Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Sources of Resilience: Mechanisms of the Relationship Between Bullying Victimization and Mental Health Among Migrant Children in China
Tóm tắt
Compared with their non-migrant peers, migrant children in China face major risks and challenges that may cause them to develop behavioral and psychological problems. Nevertheless, research has seldom addressed their victimization by bullies and its association with their mental health outcomes, much less the roles of intrapersonal and interpersonal sources of resilience in that relationship. In response, this study was designed to examine how bullying victimization both directly and indirectly influences migrant children’s mental health through intrapersonal and interpersonal sources of resilience. Data were collected from a school-based multistage random sample of 1,132 migrant children in Grades 4–9 (mean age = 11.88 years, range = 8–17 years; boys = 55.6%) attending public schools in Nanjing and private schools in Guangzhou, China. Structural equation modeling performed with Amos 25.0 revealed that both intrapersonal and interpersonal sources of resilience mediated the effect of bullying victimization on migrant children’s mental health, albeit intrapersonal sources demonstrated a slightly stronger mediation effect. The results thus suggest that social workers and educators should provide effective prevention and intervention strategies that promote intrapersonal and interpersonal sources of resilience among migrant children in China.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Andrich, D., & Van Schoubroeck, L. (1989). The General Health Questionnaire: A psychometric analysis using latent trait theory. Psychological Medicine, 19(2), 469–485. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700012502
Anthony, E. J. (1987). Risk, vulnerability, and resilience: An overview. In E. J. Anthony & B. J. Cohler (Eds.), The Invulnerable Child (pp. 3–48). Guilford.
Arseneault, L. (2017). The long-term impact of bullying victimization on mental health. World Psychiatry, 16(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20399
Barrera, M. (1986). Distinctions between social support concepts, measures, and models. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14(4), 413–445. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00922627
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
Besser, A., Weinberg, M., Zeigler-Hill, V., & Neria, Y. (2014). Acute symptoms of posttraumatic stress and dissociative experiences among female Israeli civilians exposed to war: The roles of intrapersonal and interpersonal sources of resilience. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70(12), 1227–1239. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22083
Block, J., & Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(2), 349–361. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.349
Brunstein Klomek, A., Barzilay, S., Apter, A., Carli, V., Hoven, C. W., Sarchiapone, M., ... & Wasserman, D. (2019). Bi‐directional longitudinal associations between different types of bullying victimization, suicide ideation/attempts, and depression among a large sample of European adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60(2), 209-215. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12951
Bollen, K. A. (1989). A new incremental fit index for general structural equation models. Sociological Methods & Research, 17(3), 303–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124189017003004
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Harvard University Press.
Chan, H. C. O., & Wong, D. S. (2015). Traditional school bullying and cyberbullying in Chinese societies: Prevalence and a review of the whole-school intervention approach. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 23, 98–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.010
Chan, H. C. O., & Wong, D. S. (2017). Coping with cyberbullying victimization: An exploratory study of Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 50, 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2017.04.003
Chen, J. K., & Wei, H. S. (2013). School violence, social support and psychological health among Taiwanese junior high school students. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(4), 252–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.01.001
Chen, L., Su, S., Li, X., Tam, C. C., & Lin, D. (2014). Perceived discrimination, schooling arrangements and psychological adjustments of rural-to-urban migrant children in Beijing, China. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine: An Open Access Journal, 2(1), 713–722. https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2014.919865
Colarossi, L. G., & Eccles, J. S. (2003). Differential effects of support providers on adolescents’ mental health. Social Work Research, 27(1), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/27.1.19
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
Copeland, W. E., Wolke, D., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2013). Adult psychiatric outcomes of bullying and being bullied by peers in childhood and adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(4), 419–426. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.504
Cui, K. J., & To, S. M. (2019). Migrant status, social support, and bullying perpetration of children in mainland China. Children and Youth Services Review, 107, 104534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104534
Cui, K. J., & To, S. M. (2020). School climate, bystanders’ responses, and bullying perpetration in the context of rural-to-urban migration in China. Deviant Behavior, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2020.1752601
Davydov, D. M., Stewart, R., Ritchie, K., & Chaudieu, I. (2010). Resilience and mental health. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(5), 479–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.003
Dempsey, A. G., Sulkowski, M. L., Nichols, R., & Storch, E. A. (2009). Differences between peer victimization in cyber and physical settings and associated psychosocial adjustment in early adolescence. Psychology in the Schools, 46(10), 962–972. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20437
Ding, H., Han, J., Zhang, M., Wang, K., Gong, J., & Yang, S. (2017). Moderating and mediating effects of resilience between childhood trauma and depressive symptoms in Chinese children. Journal of Affective Disorders, 211, 130–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.056
Duru, E., & Balkis, M. (2018). Exposure to bullying at school and mental health of victimized adolescents: The mediation role of social support. Child Abuse & Neglect, 76, 342–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.11.016
Egeland, B., Carlson, E., & Sroufe, L. A. (1993). Resilience as process. Development and Psychopathology, 5(4), 517–528. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400006131
Fessler, J. A., & Hero, A. (1994). Space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 42(10), 2664–2677. https://doi.org/10.1109/78.324732
Garmezy, N. (1985). Stress-resistant children: The search for protective factors. In A. Davids (Ed.), Recent Research in Developmental Psychopathology (pp. 213–233). Pergamon Press.
Gnambs, T., & Staufenbiel, T. (2018). The structure of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12): Two meta-analytic factor analyses. Health Psychology Review, 12(2), 179–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2018.1426484
Hase, C. N., Goldberg, S. B., Smith, D., Stuck, A., & Campain, J. (2015). Impacts of traditional bullying and cyberbullying on the mental health of middle school and high school students. Psychology in the Schools, 52(6), 607–617. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21841
Hunt, C., Peters, L., & Rapee, R. M. (2012). Development of a measure of the experience of being bullied in youth. Psychological Assessment, 24(1), 156–165. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025178
Isaacs, J., Hodges, E. V., & Salmivalli, C. (2008). Long-term consequences of victimization by peers: A follow-up from adolescence to young adulthood. International Journal of Developmental Science, 2(4), 387–397. https://doi.org/10.3233/DEV-2008-2404
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Publications.
Lakey, B., & Orehek, E. (2011). Relational regulation theory: A new approach to explain the link between perceived social support and mental health. Psychological Review, 118(3), 482–495. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023477
Lee, J. (2021). Pathways from childhood bullying victimization to young adult depressive and anxiety symptoms. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 52(1), 129–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-00997-4
Lee, J. E., Sudom, K. A., & Zamorski, M. A. (2013). Longitudinal analysis of psychological resilience and mental health in Canadian military personnel returning from overseas deployment. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(3), 327–337. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033059
Li, C., Wu, Q., & Liang, Z. (2019). Effect of poverty on mental health of children in rural China: The mediating role of social capital. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 14(1), 131–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-017-9584-x
Li, W. H., Chung, J. O., Chui, M. M., & Chan, P. S. (2009). Factorial structure of the Chinese version of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire in adolescents. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(23), 3253–3261. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.02905.x
Lin, P. C., Yen, C. N., Lin, H. C., Wang, P. W., Liu, T. L., Hu, H. F., & Yen, C. F. (2018). Relationships between involvement in school bullying and quality of life in Taiwanese adolescents. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 13(3), 545–559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-017-9544-5
Loh, J. M., Schutte, N. S., & Thorsteinsson, E. B. (2014). Be happy: The role of resilience between characteristic affect and symptoms of depression. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(5), 1125–1138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9467-2
Lund, R., Nielsen, K. K., Hansen, D. H., Kriegbaum, M., Molbo, D., Due, P., & Christensen, U. (2008). Exposure to bullying at school and depression in adulthood: A study of Danish men born in 1953. The European Journal of Public Health, 19(1), 111–116. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckn101
Luthar, S. S. (1991). Vulnerability and resilience: A study of high-risk adolescents. Child Development, 62(3), 600–616. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01555.x
Ma, C. M. S., Shek, D. T. L., & Chen, J. M. T. (2019). Changes in the participants in a community-based positive youth development program in Hong Kong: Objective outcome evaluation using a one-group pretest-posttest design. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 14(4), 961–979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-018-9632-1
Malecki, C. K., & Demaray, M. K. (2002). Measuring perceived social support: Development of the child and adolescent social support scale (CASSS). Psychology in the Schools, 39(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.10004
Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.56.3.227
Masten, A. S. (2014). Invited commentary: Resilience and positive youth development frameworks in developmental science. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 1018–1024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0118-7
Menesini, E., Modena, M., & Tani, F. (2009). Bullying and victimization in adolescence: Concurrent and stable roles and psychological health symptoms. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 170(2), 115–134. https://doi.org/10.3200/GNTP.170.2.115-134
Milner, A., Krnjacki, L., Butterworth, P., & LaMontagne, A. D. (2016). The role of social support in protecting mental health when employed and unemployed: A longitudinal fixed-effects analysis using 12 annual waves of the HILDA cohort. Social Science & Medicine, 153, 20–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.01.050
Moore, B., & Woodcock, S. (2017). Resilience, bullying, and mental health: Factors associated with improved outcomes. Psychology in the Schools, 54(7), 689–702. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22028
New Citizen Program (2021). The review of education for children of migrant population in China in 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2021, from https://weibo.com/ttarticle/p/show?id=2309404618960284025088#_loginLayer_1626532587305
Olweus, D., Limber, S., & Mihalic, S. F. (1999). Blueprints for violence prevention, book nine: Bullying prevention program. Boulder, CO: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, 12(6), 256–273.
Pearlin, L. I., Menaghan, E. G., Lieberman, M. A., & Mullan, J. T. (1981). The stress process. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22(4), 337–356. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136676
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
Qi, S., Hua, F., Zhou, Z., & Shek, D. T. (2020). Trends of positive youth development publications (1995–2020): A scientometric review. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-020-09878-3
Rutter, M. (1999). Resilience concepts and findings: Implications for family therapy. Journal of Family Therapy, 21(2), 119–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.00108
Rutter, M. (2012). Resilience as a dynamic concept. Development and Psychopathology, 24(2), 335–344. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579412000028
Shek, D. T., Dou, D., Zhu, X., & Chai, W. (2019a). Positive youth development: Current perspectives. Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 10, 131–141. https://doi.org/10.2147/AHMT.S179946
Shek, D. T., & Siu, A. M. (2019). “UNHAPPY” environment for adolescent development in Hong Kong. Journal of Adolescent Health, 64(6), S1–S4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.01.007
Shek, D. T. L., Zhu, X., Leung, J. T. Y., Lee, T. Y., & Wu, F. K. Y. (2019b). Evaluation of the Project P.A.T.H.S. in mainland China: Findings based on student diaries. Research on Social Work Practice, 29(4), 410–419. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731517745994.
Sreevani, R. (2016). A guide to mental health and psychiatric nursing. Jaypee Brothers Publishers.
Su, J. C., Xu, S. H., & Yang, H. M. (2016). An analysis of the causes and countermeasures of school bullying in primary and middle schools from the perspective of family education. Journal of the Chinese Society of Education, (11), 18–23. http://www.jcse.com.cn/CN/Y2016/V0/I11/18
Sun, R. C., & Shek, D. T. (2013). Longitudinal influences of positive youth development and life satisfaction on problem behaviour among adolescents in Hong Kong. Social Indicators Research, 114(3), 1171–1197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0196-4
Takizawa, R., Maughan, B., & Arseneault, L. (2014). Adult health outcomes of childhood bullying victimization: Evidence from a five-decade longitudinal British birth cohort. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(7), 777–784. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13101401
Tardy, C. H. (1985). Social support measurement. American Journal of Community Psychology, 13(2), 187–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00905728
Tennant, J. E., Demaray, M. K., Malecki, C. K., Terry, M. N., Clary, M., & Elzinga, N. (2015). Students’ ratings of teacher support and academic and social–emotional well-being. School Psychology Quarterly, 30(4), 494–512. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000106
UNESCO, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (2017). School Violence and Bullying: Global Status Report. UNESCO.
UNICEF, United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (2016). Two-thirds of young people in more than 18 countries say they have been victims of bullying. Retrieved 1 August 2020, from https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/two-thirds-young-people-more-18-countries-say-they-have-been-victims-bullying
Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (1982). Vulnerable but invincible: A longitudinal study of resilient children and youth. McGraw Hill.
Wright, M. O. D., Fopma-Loy, J., & Fischer, S. (2005). Multidimensional assessment of resilience in mothers who are child sexual abuse survivors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(10), 1173–1193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.04.004
Yao, J. L. (2016). Relying solely on punishment can’t prevent the occurrence of school bullying. People’s Daily. Retrieved 20 June 2020, from http://opinion.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0614/c1003-28441629.html
Ye, Z., Chen, L., Harrison, S. E., Guo, H., Li, X., & Lin, D. (2016). Peer victimization and depressive symptoms among rural-to-urban migrant children in China: The protective role of resilience. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1542. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01542
Zhang, H., Chi, P., Long, H., & Ren, X. (2019). Bullying victimization and depression among left-behind children in rural China: Roles of self-compassion and hope. Child Abuse & Neglect, 96, 104072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104072
Zhou, Q., Guo, S., & Lu, H. J. (2020a). Well-being and health of children in rural China: The roles of parental absence, economic status, and neighborhood environment. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-020-09859-6
Zhou, W. J., Gao, W. B., Sun, X. Y., & Luo, J. (2011). Psychological resilience features of urban migrant children and rural left-behind children in Sichuan province of China. Journal of Peking University. Health Sciences, 43(3), 386–390. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-167X.2011.03.015
Zhou, Z. K., Liu, Q. Q., Niu, G. F., Sun, X. J., & Fan, C. Y. (2017). Bullying victimization and depression in Chinese children: A moderated mediation model of resilience and mindfulness. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 137–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.07.040
Zhou, Z., Shek, D. T., & Zhu, X. (2020b). The importance of positive youth development attributes to life satisfaction and hopelessness in mainland Chinese adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2599. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.553313
Zhou, Z., Shek, D. T., Zhu, X., & Dou, D. (2020c). Positive youth development and adolescent depression: A longitudinal study based on mainland Chinese high school students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 4457. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124457
Zhu, X., & Shek, D. T. L. (2020). Impact of a positive youth development program on junior high school students in mainland China: A pioneer study. Children and Youth Services Review, 114, 105022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105022