Intervertebral Disk Nutrients and Transport Mechanisms in Relation to Disk Degeneration: A Narrative Literature Review

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Nutritional pathways of the intervertebral disc. An experimental study using hydrogen washout technique, Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 6, 211, 10.1097/00007632-198105000-00003 Hutton, 2004, The effect of blocking a nutritional pathway to the intervertebral disc in the dog model, J Spinal Disord Tech, 17, 53, 10.1097/00024720-200402000-00011 van der Werf, 2007, Inhibition of vertebral endplate perfusion results in decreased intervertebral disc intranuclear diffusive transport, J Anat, 211, 769, 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00816.x Rajasekaran, 2004, ISSLS prize winner: a study of diffusion in human lumbar discs: a serial magnetic resonance imaging study documenting the influence of the endplate on diffusion in normal and degenerate discs, Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 29, 2654, 10.1097/01.brs.0000148014.15210.64 Soukane, 2005, Analysis of nonlinear coupled diffusion of oxygen and lactic acid in intervertebral discs, J Biomech Eng, 127, 1121, 10.1115/1.2073674 Roberts, 1996, Transport properties of the human cartilage endplate in relation to its composition and calcification, Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 21, 415, 10.1097/00007632-199602150-00003 Illien-Jünger, 2010, The combined effects of limited nutrition and high-frequency loading on intervertebral discs with endplates, Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 35, 1744, 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181c48019 Jackson, 2011, 3D finite element analysis of nutrient distributions and cell viability in the intervertebral disc: effects of deformation and degeneration, J Biomech Eng, 133, 10.1115/1.4004944 Huang, 2007, Effects of low glucose concentrations on oxygen consumption rates of intervertebral disc cells, Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 32, 2063, 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318145a521 Fernando, 2011, Mechanical loading affects the energy metabolism of intervertebral disc cells, J Orthop Res, 29, 1634, 10.1002/jor.21430 Salvatierra, 2011, Difference in energy metabolism of annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus cells of the intervertebral disc, Cell Mol Bioeng, 4, 302, 10.1007/s12195-011-0164-0 Guehring, 2009, Notochordal intervertebral disc cells: sensitivity to nutrient deprivation, Arthritis Rheum, 60, 1026, 10.1002/art.24407 Louman-Gardiner, 2011, Computation models simulating notochordal cell extinction during early ageing of an intervertebral disc, Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin, 14, 1071, 10.1080/10255842.2010.508037 Travascio, 2009, Relationship between solute transport properties and tissue morphology in human annulus fibrosus, J Orthop Res, 27, 1625, 10.1002/jor.20927 Jackson, 2012, Nutrient transport in human annulus fibrosus is affected by compressive strain and anisotropy, Ann Biomed Eng, 40, 2551, 10.1007/s10439-012-0606-4 Das, 2009, Solute transport in intervertebral disc: experiments and finite element modeling, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1161, 44, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.04075.x Yao, 2007, Three-dimensional inhomogeneous triphasic finite-element analysis of physical signals and solute transport in human intervertebral disc under axial compression, J Biomech, 40, 2071, 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2006.10.001 Sélard, 2003, Finite element study of nutrient diffusion in the human intervertebral disc, Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 28, 1945, 10.1097/01.BRS.0000087210.93541.23 Soukane, 2007, Computation of coupled diffusion of oxygen, glucose and lactic acid in an intervertebral disc, J Biomech, 40, 2645, 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2007.01.003 Jackson, 2011, Effect of endplate calcification and mechanical deformation on the distribution of glucose in intervertebral disc: a 3D finite element study, Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin, 14, 195, 10.1080/10255842.2010.535815 Rajasekaran, 2008, Pharmacological enhancement of disc diffusion and differentiation of healthy, ageing and degenerated discs: Results from in-vivo serial post-contrast MRI studies in 365 human lumbar discs, Eur Spine J, 17, 626, 10.1007/s00586-008-0645-6 Magnier, 2009, Nutrient distribution and metabolism in the intervertebral disc in the unloaded state: a parametric study, J Biomech, 42, 100, 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.10.034 Huang, 2008, Effects of mechanical compression on metabolism and distribution of oxygen and lactate in intervertebral disc, J Biomech, 41, 1184, 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.02.002 Malandrino, 2011, The effect of sustained compression on oxygen metabolic transport in the intervertebral disc decreases with degenerative changes, PLoS Comput Biol, 7, 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002112 Zhu, 2012, Cell viability in intervertebral disc under various nutritional and dynamic loading conditions: 3d finite element analysis, J Biomech, 45, 2769, 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.08.044 Benneker, 2005, 2004 Young Investigator Award Winner: vertebral endplate marrow contact channel occlusions and intervertebral disc degeneration, Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 30, 167, 10.1097/01.brs.0000150833.93248.09 Jackson, 2008, Effect of compression and anisotropy on the diffusion of glucose in annulus fibrosus, Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 33, 1, 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31815e4136 Galbusera, 2012, Effect of intervertebral disc degeneration on disc cell viability: a numerical investigation, Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin, 16, 328, 10.1080/10255842.2011.619184 Arun, 2009, 2009 ISSLS Prize Winner: what influence does sustained mechanical load have on diffusion in the human intervertebral disc?: an in vivo study using serial postcontrast magnetic resonance imaging, Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 34, 2324, 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181b4df92 Lotz, 1998, Compression-induced degeneration of the intervertebral disc: an in vivo mouse model and finite-element study, Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 23, 2493, 10.1097/00007632-199812010-00004 Ferguson, 2004, Fluid flow and convective transport of solutes within the intervertebral disc, J Biomech, 37, 213, 10.1016/S0021-9290(03)00250-1 Ayotte, 2001, Direction-dependent resistance to flow in the endplate of the intervertebral disc: an ex vivo study, J Orthop Res, 19, 1073, 10.1016/S0736-0266(01)00038-9 Katz, 1986, Intervertebral disc nutrition. Diffusion versus convection, Clin Orthop Relat Res, 243 Kumar, 1999, Effect of whole-body vibration on the low back. A study of tractor-driving farmers in north India, Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 24, 2506, 10.1097/00007632-199912010-00013 Pope, 1998, Kappa Delta Award. Low back pain and whole body vibration, Clin Orthop Relat Res, 241, 10.1097/00003086-199809000-00029 Iatridis, 2006, Effects of mechanical loading on intervertebral disc metabolism in vivo, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 88, 41