Is insulin resistance atherogenic? A review of the evidence

Paternostro, 1996, Cardiac and skeletal muscle insulin resistance in patients with coronary heart disease. A study with positron emission tomography, J Clin Invest, 98, 2094, 10.1172/JCI119015 Ferrannini, 1993, Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of insulin on human hearts, Am J Physiol, 264, E308 Iozzo, 2002, Independent association of type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease with myocardial insulin resistance, Diabetes, 51, 3020, 10.2337/diabetes.51.10.3020 Iozzo, 2002, Regional myocardial blood flow and glucose utilization during fasting and physiological hyperinsulinemia in humans, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 282, E1163, 10.1152/ajpendo.00386.2001 Iozzo, 2002, Mismatch between insulin-mediated glucose uptake and blood flow in the heart of patients with Type II diabetes, Diabetologia, 45, 1404 Simonsen, 1978, The effect of free fatty acids on myocardial oxygen consumption during atrial pacing and catecholamine infusion in man, Circulation, 58, 484, 10.1161/01.CIR.58.3.484 Korvald, 2000, Myocardial substrate metabolism influences left ventricular energetics in vivo, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 278, H1345, 10.1152/ajpheart.2000.278.4.H1345 Muscelli, 1998, Autonomic and hemodynamic responses to insulin in lean and obese humans, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, 2084, 10.1210/jc.83.6.2084 Emdin, 2001, Hyperinsulinemia and autonomic nervous system dysfunction in obesity: effects of weight loss, Circulation, 103, 513, 10.1161/01.CIR.103.4.513 Howard, 1996, Insulin sensitivity and atherosclerosis. The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) Investigators, Circulation, 93, 1809, 10.1161/01.CIR.93.10.1809 Arad, 2001, Association of multiple risk factors and insulin resistance with increased prevalence of asymptomatic coronary artery disease by an electron-beam computed tomographic study, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 21, 2051, 10.1161/hq1201.100257 Rubins, 2002, Diabetes, plasma insulin, and cardiovascular disease: subgroup analysis from the Department of Veterans Affairs high-density lipoprotein intervention trial (VA-HIT), Arch Intern Med, 162, 2597, 10.1001/archinte.162.22.2597 Robins, 2003, Insulin resistance and cardiovascular events with low HDL cholesterol: the Veterans Affairs HDL Intervention Trial (VA-HIT), Diabetes Care, 26, 1513, 10.2337/diacare.26.5.1513 Golden, 2002, Risk factor groupings related to insulin resistance and their synergistic effects on subclinical atherosclerosis: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study, Diabetes, 51, 3069, 10.2337/diabetes.51.10.3069 Bonora, 2003, Carotid atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease in the metabolic syndrome: prospective data from the Bruneck study, Diabetes Care, 26, 1251, 10.2337/diacare.26.4.1251 Hanley, 2002, Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in relation to the incidence of cardiovascular disease: the San Antonio Heart Study, Diabetes Care, 25, 1177, 10.2337/diacare.25.7.1177 Ingelsson, 2005, Insulin resistance and risk of congestive heart failure, JAMA, 294, 334, 10.1001/jama.294.3.334 Resnick, 2003, Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular disease in nondiabetic American Indians: the Strong Heart Study, Diabetes Care, 26, 861, 10.2337/diacare.26.3.861 Alberti, 1998, Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation, Diabet Med, 15, 539, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001 May 16; 285(19): 2486-97. Meigs, 2003, Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in the San Antonio Heart and Framingham Offspring Studies, Diabetes, 52, 2160, 10.2337/diabetes.52.8.2160 Stern, 2004, Does the metabolic syndrome improve identification of individuals at risk of type 2 diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease?, Diabetes Care, 27, 2676, 10.2337/diacare.27.11.2676 Kahn, 2005, The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal. Joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Diabetologia, 48, 1684, 10.1007/s00125-005-1876-2 Hills, 2004, The EGIR-RISC study. I. Methodology and objectives, Diabetologia, 47, 566, 10.1007/s00125-004-1335-5