Is the intrauterine device appropriate contraception for HIV-1-infected women?

Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, June 2000. UNAIDS, 2000. Available: http://www.unais.org/epidemic_update/report/index.html. St.Louis, 1993, Risk for perinatal HIV-1 transmission according to maternal immunologic, virologic, and placental factors, JAMA, 269, 2853, 10.1001/jama.269.22.2853 Mauldin, 1994, IUCD use throughout the world: past, present, and future, 1 Farley, 1992, Intrauterine devices and pelvic inflammatory disease: an international perspective, Lancet, 339, 785, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)91904-M 1996 1998, IMAP statement on HIV infection and AIDS, IPPF Med Bull, 32, 1 Sinei, 1998, Complications of use of intrauterine devices among HIV-1-infected women, Lancet, 351, 1238, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)10319-1 Hager, 1983, Criteria for diagnosis and grading of salpingitis, Obstet Gynecol, 61, 113 Mickey, 1989, The impact of confounder selection criteria on effect estimation, Am J Epidemiol, 129, 125, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115101 Hicks, 1998, What risk of infection with IUCD use? [commentary], Lancet, 351, 1222, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79312-0 Sinei, 1990, Preventing IUCD-related pelvic infection: the efficacy of prophylactic doxycycline at insertion, Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 97, 412, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1990.tb01828.x Ladipo, 1991, Prevention of IUCD-related pelvic infection: the efficacy of prophylactic doxycycline at IUCD insertion, Adv Contracept, 7, 43, 10.1007/BF01850718 Morrison, 1999, Use of sexually transmitted disease risk assessment algorithms for selection of intrauterine device candidates, Contraception, 59, 97, 10.1016/S0010-7824(99)00006-2 Cooling, 1999, Successful use of levonorgestrel intrauterine system in a HIV positive woman, Br J Fam Plann, 25, 25 Richardson, 1999, Effect of intrauterine device use on cervical shedding of HIV-1 DNA, AIDS, 13, 2091, 10.1097/00002030-199910220-00012 1992, Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV-1 in 563 stable couples, BMJ, 304, 809, 10.1136/bmj.304.6830.809 Clemetson, 1993, Detection of HIV-1 DNA in cervical and vaginal secretions: prevalence and correlates among women in Nairobi, Kenya, JAMA, 269, 2860, 10.1001/jama.1993.03500220046024 Mostad, 1997, Hormonal contraception, vitamin A deficiency, and other risk factors for shedding of HIV-1 infected cells from the cervix and vagina, Lancet, 350, 922, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)04240-2 Kreiss, 1994, Association between cervical inflammation and cervical shedding of human immunodeficiency virus DNA, J Infect Dis, 170, 1597, 10.1093/infdis/170.6.1597 Ghys, 1997, The associations between cervicovaginal HIV shedding, sexually transmitted diseases and immunosuppression in female sex workers in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, AIDS, 11, F85, 10.1097/00002030-199712000-00001 Musicco, 1994, IUCD use and man to woman sexual transmission of HIV-1, 179 Lazzarin, 1991, Man-to-woman sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus: risk factors related to sexual behaviour, man's infectiousness, and woman's susceptibility, Arch Intern Med, 151, 2411, 10.1001/archinte.1991.00400120055009 Mati, 1995, Contraceptive use and the risk of HIV-1 infection in Nairobi, Kenya, Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 48, 61, 10.1016/0020-7292(94)02214-3 1989, Risk factors for male to female transmission of HIV-1, BMJ, 298, 411, 10.1136/bmj.298.6671.411 Carael, 1988, Human immunodeficiency virus transmission among heterosexual couples in Central Africa, AIDS, 2, 201 Plourde, 1992, Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in women attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic in Kenya, J Infect Dis, 166, 86, 10.1093/infdis/166.1.86 Kapiga, 1998, The incidence of HIV-1 infection among women using family planning methods in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, AIDS, 12, 75, 10.1097/00002030-199801000-00009 Martin, 1998, Hormonal contraception, sexually transmitted diseases, and risk of heterosexual transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1, J Infect Dis, 178, 1053, 10.1086/515654