Ion chemistry and N-containing molecules in Titan's upper atmosphere

Icarus - Tập 191 Số 2 - Trang 722-742 - 2007
V. Vuitton1, R. V. Yelle1, Murray J. McEwan2
1Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Kuiper Space Sciences Bldg, University of Arizona, 1629 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721-0092, USA
2Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Anicich, 1997, Ion–molecule chemistry in Titan's ionosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 45, 897, 10.1016/S0032-0633(97)00053-6

Anicich, 2006, An ICR study of ion–molecule reactions in Titan's atmosphere: An investigation of binary hydrocarbon mixtures up to 1 micron, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 17, 544, 10.1016/j.jasms.2005.11.022

Atkinson, 1999, Rate coefficients for the propargyl radical self-reaction and oxygen addition reaction measured using ultraviolet cavity ring-down spectroscopy, J. Phys. Chem. A, 103, 4242, 10.1021/jp990468s

Atreya, 1986

Balucani, 2000, Laboratory investigation on the formation of unsaturated nitriles in Titan's atmosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 48, 447, 10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00018-0

Banaszkiewicz, 2000, A coupled model of Titan's atmosphere and ionosphere, Icarus, 147, 386, 10.1006/icar.2000.6448

Bénilan, 1995, Absolute absorption coefficient of C6H2 in the mid-UV range at low temperature: Implications for the interpretation of Titan atmospheric spectra, Planet. Space Sci., 43, 83, 10.1016/0032-0633(94)00157-M

Bénilan, 2000, The long wavelength range temperature variations of the mid-UV acetylene absorption coefficient, Planet. Space Sci., 48, 463, 10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00019-2

Bernard, 2003, Experimental simulation of Titan's atmosphere: Detection of ammonia and ethylene oxide, Planet. Space Sci., 51, 1003, 10.1016/j.pss.2003.05.009

Bernstein, 1995, Organic compounds produced by photolysis of realistic interstellar and cometary ice analogs containing methanol, Astrophys. J., 454, 327, 10.1086/176485

Broten, 1984, The detection of interstellar methylcyanoacetylene, Astrophys. J., 276, L25, 10.1086/184181

Carrasco, 2007, Uncertainty analysis of bimolecular reactions in Titan ionosphere chemistry model, Planet. Space Sci., 55, 141, 10.1016/j.pss.2006.06.004

Carty, 2001, Low temperature rate coefficients for the reactions of CN and C2H radicals with allene and methyl acetylene, Chem. Phys. Lett., 344, 310, 10.1016/S0009-2614(01)00682-0

Cernicharo, 2001, Infrared Space Observatory's discovery of C4H2, C6H2, and benzene in CRL 618, Astrophys. J., 546, L123, 10.1086/318871

Charnley, 1997, On the nature of interstellar organic chemistry, 89

Chastaing, 1998, Neutral–neutral reactions at the temperatures of interstellar clouds. Rate coefficients for reactions of C2H radicals with O2, C2H2, C2H4 and C3H6 down to 15 K, Faraday Discuss., 109, 165, 10.1039/a800495a

Choi, 2004, H atom branching ratios from the reactions of CN radicals with C2H2 and C2H4, Chem. Phys. Lett., 384, 68, 10.1016/j.cplett.2003.11.100

Coll, 1999, Experimental laboratory simulation of Titan's atmosphere: Aerosols and gas phase, Planet. Space Sci., 47, 1331, 10.1016/S0032-0633(99)00054-9

Coustenis, 1989, Titan's atmosphere from Voyager infrared observations. I. The gas composition of Titan's equatorial region, Icarus, 80, 54, 10.1016/0019-1035(89)90161-9

Coustenis, 1998, Evidence for water vapor in Titan's atmosphere from ISO/SWS data, Astron. Astrophys., 336, L85

Cravens, 2006, Composition of Titan's ionosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, 10.1029/2005GL025575

De Sain, 2003, Infrared laser absorption measurements of the kinetics of propargyl radical self-reaction and the 193 nm photolysis of propyne, J. Phys. Chem. A, 107, 4843, 10.1021/jp034047t

Dickens, 1997, Hydrogenation of interstellar molecules: A survey for methylenimine (CH2NH), Astrophys. J., 479, 307, 10.1086/303884

Edwards, 2006, A selected ion flow tube investigation of the gas phase chemistry of Li+, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 255/256, 164, 10.1016/j.ijms.2006.03.010

English, 1996, Ablation and chemistry of meteoric materials in the atmosphere of Titan, Adv. Space Res., 17, 157, 10.1016/0273-1177(95)00774-9

Fahr, 2000, Kinetics and products of propargyl (C3H3) radical self-reactions and propargyl–methyl cross-combination reactions, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 32, 118, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4601(2000)32:2<118::AID-KIN8>3.0.CO;2-F

Fahr, 1991, Reaction rate determinations of vinyl radical reactions with vinyl, methyl, and hydrogen atoms, J. Phys. Chem., 95, 3218, 10.1021/j100161a047

Feuchtgruber, 1997, External supply of oxygen to the atmospheres of the giant planets, Nature, 389, 159, 10.1038/38236

Flasar, 2005, Titan's atmospheric temperatures, winds, and composition, Science, 308, 975, 10.1126/science.1111150

Fox, 1997, Hydrocarbon ions in the ionosphere of Titan, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2179, 10.1029/97GL02051

Fujii, 1999, Analysis of N-containing hydrocarbon species produced by a CH4/N2 microwave discharge: Simulation of Titan's atmosphere, Astrophys. J., 519, 858, 10.1086/307381

Gurwell, 1995, CO on Titan: Evidence for a well-mixed vertical profile, Icarus, 117, 375, 10.1006/icar.1995.1163

Herbert, 1992, Rate constants for the elementary reactions between CN radicals and CH4, C2H6, C2H4, C3H6, and C2H2 in the range: 295–700 K, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 24, 791, 10.1002/kin.550240904

Herron, 1999, Evaluated chemical kinetics data for reactions of N(2D), N(2P), and N2(A3Σu+) in the gas phase, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 28, 1453, 10.1063/1.556043

Hoobler, 1999, Low-temperature rate coefficients for reactions of the ethynyl radical (C2H) with C3H4 isomers methylacetylene and allene, J. Phys. Chem. A, 103, 1342, 10.1021/jp9839596

Hunter, 1998, Evaluated gas phase basicities and proton affinities of molecules: An update, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 27, 413, 10.1063/1.556018

Ip, 1990, Titan's upper ionosphere, Astrophys. J., 362, 354, 10.1086/169271

Keller, 1992, A model of the ionosphere of Titan, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 12117, 10.1029/92JA00231

Keller, 1998, Model of Titan's ionosphere with detailed hydrocarbon ion chemistry, Planet. Space Sci., 46, 1157, 10.1016/S0032-0633(98)00053-1

Lara, 1996, Vertical distribution of Titan's atmospheric neutral constituents, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23261, 10.1029/96JE02036

Läuter, 2002, Absolute primary H atom quantum yield measurements in the 193.3 and 121.6 nm photodissociation of acetylene, Chem. Phys. Lett., 358, 314, 10.1016/S0009-2614(02)00625-5

Lebonnois, 2005, Benzene and aerosol production in Titan and Jupiter's atmospheres: A sensitivity study, Planet. Space Sci., 53, 486, 10.1016/j.pss.2004.11.004

Lebonnois, 2002, Transition from gaseous compounds to aerosols in Titan's atmosphere, Icarus, 159, 505, 10.1006/icar.2002.6943

Lee, 2000, Direct measurements of rate coefficients for the reaction of ethynyl radical (C2H) with C2H2 at 90 and 120 K using a pulsed Laval nozzle apparatus, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 15085, 10.1029/1999JE001187

Lequeux, 2005

Liang, 2007, Photolytically generated aerosols in the mesosphere and thermosphere of Titan, Astrophys. J., 661, L199, 10.1086/518785

Lovas, 2006, Hyperfine structure identification of interstellar cyanoallene toward TMC-1, Astrophys. J., 637, L37, 10.1086/500431

MacLeod, 1984, The detection of interstellar methyldiacetylene (CH3C4H), Astrophys. J., 282, L89, 10.1086/184312

Marten, 2002, New millimeter heterodyne observations of Titan: Vertical distributions of nitriles HCN, HC3N, CH3CN, and the isotopic ratio 15N/14N in its atmosphere, Icarus, 158, 532, 10.1006/icar.2002.6897

McEwan, 2007, Titan's ion chemistry: A laboratory perspective, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 26, 281, 10.1002/mas.20117

McEwan, 1994, Reactions of isomeric C3H3+ ions: A combined low pressure-high pressure study, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 5068, 10.1021/j100070a021

Monks, 1993, The kinetics of the formation of nitrile compounds in the atmospheres of Titan and Neptune, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 17115, 10.1029/93JE01789

Morter, 1994, Rate constant measurement of the recombination reaction C3H3 + C3H3, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 7029, 10.1021/j100079a023

Moses, 2000, Photochemistry of Saturn's atmosphere. I. Hydrocarbon chemistry and comparisons with ISO observations, Icarus, 143, 244, 10.1006/icar.1999.6270

Niemann, 2005, The abundances of constituents of Titan's atmosphere from the GC–MS instrument on the Huygens probe, Nature, 438, 779, 10.1038/nature04122

Nizamov, 2004, Kinetics of C2H reactions with hydrocarbons and nitriles in the 104–296 K temperature range, J. Phys. Chem. A, 108, 1746, 10.1021/jp031162v

Orient, 1987, Electron impact ionization of H2O, CO, CO2 and CH4, J. Phys. B At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 20, 3923, 10.1088/0022-3700/20/15/036

Rapp, 1965, Total cross sections for ionization and attachment in gases by electron impact. I. Positive ionization, J. Chem. Phys., 43, 1464, 10.1063/1.1696957

Redondo, 2006, Theoretical survey of the NH + CH3 potential energy surface in relation to Titan atmospheric chemistry, Planet. Space Sci., 54, 181, 10.1016/j.pss.2005.10.008

Remijan, 2006, Methyltriacetylene (CH3C6H) toward TMC-1: The largest detected symmetric top, Astrophys. J., 643, L37, 10.1086/504918

Sims, 1993, Rate constants for the reactions of CN with hydrocarbons at low and ultra-low temperatures, Chem. Phys. Lett., 211, 461, 10.1016/0009-2614(93)87091-G

Smith, 1998, The temperature dependent absorption cross sections of C4H2 at mid ultraviolet wavelengths, Planet. Space Sci., 46, 1215, 10.1016/S0032-0633(97)00206-7

Snyder, 2006, Confirmation of interstellar methylcyanodiacetylene (CH3C5N), Astrophys. J., 647, 412, 10.1086/505323

Stahl, 2002, Reactions of ethynyl radicals as a source of C4 + C5 hydrocarbons in Titan's atmosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 50, 685, 10.1016/S0032-0633(02)00014-4

Szego, 2005, The global plasma environment of Titan as observed by Cassini Plasma Spectrometer during the first two close encounters with Titan, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, 10.1029/2005GL022646

Teanby, 2006, Latitudinal variations of HCN, HC3N, and C2N2 in Titan's stratosphere derived from Cassini CIRS data, Icarus, 181, 243, 10.1016/j.icarus.2005.11.008

Thompson, 1991, Plasma discharge in N2 + CH4 at low pressures: Experimental results and applications to Titan, Icarus, 90, 57, 10.1016/0019-1035(91)90068-5

Tokmakov, 1999, Experimental and theoretical studies of the reaction of the phenyl radical with methane, J. Phys. Chem. A, 103, 3636, 10.1021/jp983140s

Toublanc, 1995, Photochemical modeling of Titan's atmosphere, Icarus, 113, 2, 10.1006/icar.1995.1002

Vakhtin, 2001, Kinetics of reactions of C2H radical with acetylene, O2, methylacetylene, and allene in a pulsed Laval nozzle apparatus at T=103 K, Chem. Phys. Lett., 344, 317, 10.1016/S0009-2614(01)00681-9

Vervack, 2004, New perspectives on Titan's upper atmosphere from a reanalysis of the Voyager 1 UVS solar occultations, Icarus, 170, 91, 10.1016/j.icarus.2004.03.005

Vinatier, 2007, Vertical abundance profiles of hydrocarbons in Titan's atmosphere at 15° S and 80° N retrieved from Cassini/CIRS spectra, Icarus, 188, 120, 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.10.031

Vuitton, 2006, The nitrogen chemistry of Titan's upper atmosphere revealed, Astrophys. J., 647, L175, 10.1086/507467

Vuitton, 2006, Experimental and theoretical study of hydrocarbon photochemistry applied to Titan stratosphere, Icarus, 185, 287, 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.06.002

Vuitton, V., Yelle, R.V., Cui, J., 2007. Formation and distribution of benzene on Titan. J. Geophys. Res., submitted for publication

Waite, 2005, Ion Neutral Mass Spectrometer results from the first flyby of Titan, Science, 308, 982, 10.1126/science.1110652

Walmsley, 1984, Detection of interstellar methyldiacetylene (CH3C4H) in the dark dust cloud TMC-1, Astron. Astrophys., 134, L11

Wilson, 2003, Chemical sources of haze formation in Titan's atmosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 51, 1017, 10.1016/j.pss.2003.06.003

Wilson, 2004, Current state of modeling the photochemistry of Titan's mutually dependent atmosphere and ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 109, 10.1029/2003JE002181

Wilson, 2003, Mechanisms for the formation of benzene in the atmosphere of Titan, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 10.1029/2002JE001896

Yelle, 2006, The vertical structure of Titan's upper atmosphere from Cassini Ion Neutral Mass Spectrometer measurements, Icarus, 182, 567, 10.1016/j.icarus.2005.10.029

Yung, 1987, An update of nitrile photochemistry on Titan, Icarus, 72, 468, 10.1016/0019-1035(87)90186-2

Yung, 1984, Photochemistry of the atmosphere of Titan: Comparison between model and observations, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 55, 465, 10.1086/190963