International Myeloma Working Group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma

The Lancet Oncology - Tập 15 Số 12 - Trang e538-e548 - 2014
S. Vincent Rajkumar1, Meletios Α. Dimopoulos2, Antonio Palumbo3, Joan Bladé4, Giampaolo Merlini5, María‐Victoria Mateos6, Shaji Kumar7, Jens Hillengaß8, Efstathios Kastritis2, Paul G. Richardson9, Ola Landgren10, Bruno Paiva11, Angela Dispenzieri7, Brendan M. Weiss12, Xavier Leleu13, Sonja Zweegman14, Sagar Lonial15, Laura Rosiñol4, Elena Zamagni16, Sundar Jagannath17, Orhan Sezer18, Sigurður Y. Kristinsson19, Jo Caers20, Saad Z. Usmani21, Juan José Lahuerta22, Hans Erik Johnsen23, Meral Beksaç24, Michèle Cavo16, Hartmut Goldschmidt8, Evangelos Terpos2, Robert A. Kyle7, Kenneth C. Anderson9, Brian G.M. Durie25, Jesús F. San Miguel11
1Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Electronic address: [email protected].
2Department of Clinical Therapeutics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
3Myeloma Unit, Division of Hematology, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
4Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
5Amyloidosis Center, University Hospital Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
6University Hospital of Salamanca/IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
7Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
8Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
9Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
10Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
11Clinica Universidad De Navarra, Centro De Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
12Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
13University Hospital of Lille, Lille, France
14Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
15Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
16"Seràgnoli" Institute of Hematology, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
17Mount Sinai Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA.
18Memorial Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
19Karolinska University Hospital / Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
20Department of Hematology, CHU de Liege, Liege, Belgium.
21Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, NC, USA
22Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
23Department of Haematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
24Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
25Cedars-Sinai Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Palumbo, 2011, Multiple myeloma, N Engl J Med, 364, 1046, 10.1056/NEJMra1011442

Rajkumar, 2011, Treatment of multiple myeloma, Nat Rev Clin Oncol, 8, 479, 10.1038/nrclinonc.2011.63

Landgren, 2009, Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) consistently precedes multiple myeloma: a prospective study, Blood, 113, 5412, 10.1182/blood-2008-12-194241

Weiss, 2009, A monoclonal gammopathy precedes multiple myeloma in most patients, Blood, 113, 5418, 10.1182/blood-2008-12-195008

Kyle, 2006, Prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, N Engl J Med, 354, 1362, 10.1056/NEJMoa054494

Landgren, 2014, Racial disparities in the prevalence of monoclonal gammopathies: a population-based study of 12,482 persons from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey, Leukemia, 28, 1537, 10.1038/leu.2014.34

Bladé, 2006, Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, N Engl J Med, 355, 2765, 10.1056/NEJMcp052790

Dispenzieri, 2010, Prevalence and risk of progression of light-chain monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: a retrospective population-based cohort study, Lancet, 375, 1721, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60482-5

Merlini, 2012, Differential diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program), 2012, 595, 10.1182/asheducation.V2012.1.595.3798563

2003, Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorders: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group, Br J Haematol, 121, 749, 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04355.x

Kyle, 2009, Criteria for diagnosis, staging, risk stratification and response assessment of multiple myeloma, Leukemia, 23, 3, 10.1038/leu.2008.291

Kyle, 2014, Clinical course of light-chain smouldering multiple myeloma (idiopathic Bence Jones proteinuria): a retrospective study, Lancet Haematol, 1, e28, 10.1016/S2352-3026(14)70001-8

Dimopoulos, 1999, Solitary plasmacytoma of bone and extramedullary plasmacytoma, Hematol Oncol Clin North Am, 13, 1249, 10.1016/S0889-8588(05)70124-6

Hill, 2014, Outcome prediction in solitary plasmacytoma of bone: a risk stratification model utilizing bone marrow flow cytometry and light-chain analysis, Blood, 124, 1296, 10.1182/blood-2014-04-566521

Paiva, 2014, Multiparameter flow cytometry for staging of solitary bone plasmacytoma: new criteria for risk of progression to myeloma, Blood, 124, 1300, 10.1182/blood-2014-04-567909

Warsame, 2012, Trends and outcomes of modern staging of solitary plasmacytoma of bone, Am J Hematol, 87, 647, 10.1002/ajh.23201

Dispenzieri, 2003, POEMS syndrome: definitions and long-term outcome, Blood, 101, 2496, 10.1182/blood-2002-07-2299

Rajkumar, 2006, Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, AL amyloidosis, and related plasma cell disorders: diagnosis and treatment, Mayo Clin Proc, 81, 693, 10.4065/81.5.693

Dispenzieri, 2007, POEMS syndrome, Blood Rev, 21, 285, 10.1016/j.blre.2007.07.004

Kyle, 2003, Long-term follow-up of IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, Blood, 102, 3759, 10.1182/blood-2003-03-0801

Kyle, 2010, Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma: IMWG consensus perspectives risk factors for progression and guidelines for monitoring and management, Leukemia, 24, 1121, 10.1038/leu.2010.60

Landgren, 2013, Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering multiple myeloma: biological insights and early treatment strategies, Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program), 2013, 478, 10.1182/asheducation-2013.1.478

Schuster, 2010, IgM multiple myeloma: disease definition, prognosis, and differentiation from Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, Am J Hematol, 85, 853, 10.1002/ajh.21845

Turesson, 2014, Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and risk of lymphoid and myeloid malignancies: 728 cases followed up to 30 years in Sweden, Blood, 123, 338, 10.1182/blood-2013-05-505487

Kyle, 2002, A long-term study of prognosis in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, N Engl J Med, 346, 564, 10.1056/NEJMoa01133202

Cesana, 2002, Prognostic factors for malignant transformation in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering multiple myeloma, J Clin Oncol, 20, 1625, 10.1200/JCO.20.6.1625

Rajkumar, 2005, Serum free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, Blood, 106, 812, 10.1182/blood-2005-03-1038

Pérez-Persona, 2007, New criteria to identify risk of progression in monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance and smoldering multiple myeloma based on multiparameter flow cytometry analysis of bone marrow plasma cells, Blood, 110, 2586, 10.1182/blood-2007-05-088443

Katzmann, 2013, Suppression of uninvolved immunoglobulins defined by heavy/light chain pair suppression is a risk factor for progression of MGUS, Leukemia, 27, 208, 10.1038/leu.2012.189

Kyle, 2007, Clinical course and prognosis of smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma, N Engl J Med, 356, 2582, 10.1056/NEJMoa070389

Cherry, 2013, Modeling progression risk for smoldering multiple myeloma: results from a prospective clinical study, Leuk Lymphoma, 54, 2215, 10.3109/10428194.2013.764419

Kristinsson, 2013, Treatment for high-risk smoldering myeloma, N Engl J Med, 369, 1762, 10.1056/NEJMc1310911

Rajkumar, 2012, Preventive strategies in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering multiple myeloma, Am J Hematol, 87, 453, 10.1002/ajh.23204

Rajkumar, 2012, Haematological cancer: Redefining myeloma, Nat Rev Clin Oncol, 9, 494, 10.1038/nrclinonc.2012.128

Landgren, 2010, Multiple myeloma precursor disease, JAMA, 304, 2397, 10.1001/jama.2010.1713

Dimopoulos, 2011, Consensus recommendations for standard investigative workup: report of the International Myeloma Workshop Consensus Panel 3, Blood, 117, 4701, 10.1182/blood-2010-10-299529

Rajkumar, 2011, Consensus recommendations for the uniform reporting of clinical trials: report of the International Myeloma Workshop Consensus Panel 1, Blood, 117, 4691, 10.1182/blood-2010-10-299487

Mateos, 2013, Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for high-risk smoldering multiple myeloma, N Engl J Med, 369, 438, 10.1056/NEJMoa1300439

Dispenzieri, 2013, Smoldering multiple myeloma requiring treatment: time for a new definition?, Blood, 122, 4172, 10.1182/blood-2013-08-520890

Mailankody, 2010, Molecular and biologic markers of progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to multiple myeloma, Leuk Lymphoma, 51, 2159, 10.3109/10428194.2010.525725

Landgren, 2011, Development of early treatment strategies for high-risk myeloma precursor disease in the future, Semin Hematol, 48, 66, 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2010.11.009

Landgren, 2011, Multiple myeloma precursor disease: current clinical dilemma and future opportunities, Semin Hematol, 48, 1, 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2010.11.008

Rajkumar, 2009, Prevention of progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, Clin Cancer Res, 15, 5606, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-1575

Dispenzieri, 2008, Immunoglobulin free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression of smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma, Blood, 111, 785, 10.1182/blood-2007-08-108357

Rajkumar, 2011, Diagnosis of smoldering multiple myeloma, N Engl J Med, 365, 474, 10.1056/NEJMc1106428

Richardson, 2005, Bortezomib or high-dose dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma, N Engl J Med, 352, 2487, 10.1056/NEJMoa043445

Dimopoulos, 2007, Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma, N Engl J Med, 357, 2123, 10.1056/NEJMoa070594

Rajkumar, 2010, Lenalidomide plus high-dose dexamethasone versus lenalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone as initial therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: an open-label randomised controlled trial, Lancet Oncol, 11, 29, 10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70284-0

Richardson, 2010, Lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone combination therapy in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, Blood, 116, 679, 10.1182/blood-2010-02-268862

Jakubowiak, 2012, A phase 1/2 study of carfilzomib in combination with lenalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone as a frontline treatment for multiple myeloma, Blood, 120, 1801, 10.1182/blood-2012-04-422683

Lacy, 2009, Pomalidomide (CC4047) plus low-dose dexamethasone as therapy for relapsed multiple myeloma, J Clin Oncol, 27, 5008, 10.1200/JCO.2009.23.6802

Hjorth, 1993, Initial versus deferred melphalan-prednisone therapy for asymptomatic multiple myeloma stage I–a randomized study, Eur J Haematol, 50, 95, 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1993.tb00148.x

Riccardi, 2000, Long-term survival of stage I multiple myeloma given chemotherapy just after diagnosis or at progression of the disease: a multicentre randomized study, Br J Cancer, 82, 1254, 10.1054/bjoc.1999.1087

Dimopoulos, 2009, International myeloma working group consensus statement and guidelines regarding the current role of imaging techniques in the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple Myeloma, Leukemia, 23, 1545, 10.1038/leu.2009.89

Hillengass, 2013, Challenges and opportunities of novel imaging techniques in monoclonal plasma cell disorders: imaging “early myeloma”, Leuk Lymphoma, 54, 1355, 10.3109/10428194.2012.740559

Regelink, 2013, Comparison of modern and conventional imaging techniques in establishing multiple myeloma-related bone disease: a systematic review, Br J Haematol, 162, 50, 10.1111/bjh.12346

Kastritis, 2013, Extensive bone marrow infiltration and abnormal free light chain ratio identifies patients with asymptomatic myeloma at high risk for progression to symptomatic disease, Leukemia, 27, 947, 10.1038/leu.2012.309

Waxman, 2014, Modeling the risk of progression in smoldering multiple myeloma, Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol, 32, A8607, 10.1200/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.8607

Johnsen, 2010, Multiparametric flow cytometry profiling of neoplastic plasma cells in multiple myeloma, Cytometry B Clin Cytom, 78, 338, 10.1002/cyto.b.20523

Rajkumar, 2001, Methods for estimation of bone marrow plasma cell involvement in myeloma: predictive value for response and survival in patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation, Am J Hematol, 68, 269, 10.1002/ajh.10003

Bradwell, 2001, Highly sensitive, automated immunoassay for immunoglobulin free light chains in serum and urine, Clin Chem, 47, 673, 10.1093/clinchem/47.4.673

Katzmann, 2002, Serum reference intervals and diagnostic ranges for free kappa and free lambda immunoglobulin light chains: relative sensitivity for detection of monoclonal light chains, Clin Chem, 48, 1437, 10.1093/clinchem/48.9.1437

Bradwell, 2003, Serum test for assessment of patients with Bence Jones myeloma, Lancet, 361, 489, 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12457-9

Dispenzieri, 2009, International Myeloma Working Group guidelines for serum-free light chain analysis in multiple myeloma and related disorders, Leukemia, 23, 215, 10.1038/leu.2008.307

Kyrtsonis, 2007, Prognostic value of serum free light chain ratio at diagnosis in multiple myeloma, Br J Haematol, 137, 240, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06561.x

Snozek, 2008, Prognostic value of the serum free light chain ratio in newly diagnosed myeloma: proposed incorporation into the international staging system, Leukemia, 22, 1933, 10.1038/leu.2008.171

Dingli, 2006, Immunoglobulin free light chains and solitary plasmacytoma of bone, Blood, 108, 1979, 10.1182/blood-2006-04-015784

Larsen, 2013, Serum free light chain ratio as a biomarker for high-risk smoldering multiple myeloma, Leukemia, 27, 941, 10.1038/leu.2012.296

Moulopoulos, 1995, Prognostic significance of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with asymptomatic multiple myeloma, J Clin Oncol, 13, 251, 10.1200/JCO.1995.13.1.251

Mariette, 1999, Prognostic value of vertebral lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with stage I multiple myeloma, Br J Haematol, 104, 723, 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1999.01244.x

Wang, 2003, Abnormal MRI of spine is the dominant risk factor for early progression of asymptomatic multiple myeloma, Blood, 102, 687a

Hillengass, 2010, Prognostic significance of focal lesions in whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in patients with asymptomatic multiple myeloma, J Clin Oncol, 28, 1606, 10.1200/JCO.2009.25.5356

Kastritis, 2014, The prognostic importance of the presence of more than one focal lesion in spine MRI of patients with asymptomatic (smoldering) multiple myeloma, Leukemia, 10.1038/leu.2014.230

Dimopoulos, 1993, Risk of disease progression in asymptomatic multiple myeloma, Am J Med, 94, 57, 10.1016/0002-9343(93)90120-E

Weber, 1997, Prognostic features of asymptomatic multiple myeloma, Br J Haematol, 97, 810, 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1997.1122939.x

Merz, 2014, Predictive value of longitudinal whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in patients with smoldering multiple myeloma, Leukemia, 28, 1902, 10.1038/leu.2014.75

Zamagni, 2012, The role of imaging techniques in the management of multiple myeloma, Br J Haematol, 159, 499, 10.1111/bjh.12007

Zamagni, 2007, A prospective comparison of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and whole-body planar radiographs in the assessment of bone disease in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, Haematologica, 92, 50, 10.3324/haematol.10554

Walker, 2007, Magnetic resonance imaging in multiple myeloma: diagnostic and clinical implications, J Clin Oncol, 25, 1121, 10.1200/JCO.2006.08.5803

Bartel, 2009, F18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the context of other imaging techniques and prognostic factors in multiple myeloma, Blood, 114, 2068, 10.1182/blood-2009-03-213280

Waheed, 2013, Standard and novel imaging methods for multiple myeloma: correlates with prognostic laboratory variables including gene expression profiling data, Haematologica, 98, 71, 10.3324/haematol.2012.066555

Leung, 2012, Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance: when MGUS is no longer undetermined or insignificant, Blood, 120, 4292, 10.1182/blood-2012-07-445304

Hutchison, 2012, The pathogenesis and diagnosis of acute kidney injury in multiple myeloma, Nat Rev Nephrol, 8, 43, 10.1038/nrneph.2011.168

Katzmann, 2005, Diagnostic performance of quantitative kappa and lambda free light chain assays in clinical practice, Clin Chem, 51, 878, 10.1373/clinchem.2004.046870

Kyle, 2003, Review of 1027 patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, Mayo Clin Proc, 78, 21, 10.4065/78.1.21

Dimopoulos, 2006, Macrofocal multiple myeloma in young patients: a distinct entity with favorable prognosis, Leuk Lymphoma, 47, 1553, 10.1080/10428190600647723

Dispenzieri, 2012, How I treat POEMS syndrome, Blood, 119, 5650, 10.1182/blood-2012-03-378992

Sethi, 2013, Monoclonal gammopathy-associated proliferative glomerulonephritis, Mayo Clin Proc, 88, 1284, 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.08.002

Kourelis, 2013, Coexistent multiple myeloma or increased bone marrow plasma cells define equally high-risk populations in patients with immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis, J Clin Oncol, 31, 4319, 10.1200/JCO.2013.50.8499

Nobile-Orazio, 2013, Neuropathy and monoclonal gammopathy, Handb Clin Neurol, 115, 443, 10.1016/B978-0-444-52902-2.00025-4

Dispenzieri, 2014, POEMS syndrome: 2014 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management, Am J Hematol, 89, 214, 10.1002/ajh.23644

Lacy, 1997, Multiple myeloma associated with diffuse osteosclerotic bone lesions: a clinical entity distinct from osteosclerotic myeloma (POEMS syndrome), Am J Hematol, 56, 288, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8652(199712)56:4<288::AID-AJH16>3.0.CO;2-5

Bianchi, 2013, High levels of peripheral blood circulating plasma cells as a specific risk factor for progression of smoldering multiple myeloma, Leukemia, 27, 680, 10.1038/leu.2012.237

Pérez-Persona, 2010, Risk of progression in smouldering myeloma and monoclonal gammopathies of unknown significance: comparative analysis of the evolution of monoclonal component and multiparameter flow cytometry of bone marrow plasma cells, Br J Haematol, 148, 110, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07929.x

Rawstron, 2008, Report of the European Myeloma Network on multiparametric flow cytometry in multiple myeloma and related disorders, Haematologica, 93, 431, 10.3324/haematol.11080

Rosiñol, 2003, Smoldering multiple myeloma: natural history and recognition of an evolving type, Br J Haematol, 123, 631, 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04654.x

Rajkumar, 2013, Impact of primary molecular cytogenetic abnormalities and risk of progression in smoldering multiple myeloma, Leukemia, 27, 1738, 10.1038/leu.2013.86

Neben, 2013, Progression in smoldering myeloma is independently determined by the chromosomal abnormalities del(17p), t(4;14), gain 1q, hyperdiploidy, and tumor load, J Clin Oncol, 31, 4325, 10.1200/JCO.2012.48.4923

Madan, 2010, Plasma cell labeling index in the evaluation of smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma, Mayo Clin Proc, 85, 300, 10.4065/mcp.2009.0653

Dhodapkar, 2014, Clinical, genomic, and imaging predictors of myeloma progression from asymptomatic monoclonal gammopathies (SWOG S0120), Blood, 123, 78, 10.1182/blood-2013-07-515239