, 87

Szklarz, 1986, Cooperation between fungal laccase and glucose oxidase in the degradation of lignin derivatives, Phytochemistry, 25, 2537, 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84503-3

Talbot, 1988, The origins of lacustrine oil source rocks: evidence from the lakes of tropical Africa, 3

Tanoue, 1979, Differential sorption of organic matter by various sized sediments particles in Recent sediment from the Bering Sea, Journal of the Oceanographic Society of Japan, 35, 199, 10.1007/BF02108640

Taylor, 1998

Tegelaar, 1989, A reappraisal of kerogen formation, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53, 3103, 10.1016/0016-7037(89)90191-9

Tegelaar, 1989, Scope and limitations of several pyrolysis methods in the structural elucidation of a macromolecular plant constituent in the leaf cuticle of Agave americana L, Journal of Analytical Applied Pyrolysis, 15, 29, 10.1016/0165-2370(89)85021-1

Tegelaar, 1991, Bias of the paleobotanical record as a consequence of variations in the chemical composition of higher vascular plant cuticles, Paleobiology, 17, 133, 10.1017/S0094837300010459

Tegelaar, 1993, Possible effects of chemical heterogeneity in higher land plant cuticles on the preservation of its ultrastructure upon fossilization, Reviews of Paleobotany and Palynology, 77, 149, 10.1016/0034-6667(93)90002-C

Tegelaar, 1995, Chemical characterization of periderm tissue of some angiosperm species: recognition of an insoluble, non-hydrolyzable, aliphatic biomacromolecule (Suberan), Organic Geochemistry, 23, 239, 10.1016/0146-6380(94)00123-I

Teichmüller, 1989, The genesis of coal from the standpoint of coal petrology, International Journal of Coal Geology, 12, 1, 10.1016/0166-5162(89)90047-5

Thomas, 1981, Land–plant source rocks for oil and their significance in Australian basins, Australian Petroleum Exploration Association Journal, 22, 164

Tissot, 1969, Premières données sur les mécanismes et la cinétique de la formation du pétrole dans les sédiments – Simulation d’un schéma réactionnel sur ordinateur, Revue de l’Institut Français du Pétrole, 24, 470

Tissot, 1971, Nouvelles données sur les mécanismes de genèse et de migration du pétrole – Simulation mathématique et application à la prospection, vol. 2, 35

Tissot, 1974, Influence of nature and diagenesis of organic matter in formation of petroleum, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 58, 499

Tissot, 1978

Tissot, 1978, Geochemical study of the Uinta Basin: formation of petroleum from the Green River formation, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 42, 1469, 10.1016/0016-7037(78)90018-2

Tissot, 1979, Effects on prolific petroleum source rocks and major coal deposits caused by sea-level changes, Nature, 277, 463, 10.1038/277463a0

Tissot, B., Pelet, R., 1981. Sources and fate of organic matter in ocean sediments. Oceanologica Acta, Proceedings 26th International Geological Congress 1980, special issue, 97–103.

Tissot, 1983, Geochemistry and pyrolysis of oil shales, vol. 230, 1

Tissot, 1984, Recent advances in petroleum geochemistry applied to hydrocarbon exploration, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 68, 545

Tissot, 1984

Tomic, 1995, Artificial maturation of Monterey kerogen (Type II-S) in a closed system and comparison with Type II kerogen: implications on the fate of sulfur, Organic Geochemistry, 23, 647, 10.1016/0146-6380(95)00043-E

Trager, 1924, Kerogen and its relation to the origin of oil, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 8, 301

Turner, 1997, The identification of oxygen functional groups in carbonaceous materials by oxygen K-edge XANES, Carbon, 35, 983, 10.1016/S0008-6223(97)00054-7

Tyson, 1995

Tyson, 2005, Productivity versus preservation controversy: cause, flaws, and resolution, 17

Ungerer, 1993, Modelling of petroleum generation and migration, 395

Urban, 1999, Addition of sulfur to organic matter during early diagenesis of lake sediments, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63, 521, 10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00306-8

Vail, 1977, Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level, Part 4: Global cycles of relative changes of sea level, 83

Vairavamurthy, 1987, Geochemical formation of organosulphur compounds (thiols) by addition of H2S to sedimentary organic matter, Nature, 329, 623, 10.1038/329623a0

van Bergen, 1993, Chemical composition and ultrastructure of fossil and extant salvinialean microspore massulae and megaspores, Grana, 1, 18, 10.1080/00173139309427448

van Bergen, 1994, The chemical composition of upper Carboniferous pteridosperm cuticles, Organic Geochemistry, 21, 107, 10.1016/0146-6380(94)90090-6

van Bergen, 1994, Lithological control on the state of preservation of fossil seed coats of water plants, vol. 22, 683

van Bergen, 1994, Chemical and microscopic characterization of outer seed coats of fossil and extant water plants, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58, 3823, 10.1016/0016-7037(94)90366-2

van Bergen, 1995, Resistant biomacromolecules in the fossil record, Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 44, 319, 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1995.tb00791.x

van Bergen, 1997, Organic geochemical studies of soils from the Rothamsted Classical Experiments-I. Total lipid extracts, solvent insoluble residues and humic acids from Broadbalk Wilderness, Organic Geochemistry, 26, 117, 10.1016/S0146-6380(96)00134-9

van Buchem, 1998, Lower and middle Liassic depositional sequences of Yorkshire, 545

van Buchem, 2005, Stratigraphic patterns in carbonate source-rock distribution: second-order to fourth-order control and sediment flux, 191

Vandenbroucke, 1976, Geochemical studies on the organic matter from the Douala Basin (Cameroon). 3- Comparison with the early Toarcian shales, Paris Basin, France, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 40, 1241, 10.1016/0016-7037(76)90159-9

Vandenbroucke, 1980, Structure of kerogens as seen by investigations on soluble extracts, 415

Vandenbroucke, 1985, Geochemistry of humic substances in marine sediments, 249

Vandenbroucke, 1987, Géochimie de la matière organique du sondage MISEDOR, 257

Vandenbroucke, 1993, Transformation of organic matter with increasing burial of sediments and the formation of petroleum in source rocks, 101

Vandenbroucke, 2003, Kerogen: from types to models of chemical structure, Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Rev. IFP (Institut Français du Pétrole), 58, 243, 10.2516/ogst:2003016

van Dongen, 2003, An experimental study of the low-temperature sulfurization of carbohydrates, Organic Geochemistry, 34, 1129, 10.1016/S0146-6380(03)00060-3

van Kaam-Peters, 1997, Characterization of an extremely organic sulfur-rich 150 Ma old carbonaceous rock: palaeoenvironmental implications, Organic Geochemistry, 27, 371, 10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00082-X

van Kaam-Peters, 1998, Controls on the molecular and carbon isotopic composition of organic matter deposited in a Kimmeridgian euxinic shelf sea: evidence for preservation of carbohydrates through sulfurisation, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 62, 3259, 10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00231-2

van Krevelen, 1961

Van Krevelen, 1993

Vassoevitch, 1969, Principal phase of oil formation. Moscow University Vestnik 6, 3–37 (in Russian), English translation: International Geology Review, 12, 1276

Versteegh, 2004, An example of oxidative polymerisation of unsaturated fatty acids as a preservation pathway for dinoflagellate organic matter, Organic Geochemistry, 35, 1129, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.06.012

Villena, 1999, Characterization and biosynthesis of non-degradable polymers in plant cuticules, Planta, 208, 181, 10.1007/s004250050548

Vitorović, 1984, Relationship between kerogens of various structural types and the products of their multistep oxidative degradation, Organic Geochemistry, 6, 333, 10.1016/0146-6380(84)90055-X

Wakeham, 1993, Production, transport and alteration of particulate organic matter in the marine water column, 145

Wakeham, 1995, Organic sulfur compounds formed during early diagenesis in Black Sea sediments, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59, 521, 10.1016/0016-7037(94)00361-O

Wehling, 1989, p-Coumaric acid – a monomer in the sporopollenin skeleton, Planta, 179, 376, 10.1007/BF00391083

Welte, 1974, Recent advances in organic geochemistry of humic substances and kerogen. A review, 3

Werne, 2000, Timing of early diagenetic sulfurization of organic matter: a precursor-product relationship in Holocene sediments of the anoxic Cariaco Basin, Venezuela, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64, 1741, 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00366-X

Weser, 1982, Fluxes of biogenic components from sediment trap deployment in circumpolar waters of the Drake Passage, Nature, 299, 145, 10.1038/299145a0

Whelan, 1993, Chemical methods for assessing kerogen and protokerogen types and maturity, 289

White, 1915, Some relations in origin between coal and petroleum, Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 5, 189

White, 1990, Organosulfur constituents in Rasa coal, vol. 429, 261

Wiermann, 2001, Sporopollenin, vol. 1, 210

Williams, 1963, Biochemical aspects of the formation of marine carbonates, vol. 16, 596

Xiong, 2000, Carbon isotopic composition of individual n-alkanes in asphaltene pyolysates of biodegraded crude oils from the Liaohe Basin, China, Organic Geochemistry, 31, 1441, 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00083-8

Yen, 1976, Structural aspects of organic components in oil shales, vol. 5, 129

Yoshioka, 2005, An improved ruthenium tetroxide oxidation of marine and lacustrine kerogens: possible origin of low molecular weight acids and benzenecarboxylic acids, Organic Geochemistry, 36, 83, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.07.002

Zang, 2000, Encapsulation of protein in humic acid from a histosol as an explanation for the occurrence of organic nitrogen in soil and sediment, Organic Geochemistry, 31, 679, 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00040-1

Zang, 2001, Preservation of proteinaceous material during the degradation of the green alga Botryococcus braunii: a solid-state 2D 15N 13C NMR spectroscopy study, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 65, 3299, 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00679-2

Zegouagh, 1999, Refractory organic matter in sediments from the North-West African upwelling system: abundance, chemical structure and origin, Organic Geochemistry, 30, 101, 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00207-1

Zegouagh, 2004, Demineralisation of a crop soil by mild hydrofluoric acid treatment. Influence on organic matter composition and pyrolysis, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 71, 119, 10.1016/S0165-2370(03)00059-7

Zimmerman, 2004, Mineral mesospore effects on nitrogenous organic matter adsorption, Organic Geochemistry, 35, 355, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2003.10.009