Interplay of trade and food system resilience: Gains on supply diversity over time at the cost of trade independency

Biggs, 2012, Toward principles for enhancing the resilience of ecosystem services, Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., 37, 421, 10.1146/annurev-environ-051211-123836 Biggs, 2015 Buldyrev, 2010, Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks, Nature, 464, 1025, 10.1038/nature08932 Cabell, 2012, An indicator framework for assessing agroecosystem resilience, Ecol. Soc., 17, 10.5751/ES-04666-170118 Charrad, 2014, Package ‘nbclust’, J. Stat. Software, 61, 1 Cottrell, 2019, Food production shocks across land and sea, Nat. Sustain., 2, 130, 10.1038/s41893-018-0210-1 Crona, 2015, Masked, diluted and drowned out: how global seafood trade weakens signals from marine ecosystems, Fish Fish., 17 D'Odorico, 2014, Feeding humanity through global food trade, Earth's Future, 2, 458, 10.1002/2014EF000250 D'Odorico, 2010, Does globalization of water reduce societal resilience to drought?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, 10.1029/2010GL043167 Dalin, 2017, Groundwater depletion embedded in international food trade, Nature, 543, 700, 10.1038/nature21403 Davis, 2016, Meeting future food demand with current agricultural resources, Global Environ. Change, 39, 125, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.004 Deutsch, 2011, Trade of Fisheries Products-implications for marine ecosystems and their services Elmqvist, 2003, Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience, Front. Ecol. Environ., 1, 488, 10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0488:RDECAR]2.0.CO;2 FAO, 2018 2018 Folke, 2006, Resilience: the emergence of a perspective for social–ecological systems analyses, Global Environ. Change, 16, 253, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002 Folke, 2010, Resilience thinking: integrating resilience, adaptability and transformability, Ecol. Soc., 15, 10.5751/ES-03610-150420 Gephart, 2017, Shocks to fish production: identification, trends, and consequences, Global Environ. Change, 42, 24, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.11.003 Gephart, 2016, Vulnerability to shocks in the global seafood trade network, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/035008 Graham, 2007, Nutritious subsistence food systems, 1, 10.1016/S0065-2113(04)92001-9 Herrero, 2017, Farming and the geography of nutrient production for human use: a transdisciplinary analysis, Lancet Planet. Health, 1, e33, 10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30007-4 Kearney, 2010, Food consumption trends and drivers, Phil. Trans. Biol. Sci., 365, 2793, 10.1098/rstb.2010.0149 Khoury, 2014, Increasing homogeneity in global food supplies and the implications for food security, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Unit. States Am., 111, 4001, 10.1073/pnas.1313490111 Liu, 2018, Water resources conservation and nitrogen pollution reduction under global food trade and agricultural intensification, Sci. Total Environ., 633, 1591, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.306 MacQueen, 1967, Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations, 281 Marchand, 2016, Reserves and trade jointly determine exposure to food supply shocks, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 10.1088/1748-9326/11/9/095009 Morgan, 2006 Pace, 2017, Trade: a driver of present and future ecosystems, Ecosystems, 20, 44, 10.1007/s10021-016-0021-z Porkka, 2017, The use of food imports to overcome local limits to growth, Earth's Future, 5, 393, 10.1002/2016EF000477 Porkka, 2013, From food insufficiency towards trade-dependency: a historical analysis of global food availability, PloS One, 8, 10.1371/journal.pone.0082714 Puma, 2015, Assessing the evolving fragility of the global food system, Environ. Res. Lett., 10, 10.1088/1748-9326/10/2/024007 Remans, 2014, Measuring nutritional diversity of national food supplies, Global Food Secur., 3, 174, 10.1016/j.gfs.2014.07.001 Ruel, 2003, Operationalizing dietary diversity: a review of measurement issues and research priorities, J. Nutr., 133, 3911S, 10.1093/jn/133.11.3911S Schipanski, 2016, Realizing resilient food systems, Bioscience, 66, 600, 10.1093/biosci/biw052 Seekell, 2017, Resilience in the global food system, Environ. Res. Lett., 12, 10.1088/1748-9326/aa5730 Shannon, 1948, A mathematical theory of communication, Bell Syst. Tech. J., 27, 623, 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb00917.x Shutters, 2015, Quantifying urban economic resilience through labour force interdependence, Palgrave Commun., 1, 15010, 10.1057/palcomms.2015.10 Stein, 2018, 90th Anniversary commentary: dietary diversity is the cornerstone of good nutrition, J. Nutr., 148, 1683, 10.1093/jn/nxy128 Sternberg, 2012, Chinese drought, bread and the Arab Spring, Appl. Geogr., 34, 519, 10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.02.004 Suweis, 2015, Resilience and reactivity of global food security, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Unit. States Am., 112, 6902, 10.1073/pnas.1507366112 Thow, 2009, Trade liberalisation and the nutrition transition: mapping the pathways for public health nutritionists, Publ. Health Nutr., 12, 2150, 10.1017/S1368980009005680 Thow, 2009, The implications of trade liberalization for diet and health: a case study from Central America, Glob. Health, 5, 5, 10.1186/1744-8603-5-5 Thow, 2011, Trade and the nutrition transition: strengthening policy for health in the Pacific, Ecol. Food Nutr., 50, 18, 10.1080/03670244.2010.524104 Tu, 2019, Impact of globalization on the resilience and sustainability of natural resources, Nat. Sustain., 2, 283, 10.1038/s41893-019-0260-z WHO, 2003 WITS, 2017 Yang, 2006, Virtual water trade: an assessment of water use efficiency in the international food trade, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 443, 10.5194/hess-10-443-2006