KDOQI US Commentary on the 2012 KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury

American Journal of Kidney Diseases - Tập 61 Số 5 - Trang 649-672 - 2013
Paul M. Palevsky1,2, Kathleen D. Liu3, Patrick D. Brophy4, Lakhmir S. Chawla5, Chirag R. Parikh6,7, Charuhas V. Thakar8,9, Ashita J. Tolwani10, Sushrut S. Waikar11, Steven D. Weisbord1,2
1Renal Section, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
2Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
3Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
4Nephrology Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
5Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC
6Renal Section, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
7Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
8Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
9Renal Section, Cincinnati VA Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
10Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
11Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

2012, KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury, Kidney Int Suppl, 2, 1, 10.1038/kisup.2012.1

Levy, 1996, The effect of acute renal failure on mortality, JAMA, 275, 1489, 10.1001/jama.1996.03530430033035

Lassnigg, 2004, Minimal changes of serum creatinine predict prognosis in patients after cardiothoracic surgery: a prospective cohort study, J Am Soc Nephrol, 15, 1597, 10.1097/01.ASN.0000130340.93930.DD

Chertow, 2005, Acute kidney injury, mortality, length of stay, and costs in hospitalized patients, J Am Soc Nephrol, 16, 3365, 10.1681/ASN.2004090740

Uchino, 2006, An assessment of the RIFLE criteria for acute renal failure in hospitalized patients, Crit Care Med, 34, 1913, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000224227.70642.4F

Hoste, 2004, Acute renal failure in the critically ill: impact on morbidity and mortality, Contrib Nephrol, 144, 1, 10.1159/000078872

Mehta, 2007, Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN): report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury, Crit Care, 11, R31, 10.1186/cc5713

Levin, 2007, Improving outcomes from acute kidney injury: report of an initiative, Am J Kidney Dis, 50, 1, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.05.008

Kellum, 2007, The concept of acute kidney injury and the RIFLE criteria, Contrib Nephrol, 156, 10, 10.1159/000102010

Uchino, 2006, The epidemiology of acute renal failure in the world, Curr Opin Crit Care, 12, 538, 10.1097/01.ccx.0000247448.94252.5a

Palevsky, 2008, Intensity of renal support in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury, N Engl J Med, 359, 7, 10.1056/NEJMoa0802639

Bellomo, 2009, Intensity of continuous renal-replacement therapy in critically ill patients, N Engl J Med, 361, 1627, 10.1056/NEJMoa0902413

Lo, 2009, Dialysis-requiring acute renal failure increases the risk of progressive chronic kidney disease, Kidney Int, 76, 893, 10.1038/ki.2009.289

Ishani, 2009, Acute kidney injury increases risk of ESRD among elderly, J Am Soc Nephrol, 20, 223, 10.1681/ASN.2007080837

Wald, 2009, Chronic dialysis and death among survivors of acute kidney injury requiring dialysis, JAMA, 302, 1179, 10.1001/jama.2009.1322

Bucaloiu, 2012, Increased risk of death and de novo chronic kidney disease following reversible acute kidney injury, Kidney Int, 81, 477, 10.1038/ki.2011.405

Wald, 2012, Risk of chronic dialysis and death following acute kidney injury, Am J Med, 125, 585, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.01.016

Mehta, 2003, Acute renal failure definitions and classification: time for change?, J Am Soc Nephrol, 14, 2178, 10.1097/01.ASN.0000079042.13465.1A

Bellomo, 2004, Acute renal failure—definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group, Crit Care, 8, R204, 10.1186/cc2872

Akcan-Arikan, 2007, Modified RIFLE criteria in critically ill children with acute kidney injury, Kidney Int, 71, 1028, 10.1038/sj.ki.5002231

2003, Development and validation of an international appraisal instrument for assessing the quality of clinical practice guidelines: the AGREE project, Qual Saf Health Care, 12, 18, 10.1136/qhc.12.1.18

Brouwers, 2010, AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care, J Clin Epidemiol, 63, 1308, 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.001

Ricci, 2008, The RIFLE criteria and mortality in acute kidney injury: a systematic review, Kidney Int, 73, 538, 10.1038/sj.ki.5002743

Friedrich, 2005, Meta-analysis: low-dose dopamine increases urine output but does not prevent renal dysfunction or death, Ann Intern Med, 142, 510, 10.7326/0003-4819-142-7-200504050-00010

Mehta, 2002, Diuretics, mortality, and nonrecovery of renal function in acute renal failure, JAMA, 288, 2547, 10.1001/jama.288.20.2547

Newsome, 2008, Long-term risk of mortality and end-stage renal disease among the elderly after small increases in serum creatinine level during hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction, Arch Intern Med, 168, 609, 10.1001/archinte.168.6.609

Coca, 2010, The duration of postoperative acute kidney injury is an additional parameter predicting long-term survival in diabetic veterans, Kidney Int, 78, 926, 10.1038/ki.2010.259

Chawla, 2011, The severity of acute kidney injury predicts progression to chronic kidney disease, Kidney Int, 79, 1361, 10.1038/ki.2011.42

James, 2011, Associations between acute kidney injury and cardiovascular and renal outcomes after coronary angiography, Circulation, 123, 409, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970160

Greenbaum, 2011, The association between abnormal birth history and growth in children with CKD, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 6, 14, 10.2215/CJN.08481109

Brunkhorst, 2008, Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis, N Engl J Med, 358, 125, 10.1056/NEJMoa070716

Schortgen, 2001, Effects of hydroxyethylstarch and gelatin on renal function in severe sepsis: a multicentre randomised study, Lancet, 357, 911, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04211-2

Myburgh, 2012, Hydroxyethyl starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care, N Engl J Med, 367, 1901, 10.1056/NEJMoa1209759

Perner, 2012, Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus Ringer's acetate in severe sepsis, N Engl J Med, 367, 124, 10.1056/NEJMoa1204242

Zarychanski, 2013, Association of hydroxyethyl starch administration with mortality and acute kidney injury in critically ill patients requiring volume resuscitation. A systematic review and meta-analysis, JAMA, 309, 678, 10.1001/jama.2013.430

Finfer, 2004, A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit, N Engl J Med, 350, 2247, 10.1056/NEJMoa040232

Myburgh, 2007, Saline or albumin for fluid resuscitation in patients with traumatic brain injury, N Engl J Med, 357, 874, 10.1056/NEJMoa067514

Gines, 1988, Randomized comparative study of therapeutic paracentesis with and without intravenous albumin in cirrhosis, Gastroenterology, 94, 1493, 10.1016/0016-5085(88)90691-9

Sort, 1999, Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, N Engl J Med, 341, 403, 10.1056/NEJM199908053410603

Salerno, 2007, Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis, Gut, 56, 1310

Yunos, 2012, Association between a chloride-liberal vs chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults, JAMA, 308, 1566, 10.1001/jama.2012.13356

Shaw, 2012, Major complications, mortality, and resource utilization after open abdominal surgery: 0.9% saline compared to Plasma-Lyte, Ann Surg, 255, 821, 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31825074f5

De Backer, 2010, Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock, N Engl J Med, 362, 779, 10.1056/NEJMoa0907118

De Backer, 2012, Dopamine versus norepinephrine in the treatment of septic shock: a meta-analysis, Crit Care Med, 40, 725, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31823778ee

Vasu, 2012, Norepinephrine or dopamine for septic shock: systematic review of randomized clinical trials, J Intensive Care Med, 27, 172, 10.1177/0885066610396312

Rivers, 2001, Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock, N Engl J Med, 345, 1368, 10.1056/NEJMoa010307

Lin, 2006, A modified goal-directed protocol improves clinical outcomes in intensive care unit patients with septic shock: a randomized controlled trial, Shock, 26, 551, 10.1097/01.shk.0000232271.09440.8f

Jones, 2007, Prospective external validation of the clinical effectiveness of an emergency department-based early goal-directed therapy protocol for severe sepsis and septic shock, Chest, 132, 425, 10.1378/chest.07-0234

Nguyen, 2006, Early goal-directed therapy, corticosteroid, and recombinant human activated protein C for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock in the emergency department, Acad Emerg Med, 13, 109, 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2006.tb00994.x

Rhodes, 2004, Early goal-directed therapy: an evidence-based review, Crit Care Med, 32, S448, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000145945.39002.8D

Crowe, 2010, Evaluation of a modified early goal-directed therapy protocol, Am J Emerg Med, 28, 689, 10.1016/j.ajem.2009.03.007

Brienza, 2009, Does perioperative hemodynamic optimization protect renal function in surgical patients?, Crit Care Med, 37, 2079, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181a00a43

Rudis, 1996, Is it time to reposition vasopressors and inotropes in sepsis?, Crit Care Med, 24, 525, 10.1097/00003246-199603000-00026

Egi, 2011, The interaction of chronic and acute glycemia with mortality in critically ill patients with diabetes, Crit Care Med, 39, 105, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181feb5ea

Fiaccadori, 2004, Enteral nutrition in patients with acute renal failure, Kidney Int, 65, 999, 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00459.x

Casaer, 2011, Early versus late parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults, N Engl J Med, 365, 506, 10.1056/NEJMoa1102662

Rice, 2012, Initial trophic vs full enteral feeding in patients with acute lung injury: the EDEN randomized trial, JAMA, 307, 795, 10.1001/jama.2012.137

Davies, 2012, A multicenter, randomized controlled trial comparing early nasojejunal with nasogastric nutrition in critical illness, Crit Care Med, 40, 2342, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318255d87e

Mehta, 2009, Clinical Guidelines: nutrition support of the critically ill child, JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 33, 260, 10.1177/0148607109333114

Zappitelli, 2008, Protein and calorie prescription for children and young adults receiving continuous renal replacement therapy: a report from the Prospective Pediatric Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Registry Group, Crit Care Med, 36, 3239, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31818f3f40

Schetz, 2008, Prevention of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury, Int J Artif Organs, 31, 179, 10.1177/039139880803100211

Solomon, 1994, Effects of saline, mannitol, and furosemide to prevent acute decreases in renal function induced by radiocontrast agents, N Engl J Med, 331, 1416, 10.1056/NEJM199411243312104

Majumdar, 2009, Forced euvolemic diuresis with mannitol and furosemide for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with CKD undergoing coronary angiography: a randomized controlled trial, Am J Kidney Dis, 54, 602, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.03.024

Brown, 2004, Preventing renal failure in patients with rhabdomyolysis: do bicarbonate and mannitol make a difference?, J Trauma, 56, 1191, 10.1097/01.TA.0000130761.78627.10

Grams, 2011, Fluid balance, diuretic use, and mortality in acute kidney injury, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 6, 966, 10.2215/CJN.08781010

Jenik, 2000, A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effects of prophylactic theophylline on renal function in term neonates with perinatal asphyxia, Pediatrics, 105, E45, 10.1542/peds.105.4.e45

Bakr, 2005, Prophylactic theophylline to prevent renal dysfunction in newborns exposed to perinatal asphyxia—a study in a developing country, Pediatr Nephrol, 20, 1249, 10.1007/s00467-005-1980-z

Bhat, 2006, Theophylline for renal function in term neonates with perinatal asphyxia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, J Pediatr, 149, 180, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.03.053

Eslami, 2009, Theophylline for prevention of kidney dysfunction in neonates with severe asphyxia, Iran J Kidney Dis, 3, 222

Izquierdo, 2006, Acute renal failure associated with use of inhaled tobramycin for treatment of chronic airway colonization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clin Nephrol, 66, 464, 10.5414/CNP66464

Cannella, 2006, Acute renal failure associated with inhaled tobramycin, Am J Health Syst Pharm, 63, 1858, 10.2146/ajhp060196

Laporta, 2006, Renal toxicity due to inhaled tobramycin in lung transplant recipients, J Heart Lung Transplant, 25, 608, 10.1016/j.healun.2005.10.008

Kleinberg, 2006, What is the current and future status of conventional amphotericin B?, Int J Antimicrob Agents, 27, 12, 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.03.013

Ullmann, 2006, Prospective study of amphotericin B formulations in immunocompromised patients in 4 European countries, Clin Infect Dis, 43, e29, 10.1086/505969

Branch, 1988, Prevention of amphotericin B-induced renal impairment: a review of the use of sodium supplementation, Arch Int Med, 148, 2389, 10.1001/archinte.1988.00380110049010

Thakar, 2005, A clinical score to predict acute renal failure after cardiac surgery, J Am Soc Nephrol, 16, 162, 10.1681/ASN.2004040331

Wijeysundera, 2007, Derivation and validation of a simplified predictive index for renal replacement therapy after cardiac surgery, JAMA, 297, 1801, 10.1001/jama.297.16.1801

Chawla, 2012, Off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting outcomes stratified by preoperative renal function, J Am Soc Nephrol, 23, 1389, 10.1681/ASN.2012020122

Shroyer, 2009, On-pump versus off-pump coronary-artery bypass surgery, N Engl J Med, 361, 1827, 10.1056/NEJMoa0902905

Lamy, 2012, Off-pump or on-pump coronary-artery bypass grafting at 30 days, N Engl J Med, 366, 1489, 10.1056/NEJMoa1200388

Choyke, 1998, Determination of serum creatinine prior to iodinated contrast media: is it necessary in all patients?, Tech Urol, 4, 65

Chertow, 2004, “Renalism”: inappropriately low rates of coronary angiography in elderly individuals with renal insufficiency, J Am Soc Nephrol, 15, 2462, 10.1097/01.ASN.0000135969.33773.0B

Nyman, 2005, Contrast-medium-induced nephropathy correlated to the ratio between dose in gram iodine and estimated GFR in ml/min, Acta Radiol, 46, 830, 10.1080/02841850500335051

Laskey, 2007, Volume-to-creatinine clearance ratio: a pharmacokinetically based risk factor for prediction of early creatinine increase after percutaneous coronary intervention, J Am Coll Cardiol, 50, 584, 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.03.058

Nyman, 2008, Contrast medium dose-to-GFR ratio: a measure of systemic exposure to predict contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention, Acta Radiol, 49, 658, 10.1080/02841850802050762

Barrett, 1993, Metaanalysis of the relative nephrotoxicity of high- and low-osmolality iodinated contrast media, Radiology, 188, 171, 10.1148/radiology.188.1.8511292

Aspelin, 2003, Nephrotoxic effects in high-risk patients undergoing angiography, N Engl J Med, 348, 491, 10.1056/NEJMoa021833

Heinrich, 2009, Nephrotoxicity of iso-osmolar iodixanol compared with nonionic low-osmolar contrast media: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Radiology, 250, 68, 10.1148/radiol.2501080833

Kushner, 2009, Circulation, 120, 2271, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192663

Merten, 2004, Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with sodium bicarbonate: a randomized controlled trial, JAMA, 291, 2328, 10.1001/jama.291.19.2328

Briguori, 2007, Renal Insufficiency Following Contrast Media Administration Trial (REMEDIAL): a randomized comparison of 3 preventive strategies, Circulation, 115, 1211, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.687152

Masuda, 2007, Comparison of usefulness of sodium bicarbonate versus sodium chloride to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing an emergent coronary procedure, Am J Cardiol, 100, 781, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.03.098

Ozcan, 2007, Sodium bicarbonate, N-acetylcysteine, and saline for prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy, Am Heart J, 154, 539, 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.05.012

Pakfetrat, 2009, A comparison of sodium bicarbonate infusion versus normal saline infusion and its combination with oral acetazolamide for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a randomized, double-blind trial, Int Urol Nephrol, 41, 629, 10.1007/s11255-008-9520-y

Recio-Mayoral, 2007, The reno-protective effect of hydration with sodium bicarbonate plus N-acetylcysteine in patients undergoing emergency percutaneous coronary intervention: the RENO Study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 49, 1283, 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.11.034

Brar, 2008, Sodium bicarbonate vs sodium chloride for the prevention of contrast medium-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography: a randomized trial, JAMA, 300, 1038, 10.1001/jama.300.9.1038

Maioli, 2008, Sodium bicarbonate versus saline for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with renal dysfunction undergoing coronary angiography or intervention, J Am Coll Cardiol, 52, 599, 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.05.026

Vasheghani-Farahani, 2009, Sodium bicarbonate plus isotonic saline versus saline for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography: a randomized controlled trial, Am J Kidney Dis, 54, 610, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.05.016

Brown, 2009, Sodium bicarbonate plus N-acetylcysteine prophylaxis: a meta-analysis, JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2, 1116, 10.1016/j.jcin.2009.07.015

Zoungas, 2009, Systematic review: sodium bicarbonate treatment regimens for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy, Ann Intern Med, 151, 631, 10.7326/0003-4819-151-9-200911030-00008

Navaneethan, 2009, Sodium bicarbonate therapy for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Am J Kidney Dis, 53, 617, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.08.033

Meier, 2009, Sodium bicarbonate-based hydration prevents contrast-induced nephropathy: a meta-analysis, BMC Med, 7, 23, 10.1186/1741-7015-7-23

Hoste, 2010, Sodium bicarbonate for prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 25, 747, 10.1093/ndt/gfp389

Joannidis, 2008, Prevention of contrast media-induced nephropathy by isotonic sodium bicarbonate: a meta-analysis, Wien Klin Wochenschr, 120, 742, 10.1007/s00508-008-1117-z

Hogan, 2008, Current role of sodium bicarbonate-based preprocedural hydration for the prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis, Am Heart J, 156, 414, 10.1016/j.ahj.2008.05.014

Ho, 2008, Use of isotonic sodium bicarbonate to prevent radiocontrast nephropathy in patients with mild pre-existing renal impairment: a meta-analysis, Anaesth Intensive Care, 36, 646, 10.1177/0310057X0803600503

Kanbay, 2009, Sodium bicarbonate for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a meta-analysis of 17 randomized trials, Int Urol Nephrol, 41, 617, 10.1007/s11255-009-9569-2

Kunadian, 2011, Sodium bicarbonate for the prevention of contrast induced nephropathy: a meta-analysis of published clinical trials, Eur J Radiol, 79, 48, 10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.12.015

Brar, 2009, Sodium bicarbonate for the prevention of contrast induced-acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 4, 1584, 10.2215/CJN.03120509

Briguori, 2011, Renal Insufficiency After Contrast Media Administration Trial II (REMEDIAL II): RenalGuard System in high-risk patients for contrast-induced acute kidney injury, Circulation, 124, 1260, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.030759

Marenzi, 2012, Prevention of contrast nephropathy by furosemide with matched hydration: the MYTHOS (Induced Diuresis With Matched Hydration Compared to Standard Hydration for Contrast Induced Nephropathy Prevention) trial, JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 5, 90, 10.1016/j.jcin.2011.08.017

Tepel, 2000, Prevention of radiographic-contrast-agent-induced reductions in renal function by acetylcysteine, N Engl J Med, 343, 180, 10.1056/NEJM200007203430304

Baker, 2003, A rapid protocol for the prevention of contrast-induced renal dysfunction: the RAPPID study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 41, 2114, 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00487-X

Balderramo, 2004, Renoprotective effect of high periprocedural doses of oral N-acetylcysteine in patients scheduled to undergo a same-day angiography, Rev Fac Cien Med Univ Nac Cordoba, 61, 13

Diaz-Sandoval, 2002, Acetylcysteine to Prevent Angiography-Related Renal Tissue Injury (the APART trial), Am J Cardiol, 89, 356, 10.1016/S0002-9149(01)02243-3

Drager, 2004, Renal effects of N-acetylcysteine in patients at risk for contrast nephropathy: decrease in oxidant stress-mediated renal tubular injury, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 19, 1803, 10.1093/ndt/gfh261

Kay, 2003, Acetylcysteine for prevention of acute deterioration of renal function following elective coronary angiography and intervention: a randomized controlled trial, JAMA, 289, 553, 10.1001/jama.289.5.553

MacNeill, 2003, Prophylaxis of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography, Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 60, 458, 10.1002/ccd.10684

Marenzi, 2006, N-Acetylcysteine and contrast-induced nephropathy in primary angioplasty, N Engl J Med, 354, 2773, 10.1056/NEJMoa054209

Miner, 2004, N-Acetylcysteine reduces contrast-associated nephropathy but not clinical events during long-term follow-up, Am Heart J, 148, 690, 10.1016/j.ahj.2004.05.015

Ochoa, 2004, Abbreviated dosing of N-acetylcysteine prevents contrast-induced nephropathy after elective and urgent coronary angiography and intervention, J Interv Cardiol, 17, 159, 10.1111/j.1540-8183.2004.09880.x

Shyu, 2002, Acetylcysteine protects against acute renal damage in patients with abnormal renal function undergoing a coronary procedure, J Am Coll Cardiol, 40, 1383, 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02308-2

Allaqaband, 2002, Prospective randomized study of N-acetylcysteine, fenoldopam, and saline for prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy, Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 57, 279, 10.1002/ccd.10323

Amini, 2009, N-Acetylcysteine does not prevent contrast-induced nephropathy after cardiac catheterization in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease: a randomized clinical trial, Trials, 10, 45, 10.1186/1745-6215-10-45

Azmus, 2005, Effectiveness of acetylcysteine in prevention of contrast nephropathy, J Invasive Cardiol, 17, 80

Briguori, 2002, Acetylcysteine and contrast agent-associated nephrotoxicity, J Am Coll Cardiol, 40, 298, 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01958-7

Carbonell, 2007, Intravenous N-acetylcysteine for preventing contrast-induced nephropathy: a randomised trial, Int J Cardiol, 115, 57, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.04.023

Coyle, 2006, Acetylcysteine In Diabetes (AID): a randomized study of acetylcysteine for the prevention of contrast nephropathy in diabetics, Am Heart J, 151, 1032.e9, 10.1016/j.ahj.2006.02.002

Durham, 2002, A randomized controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine to prevent contrast nephropathy in cardiac angiography, Kidney Int, 62, 2202, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00673.x

Fung, 2004, Effect of N-acetylcysteine for prevention of contrast nephropathy in patients with moderate to severe renal insufficiency: a randomized trial, Am J Kidney Dis, 43, 801, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2004.01.010

Goldenberg, 2004, Oral acetylcysteine as an adjunct to saline hydration for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy following coronary angiography, Eur Heart J, 25, 212, 10.1016/j.ehj.2003.11.011

Gomes, 2005, N-Acetylcysteine does not prevent contrast induced nephropathy after cardiac catheterisation with an ionic low osmolality contrast medium: a multicentre clinical trial, Heart, 91, 774, 10.1136/hrt.2004.039636

Kefer, 2003, Acetylcysteine, coronary procedure and prevention of contrast-induced worsening of renal function: which benefit for which patient?, Acta Cardiol, 58, 555, 10.2143/AC.58.6.2005321

Oldemeyer, 2003, Acetylcysteine in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy after coronary angiography, Am Heart J, 146, E23, 10.1016/S0002-8703(03)00511-8

Rashid, 2004, Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in vascular patients undergoing angiography: a randomized controlled trial of intravenous N-acetylcysteine, J Vasc Surg, 40, 1136, 10.1016/j.jvs.2004.09.026

Sandhu, 2006, The role of N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of contrast-induced nephrotoxicity, Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 29, 344, 10.1007/s00270-005-0127-8

Webb, 2004, A randomized controlled trial of intravenous N-acetylcysteine for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy after cardiac catheterization: lack of effect, Am Heart J, 148, 422, 10.1016/j.ahj.2004.03.041

Kelly, 2008, Meta-analysis: effectiveness of drugs for preventing contrast-induced nephropathy, Ann Intern Med, 148, 284, 10.7326/0003-4819-148-4-200802190-00007

Gonzales, 2007, A meta-analysis of N-acetylcysteine in contrast-induced nephrotoxicity: unsupervised clustering to resolve heterogeneity, BMC Med, 5, 32, 10.1186/1741-7015-5-32

Vaitkus, 2007, N-Acetylcysteine in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: publication bias perpetuated by meta-analyses, Am Heart J, 153, 275, 10.1016/j.ahj.2006.09.014

Trivedi, 2009, High-dose N-acetylcysteine for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy, Am J Med, 122, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.01.035

2011, Acetylcysteine for prevention of renal outcomes in patients undergoing coronary and peripheral vascular angiography: main results from the randomized Acetylcysteine for Contrast-induced nephropathy Trial (ACT), Circulation, 124, 1250, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.038943

Stone, 2003, Fenoldopam mesylate for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial, JAMA, 290, 2284, 10.1001/jama.290.17.2284

Dai, 2012, Effect of theophylline on prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Am J Kidney Dis, 60, 360, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.02.332

Cruz, 2012, Renal replacement therapies for prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy: a systematic review, Am J Med, 125, 66, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.06.029

Parienti, 2008, Femoral vs jugular venous catheterization and risk of nosocomial events in adults requiring acute renal replacement therapy: a randomized controlled trial, JAMA, 299, 2413, 10.1001/jama.299.20.2413

Barenbrock, 2000, Effects of bicarbonate- and lactate-buffered replacement fluids on cardiovascular outcome in CVVH patients, Kidney Int, 58, 1751, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00336.x

McLean, 2000, Effects of lactate-buffered and lactate-free dialysate in CAVHD patients with and without liver dysfunction, Kidney Int, 58, 1765, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00338.x

Thomas, 1997, Comparison of lactate and bicarbonate buffered haemofiltration fluids: use in critically ill patients, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 12, 1212, 10.1093/ndt/12.6.1212

Gotch, 2000, Whither goest Kt/V?, Kidney Int Suppl, 76, S3, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.07602.x

Evanson, 1998, Prescribed versus delivered dialysis in acute renal failure patients, Am J Kidney Dis, 32, 731, 10.1016/S0272-6386(98)70127-1

Venkataraman, 2002, Dosing patterns for continuous renal replacement therapy at a large academic medical center in the United States, J Crit Care, 17, 246, 10.1053/jcrc.2002.36757

Overberger, 2007, Management of renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury: a survey of practitioner prescribing practices, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2, 623, 10.2215/CJN.00780207

Vesconi, 2009, Delivered dose of renal replacement therapy and mortality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury, Crit Care, 13, R57, 10.1186/cc7784

Tolwani, 2006, A practical citrate anticoagulation continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration protocol for metabolic control and high solute clearance, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 1, 79, 10.2215/CJN.00040505

Tolwani, 2012, Regional citrate anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy: the better alternative?, Am J Kidney Dis, 59, 745, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.03.003

Link, 2009, Argatroban for anticoagulation in continuous renal replacement therapy, Crit Care Med, 37, 105, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181932394

Tolwani, 2009, Anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy, Semin Dial, 22, 141, 10.1111/j.1525-139X.2008.00545.x

Klouche, 2007, Complications, effects on dialysis dose, and survival of tunneled femoral dialysis catheters in acute renal failure, Am J Kidney Dis, 49, 99, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.09.014

Davenport, 1987, Continuous arteriovenous haemofiltration in patients with hepatic encephalopathy and renal failure, Br Med J, 295, 1028, 10.1136/bmj.295.6605.1028

Davenport, 1987, Haemofiltration in management of patients with acute renal failure complicated by raised intracranial pressure, Lancet, 1, 216, 10.1016/S0140-6736(87)90027-4

Davenport, 1990, Early changes in intracranial pressure during haemofiltration treatment in patients with grade 4 hepatic encephalopathy and acute oliguric renal failure, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 5, 192, 10.1093/ndt/5.3.192

Davenport, 1991, Continuous vs. intermittent forms of haemofiltration and/or dialysis in the management of acute renal failure in patients with defective cerebral autoregulation at risk of cerebral oedema, Contrib Nephrol, 93, 225, 10.1159/000420225