Bianchi G, Ghobrial IM (2014) Biological and clinical implications of clonal heterogeneity and clonal evolution in multiple myeloma. Curr Cancer Ther Rev 10(2):70–79
Esteve FR, Roodman GD (2007) Pathophysiology of myeloma bone disease. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 20(4):613–624, Review
Palumbo A, Anderson K (2011) Multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 364:1046–1060
Walker RC, Brown TL, Jones-Jackson LB, De Blanche L, Bartel T (2012) Imaging of multiple myeloma and related plasma cell dyscrasias. J Nucl Med 53:1091–1101
Lu¨tje S, de Rooy JW, Croockewit S, Koedam E, Oyen WJ, Raymakers RA (2009) Role of radiography, MRI and FDG PET/CT in diagnosing, staging and therapeutical evaluation of patients with multiple myeloma. Ann Hematol 88:1161–1168
Kröpil P, Fenk R, Fritz LB, Blondin D, Kobbe G, Mödder U, Cohnen M (2008) Comparison of whole-body 64-slice multidetector computed tomography and conventional radiography in staging of multiple myeloma. Eur Radiol 18:51–58
Gleeson TG, Moriarty J, Shortt CP, Gleeson JP, Fitzpatrick P, Byrne B, McHugh J, O’Connell M, O’Gorman P, Eustace SJ (2009) Accuracy of whole-body low-dose multidetector CT (WBLDCT) versus skeletal survey in the detection of myelomatous lesions, and correlation of disease distribution with whole-body MRI (WBMRI). Skeletal Radiol 38:225–236
Mihailovic J, Goldsmith SJ (2015) Multiple myeloma: 18F-FDG-PET/CT and diagnostic imaging. Semin Nucl Med 45(1):16–31
Breyer RJ, Mulligan ME, Smith SE, Line BR, Badros AZ (2006) Comparison of imaging with FDG PET/CT with other imaging modalities in myeloma. Skeletal Radiol 35:632–640
Ak I, Gulbas Z (2011) F-18 FDG uptake of bone marrow on PET/CT scan: it’s correlation with CD38/CD138 expressing myeloma cells in bone marrow of patients with multiple myeloma. Ann Hematol 90(1):81–87
Lu YY, Chen JH, Lin WY, Liang JA, Wang HY, Tsai SC, Kao CH (2012) FDG PET or PET/CT for detecting intramedullary and extramedullary lesions in multiple myeloma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nucl Med 37(9):833–837
Park S, Lee SJ, Chang WJ, Maeng CH, Hong JY, Choi MK, Kim YS, Jung CW, Jang JH, Kim SJ, Kim WS, Choi JY, Kim K (2014) Positive correlation between baseline PET or PET/CT findings and clinical parameters in multiple myeloma patients. Acta Haematol 131(4):193–199
Schirrmeister H, Bommer M, Buck AK, Müller S, Messer P, Bunjes D, Döhner H, Bergmann L, Reske SN (2002) Initial results in the assessment of multiple myeloma using 18F-FDG PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 29:361–366
Durie BG, Waxman AD, D’Agnolo A, Williams CM, Wholebody (2002) 18F-FDG PET identifies high-risk myeloma. J Nucl Med 43:1457–1463
Dammacco F, Rubini G, Ferrari C, Vacca A, Racanelli V (2006) (18)F-FDG PET/CT: a review of diagnostic and prognostic features in multiple myeloma and related disorders. Clin Exp Med 15(1):1–8
Durie BG (2006) The role of anatomic and functional staging in myeloma: description of Durie/Salmon plus staging system. Eur J Cancer 42:1539–1543
Czernin J, Satyamurthy N, Schiepers C (2010) Molecular mechanisms of bone 18F-NaF deposition. J Nucl Med 51(12):1826–1829
Hawkins RA, Choi Y, Huang SC, Hoh CK, Dahlbom M, Schiepers C, Satyamurthy N, Barrio JR, Phelps ME (1992) Evaluation of the skeletal kinetics of fluorine-18-fluoride ion with PET. J Nucl Med 33:633–642
Even-Sapir E, Metser U, Flusser G, Zuriel L, Kollender Y, Lerman H, Lievshitz G, Ron I, Mishani E (2004) Assessment of malignant skeletal disease: initial experience with 18F-fluoride PET/CT and comparison between 18F-fluoride PET and 18F-fluoride PET/CT. J Nucl Med 45:272–278
Yoon SH, Kim KS, Kang SY, Song HS, Jo KS, Choi BH, Lee SJ, Yoon JK, An YS (2013) Usefulness of (18) F-fluoride PET/CT in breast cancer patients with osteosclerotic bone metastases. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 47(1):27–35
Aparici CM, Win AZ (2014) Use of NaF-18-positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the detection of bone metastasis from papillary renal cell carcinoma. World J Nucl Med 13(2):135–137
International MyelomaWorking Group (2003) Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorders: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group. Br J Haematol 121:749–757
Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV (2009) Criteria for diagnosis, staging, risk stratification and response assessment of multiple myeloma. Leukemia 23(1):3–9, Review
Rajkumar SV, Merlini G, San Miguel JF (2012) Haematological cancer: redefining myeloma. Nat Rev Clin Onco 9(9):494–496
Wang X, Koch S (2009) Positron emission tomography/computed tomography potential pitfalls and artifacts. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 38(4):156–169, Review
Zamagni E, Nanni C, Patriarca F, Englaro E, Castellucci P, Geatti O, Tosi P, Tacchetti P, Cangini D, Perrone G (2007) A prospective comparison of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and whole-body planar radiographs in the assessment of bone disease in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Haematologica 92:50–55
Nanni C, Zamagni E, Farsad M, Castellucci P, Tosi P, Cangini D, Salizzoni E, Canini R, Cavo M, Fanti S (2006) Role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the assessment of bone involvement in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: preliminary results. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 33:525–531
Dimopoulos M, Terpos E, Comenzo RL, Tosi P, Beksac M, Sezer O, Siegel D, Lokhorst H, Kumar S, Rajkumar SV (2009) International myeloma working group consensus statement and guidelines regarding the current role of imaging techniques in the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple Myeloma. Leukemia 23:1545–1556
Fonti R, Salvatore B, Quarantelli M, Sirignano C, Segreto S, Petruzziello F, Catalano L, Liuzzi R, Rotoli B, Del Vecchio S (2008) 18F-FDG PET/CT, 99mTc-MIBI, and MRI in evaluation of patients with multiple myeloma. J Nucl Med 49:195–200
Palumbo A, Mina R (2013) Management of older adults with multiple myeloma. Blood Rev 27:133–142
van Lammeren-Venema D, Regelink JC, Riphagen II, Zweegman S, Hoekstra OS, Zijlstra JM (2012) 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in assessment of myeloma-related bone disease: a systematic review. Cancer 15 118(8):1971–1981
Sager S, Ergül N, Ciftci H, Cetin G, Güner SI, Cermik TF (2011) The value of FDG PET/CT in the initial staging and bone marrow involvement of patients with multiple myeloma. Skeletal Radiol 40:843–847
Weng WW, Dong MJ, Zhang J, Yang J, Xu Q, Zhu YJ, Liu NH (2014) A systematic review of MRI, scintigraphy, FDG-PET and PET/CT for diagnosis of multiple myeloma related bone disease—which is best? Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 15(22):9879–9884
Xu F, Liu F, Pastakia B (2014) Different lesions revealed by 18F-FDG PET/CT and 18F-NaF PET/CT in patients with multiple myeloma. Clin Nucl Med 39(9)
Sachpekidis C, Goldschmidt H, Hose D, Pan L, Cheng C, Kopka K, Haberkorn U, Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss A (2014) PET/CT studies of multiple myeloma using (18) F-FDG and (18) F-NaF: comparison of distribution patterns and tracers’ pharmacokinetics. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 41(7):1343–1353
Ludwig H, Kumpan W, Sinzinger H (1982) Radiography and bone scintigraphy in multiple myeloma: a comparative analysis. Br J Radiol 55:173–181
Nishiyama Y, Tateishi U, Shizukuishi K, Shishikura A, Yamazaki E, Shibata H, Yoneyama T, Ishigatsubo Y, Inoue T (2013) Role of 18F-fluoride PET/CT in the assessment of multiple myeloma: initial experience. Ann Nucl Med 27(1):78–83
Kyle RA, Gertz MA, Witzig TE, Lust JA, Lacy MQ, Dispenzieri A, Fonseca R, Rajkumar SV, Offord JR, Larson DR, Plevak ME, Therneau TM, Greipp PR (2003) Review of 1027 patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Mayo Clin Proc 78(1):21–33
Gunn WG, Conley A, Deininger L, Olson SD, Prockop DJ, Gregory CA (2006) A crosstalk between myeloma cells and marrow stromal cells stimulates production of DKK1 and interleukin-6: a potential role in the development of lytic bone disease and tumor progression in multiple myeloma. Stem Cells 24(4):986–991
Giuliani N, Colla S, Rizzoli V (2004) New insight in the mechanism of osteoclast activation and formation in multiple myeloma: focus on the receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL). Exp Hematol 32(8):685–691, Review
Choi SJ, Cruz JC, Craig F, Chung H, Devlin RD, Roodman GD, Alsina M (2000) Macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha is a potential osteoclast stimulatory factor in multiple myeloma. Blood 15 96(2):671–675