Investigation of pilot-scale 8040 FO membrane module under different operating conditions for brackish water desalination

Cath, 2006, Forward osmosis: Principles, applications, and recent developments, J. Membr. Sci., 281, 70, 10.1016/j.memsci.2006.05.048

Zhao, 2012, Recent developments in forward osmosis: Opportunities and challenges, J. Membr. Sci., 396, 1, 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.12.023

Hancock, 2009, Solute coupled diffusion in osmotically driven membrane processes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 6769, 10.1021/es901132x

Tang, 2010, Coupled effects of internal concentration polarization and fouling on flux behavior of forward osmosis membranes during humic acid filtration, J. Membr. Sci., 354, 123, 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.02.059

McCutcheon, 2005, A novel ammonia–carbon dioxide forward (direct) osmosis desalination process, Desalination, 174, 1, 10.1016/j.desal.2004.11.002

Xu, 2010, Effect of draw solution concentration and operating conditions on forward osmosis and pressure retarded osmosis performance in a spiral wound module, J. Membr. Sci., 348, 298, 10.1016/j.memsci.2009.11.013

Kim, 2011, Experimental study of a 4040 spiral-wound forward-osmosis membrane module, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 7737, 10.1021/es202175m

Schwinge, 2004, Spiral wound modules and spacers, J. Membr. Sci., 242, 129, 10.1016/j.memsci.2003.09.031

Van der Meer, 1997, Theoretical optimization of spiral-wound and capillary nanofiltration modules, Desalination, 113, 129, 10.1016/S0011-9164(97)00121-5

Holland, 1989, High recovery spiral wound membrane element

Chekli, 2012, A review of draw solutes in forward osmosis process and their use in modern applications, Desalin. Water Treat., 43, 167, 10.1080/19443994.2012.672168

Phuntsho, 2011, A novel low energy fertilizer driven forward osmosis desalination for direct fertigation: Evaluating the performance of fertilizer draw solutions, J. Membr. Sci., 375, 172, 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.03.038

Phuntsho, 2012, Fertiliser drawn forward osmosis desalination: The concept, performance and limitations for fertigation, Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol., 11, 147, 10.1007/s11157-011-9259-2

Phuntsho, 2012, Blended fertilizers as draw solutions for fertilizer-drawn forward osmosis desalination, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 4567, 10.1021/es300002w

Phuntsho, 2013, Forward osmosis desalination of brackish groundwater: Meeting water quality requirements for fertigation by integrating nanofiltration, J. Membr. Sci., 436, 1, 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.02.022

Kim, 2013, Pilot-scale nanofiltration system as post-treatment for fertilizer-drawn forward osmosis desalination for direct fertigation, Desalin. Water Treat., 51, 6265, 10.1080/19443994.2013.780804

Cornelissen, 2011, Effect of draw solution type and operational mode of forward osmosis with laboratory-scale membranes and a spiral wound membrane module, J. Water Reuse Desalin., 1, 133, 10.2166/wrd.2011.042

Cao, 2001, CFD simulations of net-type turbulence promoters in a narrow channel, J. Membr. Sci., 185, 157, 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)00643-8

Phattaranawik, 2001, Mass flux enhancement using spacer filled channels in direct contact membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci., 187, 193, 10.1016/S0376-7388(01)00344-1

Fárková, 1991, The pressure drop in membrane module with spacers, J. Membr. Sci., 64, 103, 10.1016/0376-7388(91)80081-G

Lee, 2010, Comparison of fouling behavior in forward osmosis (FO) and reverse osmosis (RO), J. Membr. Sci., 365, 34, 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.08.036

Zhou, 2006, A numerical study on concentration polarization and system performance of spiral wound RO membrane modules, J. Membr. Sci., 271, 38, 10.1016/j.memsci.2005.07.007

Schock, 1987, Mass transfer and pressure loss in spiral wound modules, Desalination, 64, 339, 10.1016/0011-9164(87)90107-X

McCutcheon, 2008, Influence of membrane support layer hydrophobicity on water flux in osmotically driven membrane processes, J. Membr. Sci., 318, 458, 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.03.021

Achilli, 2010, Selection of inorganic-based draw solutions for forward osmosis applications, J. Membr. Sci., 364, 233, 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.08.010

Zhao, 2011, Effects of working temperature on separation performance, membrane scaling and cleaning in forward osmosis desalination, Desalination, 278, 157, 10.1016/j.desal.2011.05.018

Mi, 2010, Organic fouling of forward osmosis membranes: Fouling reversibility and cleaning without chemical reagents, J. Membr. Sci., 348, 337, 10.1016/j.memsci.2009.11.021

Mehta, 1978, Internal polarization in the porous substructure of a semipermeable membrane under pressure-retarded osmosis, J. Membr. Sci., 4, 261, 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)83301-3

Mannapperuma, 1995, Corrugated spiral membrane module

McCutcheon, 2006, Desalination by ammonia–carbon dioxide forward osmosis: Influence of draw and feed solution concentrations on process performance, J. Membr. Sci., 278, 114, 10.1016/j.memsci.2005.10.048

Phillip, 2010, Reverse draw solute permeation in forward osmosis: Modeling and experiments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 5170, 10.1021/es100901n

Chong, 2008, Implications of critical flux and cake enhanced osmotic pressure (CEOP) on colloidal fouling in reverse osmosis: Experimental observations, J. Membr. Sci., 314, 101, 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.01.030