Interracial contact and racial constancy: A multi-site study of racial intergroup bias in 3–5 year old Anglo-British children

Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology - Tập 26 Số 6 - Trang 699-713 - 2005
Adam Rutland1, Lindsey Cameron1, Laura Bennett1, Jennifer Ferrell1
1Department of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NP, United Kingdom

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Aboud, 1988

Aboud, 2003, The formation of in-group favoritism and out-group prejudice in young children: Are they distinct attitudes?, Developmental Psychology, 39, 48, 10.1037/0012-1649.39.1.48

Aboud, 2001, Developmental and socialization influences on intergroup bias, 65

Aboud, 1999, Exploring and evaluating school-based interventions to reduce prejudice, Journal of Social Issues, 55, 767, 10.1111/0022-4537.00146

Aboud, 1999, Introduction: Are we ready to translate research into programs?, Journal of Social Issues, 55, 621, 10.1111/0022-4537.00138

Aboud, 2000, Interventions to reduce prejudice and discrimination in children and adolescents, 269

Abrams, 2003, The development of subjective group dynamics: Children's judgments of normative and deviant in-group and out-group individuals, Child Development, 74, 1840, 10.1046/j.1467-8624.2003.00641.x

Abrams, 2003, The development of subjective group dynamics: When in-group bias gets specific, British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21, 155, 10.1348/026151003765264020

Allport, 1954

Aloise-Young, 1993, The development of self-presentation: Self-promotion in 6 to 10 year old children, Social Cognition, 11, 201, 10.1521/soco.1993.11.2.201

Barenboim, 1981, The development of person perception in childhood adolescence: From behavioral comparisons to psychological constructs to psychological comparisons, Child Development, 52, 129, 10.2307/1129222

Bennett, 1990, Children's understanding of self-presentational strategies of ingratiation and self-promotion, European Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 455, 10.1002/ejsp.2420200507

Bennett, 2004, Young children's evaluations of the in-group and of out-groups: A multi-national study, Social Development, 13, 124, 10.1046/j.1467-9507.2004.00260.x

Bennett, 1998, Children's subjective identification with the group and in-group favoritism, Developmental Psychology, 34, 902, 10.1037/0012-1649.34.5.902

Bernal, 1990, The development of ethnic identity in Mexican-American children, Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 12, 3, 10.1177/07399863900121001

Bigler, 1999, The use of multicultural curricula and materials to counter racism in children, Journal of Social Issues, 55, 687, 10.1111/0022-4537.00142

Bigler, 2001, When groups are not created equal: Effects of group status on the formation of intergroup attitudes in children, Child Development, 72, 1151, 10.1111/1467-8624.00339

Bigler, 1997, Social categorization and the formation of intergroup attitudes in children, Child Development, 68, 530, 10.2307/1131676

Black-Gutman, 1996, The relation between racial attitudes and social-cognitive development in children: An Australian study, Developmental Psychology, 32, 448, 10.1037/0012-1649.32.3.448

Braddock, 1989, Social-psychological processes that perpetuate racial segregation: The relationships between school and employment desegregation, Journal of Black Studies, 19, 267, 10.1177/002193478901900301

Brewer, 2001, Toward reduction of prejudice: Intergroup contact and social categorization, 451

Brown, 1995

Brown, 2005, An integrative theory of intergroup contact, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 255, 10.1016/S0065-2601(05)37005-5

Cameron, L., Rutland, A., Brown, R.J., (2004, June) Changing children's intergroup attitudes towards minority groups. Paper presented at the 7th Jena Workshop on Intergroup Processes and meeting of the European Association of Experimental Social Psychology (EAESP), Schloss Oppurg, Germany.

Cantle, 2001

Cazabon, M., (1999) The Amigos program. Unpublished manuscript, Cambridge School District, Cambridge, MA.

Denham, 2001

Department for Education and Skills, 2003

Doyle, 1995, A longitudinal study of white children's racial prejudice as a social-cognitive development, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 41, 209

Ellis, 2004, Work together, live apart? Geographies of racial and ethnic segregation at home and at work, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 94, 620, 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.00417.x

Furnham, 1984, Attitudes towards the mentally and physically disabled, British Journal of Medical Psychology, 56, 179, 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1983.tb01545.x

Gaertner, 2000

Gardham, 2001, Two forms of intergroup discrimination with positive and negative outcomes: Explaining the positive–negative asymmetry effect, British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 23, 10.1348/014466601164678

Genesee, 1999, Bilingual education programs: A cross-national perspective, Journal of Social Issues, 55, 665, 10.1111/0022-4537.00141

Hamberger, 1997, Inter-ethnic contact as a predictor of blatant and subtle prejudice: Tests of a model in four West European nations, British Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 173, 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1997.tb01126.x

Howell, 2002

Killen, 2001, Children's social reasoning about inclusion and exclusion in gender and race peer groups contexts, Child Development, 72, 174, 10.1111/1467-8624.00272

Killen, 2002, How children and adolescents evaluate gender and racial exclusion, Monographs for the Society for Research in Child Development, 67

Kohlberg, 1966, A cognitive-developmental analysis of children's sex-role concepts and attitudes, 82

Kohlberg, 1969, Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization, 347

Lambert, 1972

Maras, 1996, Effects of contact on children's attitudes towards disability: A longitudinal study, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 2113, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01790.x

Maras, 2000, Effects of different forms of school contact on children's attitudes toward disabled and non-disabled peers, British Journal of Educational Psychology, 70, 337, 10.1348/000709900158164

Martin, 1998

Mummendey, 1998, Positive–negative asymmetry in social discrimination, 107

Mummendey, 1992, Categorization is not enough: Intergroup discrimination in negative outcome allocation, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 125, 10.1016/0022-1031(92)90035-I

Nesdale, 2001, Development of prejudice in children, 57

Ocampo, 1993, Gender, race and ethnicity: The sequencing of social constancies, 11

Otten, 1996, Intergroup discrimination in positive and negative outcome-allocations: The impact of stimulus-valence, relative group status and relative group size, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 568, 10.1177/0146167296226003

Paolini, 2004, Effect of direct and indirect cross-group friendships on judgments of Catholics and Protestants in northern Ireland: The mediating role of an anxiety-reduction mechanism, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 770, 10.1177/0146167203262848

Pettigrew, 2000, Does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Recent meta-analytic findings, 93

Rhee, 1997, Development of gender and racial constancy

Ruble, 2004, The development of a sense of “we”: The emergence and implications of children's collective identity, 29

Rutland, 2005, Social norms and self-presentation: Children's implicit and explicit intergroup attitudes, Child Development, 76, 451, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00856.x

Rutland, A., Brown, R.J., Ahmavaara, A., Arnold, K., Samson, J. (2003, August). Developmental trends in children's national in-group and out-group attitudes. Poster presented at the XIth European Conference on Developmental Psychology, Catholic University, Milano, Italy.

Schofield, 2001, When and how school desegregation improves intergroup relations, 475

Semaja, 1980, The development of racial evaluation and preference: A cognitive approach, The Journal of Black Psychology, 6, 59, 10.1177/009579848000600201

Stangor, 1987, Development of gender role knowledge and gender constancy, 5

Stephan, 1999

Stephan, 1985, The role of ignorance in intergroup relations

Stephan, 1996

Tabachnick, 1996

Tatum, 2004, Family life and school experience: Factors in the racial identity development of black youth in white communities, Journal of Social Issues, 60, 117, 10.1111/j.0022-4537.2004.00102.x

Vrij, 1999, Reducing ethnic prejudice by public campaigns: An evaluation of a present and new campaign, Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 9, 195, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1298(199905/06)9:3<195::AID-CASP504>3.0.CO;2-#

Ward, 2002, Parallel lives

Williams, 1975, Preschool racial attitude measure II, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 35, 3, 10.1177/001316447503500101

Wright, 1997, The extended contact effect: Knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 73, 10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.73

Zirkel, 2004, Fifty years after Brown v. Board of Education: The promise and challenge of multicultural education, Journal of Social Issues, 60, 1, 10.1111/j.0022-4537.2004.00096.x