Is maternal alcohol use a risk factor for early-onset sepsis in premature newborns?

Addis, 2001, Fetal effects of cocaine: an updated meta-analysis, Reprod Toxicol, 15, 341, 10.1016/S0890-6238(01)00136-8 Ahluwalia, 2000, Alcohol, 21, 207, 10.1016/S0741-8329(00)00076-8 American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Substance Abuse and Committee on Children With Disabilities, 2000, Fetal alcohol syndrome and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders, Pediatrics, 106, 358, 10.1542/peds.106.2.358 Archie, 1997, Positive smoking history as a preliminary screening device for substance use in pregnant adolescents, J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol, 10, 13, 10.1016/S1083-3188(97)70038-X Armstrong, 2003, Perinatal substance abuse intervention in obstetric clinics decreases adverse neonatal outcomes, J Perinatol, 23, 3, 10.1038/sj.jp.7210847 Astley, 2000, Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) primary prevention through FAS diagnosis. I. Identification of high-risk birth mothers through the diagnosis of their children, Alcohol Alcohol, 35, 499, 10.1093/alcalc/35.5.499 Baker, 1993, Recent developments in alcoholism: immunological aspects, Recent Dev Alcohol, 11, 249, 10.1007/978-1-4899-1742-3_15 Baldwin, 1997, Marijuana and cocaine impair alveolar macrophage function and cytokine production, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 156, 1606, 10.1164/ajrccm.156.5.9704146 Baughman, 1987, Surfactant deficiency with decreased opsonic activity in a guinea pig model of alcoholism, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 11, 261, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1987.tb01303.x Bearer, 1999, Ethyl linoleate in meconium: a biomarker for prenatal ethanol exposure, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 23, 487, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04142.x Berkeley, 1994, In vitro effects of cocaine, lidocaine and monoamine uptake inhibitors on lymphocyte proliferative responses, Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol, 16, 165, 10.3109/08923979409007088 Bermudez, 1991, Ethanol affects release of TNF and GM-CSF and membrane expression of TNF receptors by human macrophages, Lymphokine Cytokine Res, 10, 413 Bermudez, 1991, Ethanol augments intracellular survival of Mycobacterium avium complex and impairs macrophage responses to cytokines, J Infect Dis, 163, 1286, 10.1093/infdis/163.6.1286 Biber, 1998, Effects of in utero alcohol exposure on B-cell development in the murine fetal liver, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 22, 1706, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03969.x Bradley, 1998, Alcohol screening questionnaires in women: a critical review, JAMA, 280, 166, 10.1001/jama.280.2.166 Chandra, 1991, Interactions between early nutrition and the immune system, Ciba Found Symp, 156, 77 Debillon, 2000, Intrauterine infection induces programmed cell death in rabbit periventricular white matter, Pediatr Res, 47, 736, 10.1203/00006450-200006000-00009 Delafuente, 1991, Immunologic effects of cocaine and related alkaloids, Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol, 13, 11, 10.3109/08923979109019688 Ebrahim, 1999, Comparison of binge drinking among pregnant and nonpregnant women, United States, 1991–1995, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 180, 1, 10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70139-0 Grossmann, 1993, Immune function in offspring of nonhuman primates (Macaca nemestrina) exposed weekly to 1.8 g/kg ethanol during pregnancy: preliminary observations, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 17, 822, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00848.x Halpern, 2003, Diminished interleukin-6 response to proinflammatory challenge in men and women after intravenous cocaine administration, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 1188, 10.1210/jc.2002-020804 Jerrells, 1994, Increased susceptibility of experimental animals to infectious organisms as a consequence of ethanol consumption, Alcohol Alcohol Suppl, 2, 425 Jerrells, 1990, Murine model of ethanol-induced immunosuppression, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 14, 546, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1990.tb01197.x Jerrells, 1998, Influence of ethanol consumption on immune competence of adult animals exposed to ethanol in utero, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 22, 391, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03665.x Jobe, 2001, Prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, Curr Opin Pediatr, 13, 124, 10.1097/00008480-200104000-00006 Johnson, 1981, Immune deficiency in fetal alcohol syndrome, Pediatr Res, 15, 908, 10.1203/00006450-198106000-00005 Johnson, 1996, Changes in immunologic cell surface markers during cocaine withdrawal in pregnant women, Brain Behav Immun, 10, 324, 10.1006/brbi.1996.0029 Karlix, 1998, Cocaine suppresses fetal immune system, Pediatr Res, 44, 43, 10.1203/00006450-199807000-00007 Kliegman, 1994, Relation of maternal cocaine use to the risks of prematurity and low birth weight, J Pediatr, 124, 751, 10.1016/S0022-3476(05)81370-8 Kolls, 1995, Differential effects of in vivo ethanol on LPS-induced TNF and nitric oxide production in the lung, Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 268, L991 Kono, 2000, Gender differences in early alcohol-induced liver injury: role of CD14, NF-κB, and TNF-α, Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 278, G652 Koren, 2003, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, CMAJ, 169, 1181 Lemons, 2001, Very low birth weight outcomes of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, January 1995 through December 1996, Pediatrics, 107, e1, 10.1542/peds.107.1.e1 Lester, 2001, The Maternal Lifestyle Study: drug use by meconium toxicology and maternal self-report, Pediatrics, 107, 309, 10.1542/peds.107.2.309 Little, 1990, Failure to recognize fetal alcohol syndrome in newborn infants, Am J Dis Child, 144, 1142 Mao, 1996, Cocaine down-regulates IL-2-induced peripheral blood lymphocyte IL-8 and IFN-γ production, Cell Immunol, 172, 217, 10.1006/cimm.1996.0235 Mao, 1997, Cocaine inhibits human endothelial cell IL-8 production: the role of transforming growth factor-β, Cell Immunol, 181, 38, 10.1006/cimm.1997.1185 Naveau, 1997, Excess weight risk factor for alcoholic liver disease, Hepatology, 25, 108, 10.1002/hep.510250120 Nelson, 1989, The effects of acute and chronic alcoholism on tumor necrosis factor and the inflammatory response, J Infect Dis, 160, 422, 10.1093/infdis/160.3.422 Omidvari, 1998, Alveolar macrophage release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in chronic alcoholics without liver disease, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 22, 93, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb04294.x O'Shea, 2002, Cerebral palsy in very preterm infants: new epidemiological insights, Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev, 8, 135, 10.1002/mrdd.10032 Pirozhkov, 1993, Ethanol enhances immunosuppression induced by cocaine, Alcohol Alcohol Suppl, 2, 75 Robinson, 2002, Effects of maternal ethanol consumption on hematopoietic cells in the rat fetal liver, Alcohol, 28, 151, 10.1016/S0741-8329(02)00277-X Sampson, 1997, Incidence of fetal alcohol syndrome and prevalence of alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder, Teratology, 56, 317, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199711)56:5<317::AID-TERA5>3.0.CO;2-U Shay, 2003, Impairment of antimicrobial activity and nitric oxide production in alveolar macrophages from smokers of marijuana and cocaine, J Infect Dis, 187, 700, 10.1086/368370 Singer, 1994, Increased incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage and developmental delay in cocaine-exposed, very low birth weight infants, J Pediatr, 124, 765, 10.1016/S0022-3476(05)81372-1 Speer, 2001, New insights into the pathogenesis of pulmonary inflammation in preterm infants, Biol Neonate, 79, 205, 10.1159/000047092 Stoler, 1999, Under-recognition of prenatal alcohol effects in infants of known alcohol abusing women, J Pediatr, 135, 430, 10.1016/S0022-3476(99)70164-2 Stoler, 1998, The prenatal detection of significant alcohol exposure with maternal blood markers, J Pediatr, 133, 346, 10.1016/S0022-3476(98)70267-7 Stoll, 2002, Late-onset sepsis in very low birth weight neonates: the experience of the NICHD Neonatal Research Network, Pediatrics, 110, 285, 10.1542/peds.110.2.285 Stoll, 1998, Decline in sepsis-associated neonatal and infant deaths in the United States, 1979 through 1994, Pediatrics, 102, e18, 10.1542/peds.102.2.e18 Szabo, 2001, Reduced alloreactive T-cell activation after alcohol intake is due to impaired monocyte accessory cell function and correlates with elevated IL-10, IL-13, and decreased IFNγ levels, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 25, 1766 Tuthill, 1999, Maternal cigarette smoking and pregnancy outcome, Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 13, 245, 10.1046/j.1365-3016.1999.00187.x Willoughby, 2002, Chorioamnionitis and brain injury, Clin Perinatol, 29, 603, 10.1016/S0095-5108(02)00058-1 Wolcott, 1995, In utero exposure to ethanol affects postnatal development of T- and B-lymphocytes, but not natural killer cells, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 19, 170, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01487.x