Isolated corticotrophin deficiency

Steinberg A, Shechter FR, Segal HI (1954) True pituitary Addison’s disease, a pituitary unitropic deficiency;fifteen-year follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 14:1519–1529

Laureti S, Vecchi L, Santeusanio F, Falorni A (1999) Is the prevalence of Addison’s disease understimated? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:1762

Tomlinson JW, Holden N, Hillis RK (2001) Association between premature mortality and hypopituitarism. Lancet 357:425–431

Escobar-Morreale H, Serrano-Gotarredona J, Varela C (1994) Isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency due to probable lymphocytic hypophysitis in a man. J Endocrinol Invest 17:127–131

Richtsmeier AJ, Henry RA, Bloodworth JM, Ehrlich EN (1980) Lymphoid hypophysitis with selective adrenocoticotropic hormone deficiency. Arch Intern Med 140:1243–1245

Takao T, Nanamiya W, Matsumoto R, Asaba K, Okabayashi T, Hashimoto K (2001) Antipituitary antibodies in patients with lymphocytic hypophysitis. Horm Res 55:288–292

Kikuchi T, Yabe S, Kanda T, Kobayashi I (2000) Antipituitary antibodies as pathogenetic factors in patients with pituitary disorders. Endocr J 47:407–416

Scooble JE, Havard CW (1990) Anosmia and isolated ACTH deficiency following a road traffic accident. Case raport. J Neurosurg 73:453–454

Karavitaki N, Wass J, Henderson Slater JD, Wade D (2006) A case of post-traumatic isolated ACTH deficiency with spontaneous recovery after 9 months after the event. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 77:276–277

Stacpoole PW, Kandell TW, Fisher WR (1983) Primary empty sella, hyperprolactinemia, and isolated ACTH deficiency after post partum hemorrhage. Am J Med 74:905–908

Fernandez Vazquez G, Pico Alfonso A, Estopian V, Tovar J, Zurita P, Hurtado A (1986) Isolated deficit of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) associated with primary empty sella turcica. Med Clin (Barc) 87:465–467

Sakai H, Yoshioka K, Yamagami K (2002) Complete adrenocorticotropin deficiency after radiation therapy for brain tumor with a normal growth hormone reserve. Intern Med 41:453–457

Vallotton MB (1992) Endocrine emergencies: disorders of the adrenal cortex. Baillieres Clin End Metab 6:41–56

Odagaki T, Noguchi Y, Fukui T (2003) Flexion contractures of the legs as the initial manifestation of adrenocortical insufficiency. Internal Medicine 42:710–713

Tamaya S, Ihara C, Tduji K, Nanno M, Maekawa N, Matsumoto S, Imai T (2000) Isolated ACTH deficiency with severe muscle atrophy. Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 10:983–985

Pecori Giraldi F, Fatti L, Cavagnini F (2005) Isolated corticotrophin deficiency presenting with pericardial effusion. J Endocrinol Invest 28:831–833

Mayinger B, Harsch IA, Axelos D, Hahn EG (2000) Isolated ACTH deficiency as a rare cause of recurrent syncope and hypoglycemia. Med Klin (Munich) 95:701–705

Otsuka F, Yamamoto K, Shimada N, Kageyama J, Ogura T, Makino H (2004) Cholestatic jaundice: an unusual symptom of isolated adrenocorticotropin deficiency in adults. J Endocrinol Invest 27:404–405

Atkin SL, Masson EA, White MC (1995) Isolated adrenocorticotropin deficiency presenting as primary infertility. J Endocrinol Invest 18:456–459

Kalambokis G, Vassiliou V, Vergos T, Christou L, Tsatsoulis A, Tsianos EV (2004) Isolated ACTH deficiency associated with Crohn’s disease. J Endocrinol Invest 27:961–964

Corcuff JB, Lafranque P, Henry P, Roger P (1997) Isolated corticotroph insufficiency associated to myasthenia gravis. J Endocrinol Invest 20:669–671

Yonemura K, Yasuda H, Fujigaki Y, Oki Y, Hishida A (2003) Adrenal insufficiency due to isolated adrenocorticotropin deficiency complicated by autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. Ren Fail 25:485–492

Ogawa K, Suzuki Y, Oishi M, Mizutani T, Nakayama T (2002) A case of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) associated with isolated ACTH deficiency. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 42:149–153

Aanderud S, Jorde R (1988) ACTH deficiency, hyperprolactinemia and benign intracranial hypertension. Acta Endocrinol Copenh 118:346–350

Kearney T, Robinson S, Johnston D (2000) Isolated corticotropin deficiency in chronic alcoholism. J R Soc Med 93:15–17

Steer P, Marnell R, Werk EE (1969) Clinical alcohol hypoglicemia and isolated adrenocorticotrophic hormone deficiency. Ann Intern Med 71:343–348

Miller MJ, Horst TV (1982) Isolated ACTH deficiency and primary hypothyroidism. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 99:573–576

Martin-Du Pan RC, Rouiller D, Goumaz M (1994) Isolated ACTH deficiency and primary thyroid insufficiency in an atopic patient: hypophisitis? Schweiz Med Wochenschr 124:806–809

Miyauchi S, Yamashita Y, Matsuura B, Onji M (2004) Isolated ACTH deficiency with graves’ disease: a case report. Endocrine Journal 51:115–119

Giustina A, Candrina R, Cimino A, Romanelli G (1988) Development of isolated ACTH deficiency in a man with type I diabetes mellitus. J Endocrinol Invest 11:375–377

Kojima I, Nejima I, Ogata E (1982) Isolated adrenocorticotropin deficiency associated with polyglandular failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 54:182–186

Vasikaran SD, Tallis GA, Braund WJ (1994) Secondary hypoadrenalism presenting with hypercalcemia. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 41:261–64

Saito T, Tojo K, Yamamoto H, Hosoya T, Tajima N (2002) Isolated adrenocorticotropin deficiency presenting with impaired renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and suppressed parathyroid hormone-vitamin D axis. Intern Med 41:561–565

Strachan MW, Walker JD, Patrick AW (2003) Severe hypercalcaemia secondary to isolated adrenocorticotrophic hormone deficiency and subacute thyroiditis. Ann Clin Biochem 40:295–297

Kato A, Shinozaki S, Goga T, Hishida A (2003) Isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency in a patient on long-term haemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 42:32–36

Hangaard J, Andersen M, Grodum E, Koldkjaer O, Hagen C (1996) Pulsatile TSH secretion in patient with Addison’s disease during variable glucocorticoid therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:2502–2507

Arlt W, Alloio B (2003) Adrenal insufficiency. Lancet 361:1881–1893

Nieman LK (2003) Dynamic evaluation of adrenal hypofunction. J Endocrinol Invest 26:74–82

Grinspoon SK, Biller BM (1994) Clinical review 62: Laboratory assessment of adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:923–931

Oelkers W (1996) Adrenal insufficiency. N Engl J Med 335:1206–1212

Salvatori R (2005) Adrenal insufficiency. JAMA 294:2481–2488

Snow K, Jiang NS, Kao PC, Scheithauer BW (1992) Biochemical evaluation of adrenal dysfunction : the laboratory perspective. Mayo Clinic Proc 67:1055–1065

Hurel SJ, Thompson CJ, Watson MJ, Harris M, Baylis PH, Kendall-Taylor P (1996) The short synacthen and insulin stress tests in the assesment of the hypotalamic-pituitary adrenal axis. Clin End (Oxf) 44:141–146

Nelson JC, Tindall DJ (1978) A comparison of the adrenal response to hypoglicemia, metyrapone and ACTH. Am J Med Sc 275:165–172

Lindholm J, Kehlet H (1987) Reevaluation of the clinical value of the 30 min ACTH test in assessing the hypotalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical function. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 26:53–59

Tsatsoulis A, Shalet SM, Harrison J, Ratcliffe WA, Beardwell CG, Robinson EL (1998) ACTH deficiency undetected by standard dynamic tests of hypotalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 28:225–232

Berneis K, Staub JJ, Gessler A, Meier C, Girard J, Muller B (2002) Combined stimulation of ACTH and compound-S by single dose metyrapone test as an outpatient procedure to assess hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:5470–5475

Hockings GI, Nye EJ, Grice JE, Jackson RV (1997) Short synacthen test versus insulin stress test for the assessment of hypothalamo-pituitary axis: controversy revisited again. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 46:775–776

Dorin RI, Qualls CR, Crapo LM (2003) Diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. Ann Intern Med 139:194–204

Streeten DH, Anderson GH, Bonaventra MM (1996) The potential for serious conseqences from misinterpreting normal responses to the rapid ACTH test. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:285–290

Borst GC, Michenfelder HJ, O’Brian JT (1982) Discordant cortisol response to exogenous ACTH and insulin-induced hypoglyicemia in patients with pituitary disease. N Eng J Med 302:1062–1064

Stewart PM, Corrie J, Seckl JR, Edwards CR, Padfield PL (1988) A rational approach for assessing the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Lancet 1:1208–1210

May ME, Carey RM (1985) Rapid ACTH test in practice. Am J Med 79:679–684

Dickstein G, Shechner C, Nicholson WE (1991) ACTH test: effect of basal cortisol level, time of day and suggested new sensitive low dose test. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 72:773–778

Bangar V, Clayton RN (1998) How reliable is the short synacthen test for the investigation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis? Eur J Endocrinol 139:580–583

Amari F, Issa BG, Millward E, Scanion MF (1996) A comparison between short ACTH and ITT for assessing hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 44:473–476

Tordjman K, Jaffe A, Trostanetsky Y, Greenman Y, Limor R, Stern N (2000) Low dose ACTH stimulation as a screening test for impaired hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis function: sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in comparison with high dose test. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 52:633–640

Thaler LM, Blevins LS (1998) The low dose ACTH test in the evaluation of patients with suspected central adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:2726–2729

Murphy H, Livesey J, Espiner EA, Donald RA (1998) The low dose ACTH test: a further wor of caution. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:712–713

Oelkers W, Diederich S, Bahr V (1992) Diagnosis and therapy sorveillance in Addison’s disease: rapid ACTH test and measurement of plasma ACTH, renin activity and aldosterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75:259–264

Nye EJ, Grice JE, Hockings GI, Strakosch CR, Crosbie GV, Walters MM, Torpy DJ, Jakson RV (2001) ACTH stimulation tests in patients with hypothalamo-pituitary disease: low dose, standard high dose and 8-h infusion tests. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 55:625–633

Esteban NV, Loughlin T, Yergey AL, Zawadzki JK, Booth JD, Winterer JC, Loriaux JL (1991) Daily cortisol production rate in man determined by stable isotope diluition/mass spectometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 71:39–45

Allolio B, Kaulen D, Deuss U, Hipp FX, Winkelmann W (1985) Comparison between hydrocortisone and cortisone acetate as replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency. Akt Endokr Stoffw 6:35–39

Feek CM, Ratcliffe JG, Seth J, Gray CE, Toft AD, Irvine WJ (1981) Patterns of plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations in patients with Addison’s disease treated with conventional corticosteroid replacement. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 14:451–458

Howlett TA (1997) An assessment of optimal hydrocortisone replacement therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 46(3):263–268

Mah PM, Jenkins RC, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Newell-Price J, Doane A, Ibbotson V, Tucker GT, Ross RJ (2004) Weight-related dosing, timing and monitoring hydrocortisone replacement therapy in patients with adrenal insufficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 61(3):367–375

Artl W, Callies F, van Vlijmen JC (1999) Dehydroepiandrosterone replacement therapy in women with adrenal insufficiency. N Engl J Med 341:1013–1020

Howlett TA (1997) An assessment of optimal hydrocortisone replacement therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 46:263–268

Lamberts SWJ, Bruining HA, De Jong FH (1997) Corticosteroid therapy in severe illness. N Engl J Med 337:1285–1292

Eagling VA, Back DJ, Barry MG (1997) Differential inhibition of cytochrome P450 isoform by the protease inhibitors ritonavir, sequinavir and indinavir. Br J Clin Pharmac 44:190–194

Krude H, Biermann H, Luck W, Horn R, Brabant G, Gruters A (1998) Severe early-onset obesity, adrenal insufficiency and red hair pigmentation caused by POMC mutations in humans. Nat Genet 19:155–157

Lamolet B, Pulichino AM, Lamonerie T, Gauthier Y, Brue T, Enjalbert A, Drouin J (2001) A pituitary cell-restricted T box factor, Tpit, activates POMC in transcription in cooperation with Pitx homeproteins. Cell 104:849–859

Vallette-Kasic S, Brue T, Pulichino AM (2005) Congenital isolated adrenocorticotropin deficiency: an understimated cause of neonatal death, explained by TPIT gene mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:1323–1331

Weintrob N, Drouin J, Vallette-Kasic S, Taub E, Marom D, Lebenthal Y, Klinger G, Bron-Harlev E, Shohat M (2006) Low estriol levels in the maternal triple-marker screen as a predictor of isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency caused by a new mutation in TPIT gene. Pediatrics 117:322–327