Interactions of anesthetics with their targets: Non-specific, specific or both?
Tài liệu tham khảo
Adriani, 1962
Akabas, 2002, GABA- and drug-induced conformational changes detected in the GABAA receptor channel-lining segments, 130
Akinshola, 2001, Straight-chain alcohols exhibit a cutoff in potency for the inhibition of recombinant glutamate receptor subunits, Br J Pharmacol, 133, 651, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704112
Albrecht, 1999, The effect of age on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of midazolam, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 65, 630, 10.1016/S0009-9236(99)90084-X
Alifimoff, 1989, Anaesthetic potencies of primary alkanols: implications for the molecular dimensions of the anaesthetic site, Br J Pharmacol, 96, 9, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1989.tb11777.x
Allison, 1970, The effect of inhalational anaesthetics on the microtubular system in actinosphaerium nucleofilum, J Cell Sci, 7, 483, 10.1242/jcs.7.2.483
Andoh, 1997, Volatile anaesthetic effects on calcium conductance of planar lipid bilayers formed with synthetic lipids or extracted lipids from sarcoplasmic reticulum, Br J Anaesth, 78, 66, 10.1093/bja/78.1.66
Andoh, 1997, Differential effects of thiopental on neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and P2X purinergic receptors in PC12 cells, Anesthesiology, 87, 1199, 10.1097/00000542-199711000-00025
Angel, 1982, The effect of anaesthetic agents on cerebral cortical responses in the rat, Br J Pharmacol, 76, 541, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1982.tb09252.x
Antkowiak, 2002, In vitro networks: cortical mechanisms of anaesthetic action, Br J Anaesth, 89, 102, 10.1093/bja/aef154
Antkowiak, 1999, Different actions of general anesthetics on the firing patterns of neocortical neurons mediated by the GABAA receptor, Anesthesiology, 91, 500, 10.1097/00000542-199908000-00025
Antognini, 2002, In vivo characterization of clinical anaesthesia and its components, Br J Anaesth, 89, 156, 10.1093/bja/aef156
Antognini, 2002
Arden, 1986, Increased sensitivity to etomidate in the elderly: Initial distribution versus altered brain response, Anesthesiology, 65, 19, 10.1097/00000542-198607000-00004
Armendi, 1993, Barbiturate action is dependent on the conformational state of the acetylcholine receptor, Anesthesiology, 79, 1033, 10.1097/00000542-199311000-00022
Artusio, 1955, Ether analgesia during major surgery, J Am Med Assoc, 157, 33, 10.1001/jama.1955.02950180035009
Asahi, 2002, Effects of volatile anesthetics, n-alcohols and ketamine on synaptic and non-synaptic pathways in rat hippocampal slices in vitro, 348
Ashcroft, 1977, The molecular organisation of bimolecular lipid membranes. The effect of benzyl alcohol on the structure, Biochim Biophys Acta, 469, 13, 10.1016/0005-2736(77)90321-2
Baber, 1995, Distribution of general anesthetics in phospholipid bilayers determined using 2H NMR and 1H-1H NOE spectroscopy, Biochemistry, 34, 6533, 10.1021/bi00019a035
Baden, 2000, Metabolism and toxicity of inhaled anesthetics, 147
Bali, 2004, Defining the propofol binding site location on the GABAA receptor, Mol Pharmacol, 65, 68, 10.1124/mol.65.1.68
Banks, 1999, Dual actions of volatile anesthetics on GABAA IPSCs: dissociation of blocking and prolonging effects, Anesthesiology, 90, 120, 10.1097/00000542-199901000-00018
Banoub, 2003, Pharmacologic and physiologic influences affecting sensory evoked potentials: implications for perioperative monitoring, Anesthesiology, 99, 716, 10.1097/00000542-200309000-00029
Barann, 1993, Inhibition by anaesthetics of 14C-guanidinium flux through the voltage-gated sodium channel and the cation channel of the 5-HT3 receptor of N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol, 347, 125, 10.1007/BF00169256
Barann, 1997, 5-HT3 receptors in outside-out patches of N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells: basic properties and effects of pentobarbital, Neuropharmacology, 36, 655, 10.1016/S0028-3908(97)00059-2
Barann, 2000, Inhibition of 5-HT3 receptors by propofol: equilibrium and kinetic measurements, Neuropharmacology, 39, 1064, 10.1016/S0028-3908(99)00205-1
Barchfeld, 1985, The effect of general anesthetics on the proton and potassium permeabilities of liposomes, Biochim Biophys Acta, 819, 161, 10.1016/0005-2736(85)90170-1
Baudoux, 2002, General anesthetics do not prevent action potential invasion of axon branches or synaptic boutons, 284
Beckstead, 2000, Glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) receptor function is enhanced by inhaled drugs of abuse, Mol Pharmacol, 57, 1199
Beckstead, 2001, Antagonism of inhalant and volatile anesthetic enhancement of glycine receptor function, J Biol Chem, 276, 24959, 10.1074/jbc.M011627200
Belelli, 1996, Interaction of positive allosteric modulators with human and drosophila recombinant GABA receptors expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, Br J Pharmacol, 118, 563, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15439.x
Belelli, 1997, The interaction of the general anesthetic etomidate with the gamma-aminobutyric acid type a receptor is influenced by a single amino acid, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 94, 11031, 10.1073/pnas.94.20.11031
Belelli, 1999, The interaction of general anaesthetics and neurosteroids with GABAA and glycine receptors, Neurochem Int, 34, 447, 10.1016/S0197-0186(99)00037-6
Belelli, 1999, General anaesthetic action at transmitter-gated inhibitory amino acid receptors, Trends Pharmacol Sci, 20, 496, 10.1016/S0165-6147(99)01405-4
Belelli, 2003, The in vitro and in vivo enantioselectivity of etomidate implicates the GABAA receptor in general anaesthesia, Neuropharmacology, 45, 57, 10.1016/S0028-3908(03)00144-8
Benkwitz, 2002, Anesthetic action on neuronal network activity in hippocampus: electrophysiology and Ca-imaging, 355
Benoit, 1995, Effects of intravenous anaesthetics on nerve axons, Eur J Anaesthesiol, 12, 59
Benoit, 1986, Mechanism of action of ketamine in the current and voltage clamped myelinated nerve fibre of the frog, Br J Pharmacol, 87, 291, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1986.tb10817.x
Benoit, 1987, Electrophysiological studies of the effects of the general anaesthetic etomidate on frog myelinated nerve fibre, Br J Pharmacol, 90, 7, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1987.tb16819.x
Bjornstrom, 2003, The difference between sleep and anaesthesia is in the intracellular signal: propofol and GABA use different subtypes of the GABAA receptor beta subunit and vary in their interaction with actin, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 47, 157, 10.1034/j.1399-6576.2003.00007.x
Bleckwenn, M. (2003). Which Validity Does the Meyer-Overton-Correlation Possess Today? (German). Doctoral Dissertation, 142 pp. Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. Download of pdf-copy Bleckwenn.pdf available at: http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de/exa
Bosnjak, 2002, Anesthetic-induced cardiac preconditioning, 184
Bradley, 1981, Effects of halothane on channel activity of N-acetyl gramicidin, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 101, 963, 10.1016/0006-291X(81)91843-X
Bräu, 1998, Local anaesthetic effects on tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+ currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurones, Eur J Anaesthesiol, 15, 80, 10.1046/j.1365-2346.1998.00218.x
Bräu, 1997, Blocking mechanisms of ketamine and its enantiomers in enzymatically demyelinated peripheral nerve as revealed by single-channel experiments, Anesthesiology, 86, 394, 10.1097/00000542-199702000-00014
Bräu, 1998, Fundamental properties of local anesthetics: half-maximal blocking concentrations for tonic block of Na+ and K+ channels in peripheral nerve, Anesth Analg, 87, 885
Bremer, 1948, Action particuliere des barbituriques sur la transmission synaptique centrale, Arch Int Physiol, 56, 100
Brooks, 1947, A study of the effects of anaesthesia and asphyxia on the monosynaptic pathway through the spinal cord, J Neurophysiol, 10, 349, 10.1152/jn.1947.10.5.349
Burt, 1989, Volatile anesthetics block intercellular communication between neonatal rat myocardial cells, Circ Res, 65, 829, 10.1161/01.RES.65.3.829
Butler, 1950, Theories of general anesthesia, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 98, 121
Campagna, 2003, Mechanisms of actions of inhaled anesthetics, N Engl J Med, 348, 2110, 10.1056/NEJMra021261
Cannon, 1993, Theoretical reconstruction of myotonia and paralysis caused by incomplete inactivation of sodium channels, Biophys J, 65, 270, 10.1016/S0006-3495(93)81045-2
Cantor, 1997, The lateral pressure profile in membranes: a physical mechanism of general anesthesia, Biochemistry, 36, 2339, 10.1021/bi9627323
Caraiscos, 2004, Selective enhancement of tonic GABAergic inhibition in murine hippocampal neurons by low concentrations of the volatile anesthetic isoflurane, J Neurosci, 24, 8454, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2063-04.2004
Catterall, 2002, Molecular mechanisms of gating and drug block of sodium channels, Novartis Found Symp, 241, 206, 10.1002/0470846682.ch14
Catterall, 2003, International union of pharmacology: XL. Compendium of voltage-gated ion channels: calcium channels, Pharmacol Rev, 55, 579, 10.1124/pr.55.4.8
Chan, 2002, Low-affinity analytical chromatography for measuring inhaled anesthetic binding to isolated proteins, Anal Biochem, 301, 308, 10.1006/abio.2001.5506
Chang, 2001, Effects of propofol on mitochondrial function and intracellular calcium shift in bovine aortic endothelial model, Acta Anaesthesiol Sin, 39, 115
Charlesworth, 1994, Calcium channel currents in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells and their modulation by anaesthetic agents, J Physiol (Lond), 481, 543, 10.1113/jphysiol.1994.sp020462
Cheng, 2000, Enflurane directly depresses glutamate AMPA and NMDA currents in mouse spinal cord motor neurons independent of actions on GABAA or glycine receptors, Anesthesiology, 93, 1075, 10.1097/00000542-200010000-00032
Chortkoff, 1995, Concentrations of desflurane and propofol that suppress response to command in humans, Anesth Analg, 81, 737, 10.1097/00000539-199510000-00014
Clarkson, 1989, Stereoselective block of cardiac sodium channels by RAC109 in single guinea pig ventricular myocytes, Circ Res, 65, 1306, 10.1161/01.RES.65.5.1306
Cohen, 1973, Effect of anesthetics on mitochondrial function, Anesthesiology, 39, 153, 10.1097/00000542-197308000-00007
Cordato, 1999, Stereoselective interaction of thiopentone enantiomers with the GABAA receptor, Br J Pharmacol, 128, 77, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702744
Croxton, 1995, Inhibitory effects of thiopental, ketamine, and propofol on voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels in porcine tracheal smooth muscle cells, Anesthesiology, 83, 1274, 10.1097/00000542-199512000-00018
Davies, 1974, A quantitative interpretation of phase effects in anaesthesia, Int J Quantum Chem: Quantum Biology Symp, 1, 201
Davies, 1976, The hydrogen bond proton donor properties of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons and ethers and their mode of action in anaesthesia, Int J Quantum Chem: Quantum Biology Symp, 3, 171
Davies, 2000, Effects of isoflurane, sevoflurane, and halothane on myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release in rat ventricular myocytes, Anesthesiology, 93, 1034, 10.1097/00000542-200010000-00027
Davies, 2001, Evidence for the formation of functionally distinct alphabetagammaepsilon GABAA receptors, J Physiol, 537, 101, 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.0101k.x
De Weer, 2000, A century of thinking about cell membranes, Annu Rev Physiol, 62, 919, 10.1146/annurev.physiol.62.1.919
Dickinson, 2002, Anaesthetic actions on hippocampal autapses, 417
DiFazio, 1972, Additive effects of anesthetics and theories of anesthesia, Anesthesiology, 36, 57, 10.1097/00000542-197201000-00010
Dildy-Mayfield, 1996, Anesthetics produce subunit-selective actions on glutamate receptors, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 276, 1058
Dilger, 2002, The effects of general anaesthetics on ligand-gated ion channels, Br J Anaesth, 89, 41, 10.1093/bja/aef161
Dilger, 1992, Effects of isoflurane on acetylcholine receptor channels: 1. Single-channel currents, Mol Pharmacol, 41, 127
Dilger, 1993, The effects of isoflurane on acetylcholine receptor channels: 2. Currents elicited by rapid perfusion of acetylcholine, Mol Pharmacol, 44, 1056
Dilger, 1995, Effects of general anesthetics on acetylcholine receptor channels, Prog Anesth Mech, 3, 50
Dilger, 1997, Mechanisms of barbiturate inhibition of acetylcholine receptor channels, J Gen Physiol, 109, 401, 10.1085/jgp.109.3.401
Dingledine, 1999, The glutamate receptor ion channels, Pharmacol Rev, 51, 7
Dodson, 1985, The physiological effects of hydrostatic pressure are not equivalent to those of helium pressure on rana pipiens, J Physiol (Lond), 362, 233, 10.1113/jphysiol.1985.sp015673
Downie, 2000, Effects of thiopental and its optical isomers on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, Anesthesiology, 93, 774, 10.1097/00000542-200009000-00027
Dreixler, 2000, Patch-clamp analysis of anesthetic interactions with recombinant SK2 subtype neuronal calcium-activated potassium channels, Anesth Analg, 90, 727, 10.1097/00000539-200003000-00040
Duncum, 1994
Dwyer, 1994, The electroencephalogram does not predict depth of isoflurane anesthesia, Anesthesiology, 81, 403, 10.1097/00000542-199408000-00019
Dybek, A. (1999). Comparison of Anesthetic Effects on an Acetylcholine Receptor Channel and on a Potassium Channel in the Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line SH-SY5Y Using Patch-Clamp and Fast Superfusion Technology (German). Doctoral Dissertation, 112 pp. Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Eckenhoff, 2001, Promiscuous ligands and attractive cavities: how do the inhaled anesthetics work?, Molecular Interventions, 1, 258
Eckenhoff, 1999, On the relevance of “Clinically Relevant Concentrations” of inhaled anesthetics in in vitro experiments, Anesthesiology, 91, 856, 10.1097/00000542-199909000-00039
Eckenhoff, 1999, Steric hindrance is not required for N-alkanol cutoff in soluble proteins, Mol Pharmacol, 56, 414, 10.1124/mol.56.2.414
Eckenhoff, 2001, Cooperative binding of inhaled anesthetics and ATP to firefly luciferase, Proteins, 42, 436, 10.1002/1097-0134(20010301)42:4<436::AID-PROT20>3.0.CO;2-I
Eger, 1974
Eger, 2000, MAC
Eger, 2001, Relevant concentrations of inhaled anesthetics for in vitro studies of anesthetic mechanisms, Anesthesiology, 94, 915, 10.1097/00000542-200105000-00032
Eger, 1965, Minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration: a standard of anesthetic potency, Anesthesiology, 26, 756, 10.1097/00000542-196511000-00010
Elliott, 1989, The actions of neutral anaesthetics on ion conductances of nerve membranes, Biochim Biophys Acta, 988, 257, 10.1016/0304-4157(89)90021-X
Elliott, 1995, Integrative effects of general anaesthetics: why nerve axons should not be ignored, Eur J Anaesthesiol, 12, 41
Elliott, 1989, The effects of homologous series of anaesthetics on a resting potassium conductance of the squid giant axon, Biochim Biophys Acta, 978, 337, 10.1016/0005-2736(89)90134-X
Enders, 1990, The influence of general, volatile anesthetics on the dynamic properties of model membranes, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1029, 43, 10.1016/0005-2736(90)90434-P
Evans, 1987, Clinical signs and autonomic responses, 18
Evers, 1997, Supersensitive sites in the central nervous system, anesthetics block brain nicotinic receptors, Anesthesiology, 86, 760, 10.1097/00000542-199704000-00003
Eyring, 1973, A molecular mechanism of general anesthesia, Anesthesiology, 38, 415, 10.1097/00000542-197305000-00001
Feinstein, 1975, Fluidity of natural membranes and phosphatidylserine and ganglioside dispersions. Effect of local anesthetics, cholesterol and protein, Biochim Biophys Acta, 413, 354, 10.1016/0005-2736(75)90121-2
Ferguson, 1939, The use of chemical potentials as indices of toxicity, Proc Roy Soc Lond (Biol), 127, 387, 10.1098/rspb.1939.0030
Fink, 1975
Fink, 1980
Firestone, 1986, Appendix: tables of physical and pharmacological properties of anesthetics, 455
Firestone, 1986, Actions of general anesthetics on acetylcholine receptor-rich membranes from torpedo californica, Anesthesiology, 64, 694, 10.1097/00000542-198606000-00004
Firestone, 1994, Does general anesthetic-induced desensitization of the torpedo acetylcholine receptor correlate with lipid disordering?, Mol Pharmacol, 46, 508
Flood, 1997, Alpha 4 beta 2 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system are inhibited by isoflurane and propofol, but alpha 7-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are unaffected, Anesthesiology, 86, 859, 10.1097/00000542-199704000-00016
Forman, 1995, A discrete site for general anesthetics on a postsynaptic receptor, Mol Pharmacol, 48, 574
Fragen, 2000, Barbiturate, 216
Franks, 1998, Which molecular targets are most relevant to general anaesthesia?, Toxicol Lett, 100–101, 1, 10.1016/S0378-4274(98)00158-1
Franks, 1996, Temperature dependence of the potency of volatile general anesthetics: implications for in vitro experiments, Anesthesiology, 84, 716, 10.1097/00000542-199603000-00027
Franks, 1984, Do general anaesthetics act by competitive binding to specific receptors?, Nature, 310, 599, 10.1038/310599a0
Franks, 1985, Mapping of general anaesthetic target sites provides a molecular basis for cutoff effects, Nature, 316, 349, 10.1038/316349a0
Franks, 1998, How does xenon produce anaesthesia?, Nature, 396, 324, 10.1038/24525
Franqueza, 1997, Molecular determinants of stereoselective bupivacaine block of HKv1.5 channels, Circ Res, 81, 1053, 10.1161/01.RES.81.6.1053
Frenkel, 1991, Human brain sodium channels as one of the molecular target sites for the new intravenous anaesthetic propofol (2,6-Diisopropylphenol), Eur J Pharmacol, 208, 75, 10.1016/0922-4106(91)90054-L
Frenkel, 1992, Molecular actions of racemic ketamine on human CNS sodium channels, Br J Anaesth, 69, 292, 10.1093/bja/69.3.292
Frenkel, 1994, Interactions of intravenous anesthetics with human CNS ion channels. Electrophysiologic studies with a new type of voltage clamp technique, Anaesthesist, 43, 229, 10.1007/s001010050052
Frenkel, 1994, Interaktionen intravenöser Anästhetika mit menschlichen ZNS-Ionenkanälen, Anaesthesist, 43, 229, 10.1007/s001010050052
Frenkel, 1989, Pentobarbital suppresses human brain sodium channels, Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 6, 211, 10.1016/0169-328X(89)90056-9
Frenkel, 1990, Molecular actions of pentobarbital isomers on sodium channels from human brain cortex, Anesthesiology, 72, 640, 10.1097/00000542-199004000-00012
Frenkel, 1998, Blocking effects of the anaesthetic etomidate on human brain sodium channels, Neurosci Lett, 249, 131, 10.1016/S0304-3940(98)00412-1
Friederich, P. (1997). Untersuchungen zum Einfluß von Allgemeinanästhetika auf einen menschlichen neuronalen Kaliumstrom mit der Ganzzell Patch-Clamp Methode (German). Doctoral Dissertation, 104 pp. Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Friederich, 1997, Abhängigkeit der Wirkung von Etomidat auf einen neuronalen Kaliumstrom des Menschen von der extrazellulären Kaliumkonzentration, Anaesthesist, 12, 1090
Friederich, 1997, Etomidate inhibits neuronal potassium channels in humans, Anaesthesist, 46, 434, 10.1007/s001010050422
Friederich, 1998, The inhibition of human neuronal K+ currents by general anesthetic agents is altered by extracellular K, Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 60, 301, 10.1016/S0169-328X(98)00209-5
Friederich, 1999, Interaction of intravenous anesthetics with human neuronal potassium currents in relation to clinical concentrations, Anesthesiology, 91, 1853, 10.1097/00000542-199912000-00040
Friederich, 2000, Stereospecific interaction of ketamine with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in human sympathetic ganglion-like SH-SY5Y cells, Anesthesiology, 93, 818, 10.1097/00000542-200009000-00032
Friederich, 2001, Ketamine and propofol differentially inhibit human neuronal K(+) channels, Eur J Anaesthesiol, 18, 177, 10.1097/00003643-200103000-00007
Friederich, 2001, Epileptic seizure from etomidate? The human Kv 1.1 potassium channel in humans, Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther, 36, 100, 10.1055/s-2001-11054
Friederich, 2001, Interaction of volatile anesthetics with human Kv channels in relation to clinical concentrations, Anesthesiology, 95, 954, 10.1097/00000542-200110000-00026
Friederich, 2002, Bupivacaine inhibits human neuronal Kv3 channels in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, Br J Anaesth, 88, 864, 10.1093/bja/88.6.864
Frohlich, 2002, Thiopental impairs neutrophil oxidative response by inhibition of intracellular signalling, Eur J Anaesthesiol, 19, 474, 10.1097/00003643-200207000-00003
Fromming, 1999, Isoform-specific interactions between halothane and the ryanodine receptor Ca(2+)-release channel: implications for malignant hyperthermia and the protein theory of anaesthetic action, Naturwissenschaften, 86, 584, 10.1007/s001140050678
Furuya, 1999, The effects of ketamine and propofol on neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and P2x purinoceptors in PC12 cells, Anesth Analg, 88, 174, 10.1097/00000539-199901000-00033
Galla, 1980, Asymmetric antagonistic effects of an inhalation anesthetic and high pressure on the phase transition temperature of dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid bilayers, Biochim Biophys Acta, 599, 336, 10.1016/0005-2736(80)90080-2
Gauldie, 2001, Anandamide activates peripheral nociceptors in normal and arthritic rat knee joints, Br J Pharmacol, 132, 617, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703890
Genna, 1980, Effects of tertiary amine local anesthetics on the assembly and disassembly of brain microtubules in vitro, Eur J Biochem, 110, 457, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04887.x
Glass, 1997, Bispectral analysis measures sedation and memory effects of propofol, midazolam, isoflurane, and alfentanil in healthy volunteers, Anesthesiology, 86, 836, 10.1097/00000542-199704000-00014
Glass, 2000, Intravenous drug delivery systems, 377
Gomez, 2001, Halothane-induced intracellular calcium release in cholinergic cells, Brain Res, 921, 106, 10.1016/S0006-8993(01)03098-0
Göthert, 1976, Inhibition of receptor-mediated noradrenaline release from the sympathetic nerves of the isolated rabbit heart by anaesthetics and alcohols in proportion to their hydrophobic property, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol, 292, 145, 10.1007/BF00498585
Grasshoff, 2002, Effects of volatile anesthetics on action potential firing of spinal neurons in organotypic slice cultures, 363
Gray, 1998, TOK1 is a volatile anesthetic stimulated K+ channel, Anesthesiology, 88, 1076, 10.1097/00000542-199804000-00029
Gruen, 1981, A mean-field model of the alkane-saturated lipid bilayer above its phase transition: II. Results and comparison with experiment, Biophys J, 33, 167, 10.1016/S0006-3495(81)84879-5
Gruss, 2002, Ethanol modifies action potentials in a subtype of small sensory neurones by activation of BK Ca-channels, 190
Gruss, 2004, Two-pore-domain K+ channels are a novel target for the anesthetic gases xenon, nitrous oxide, and cyclopropane, Mol Pharmacol, 65, 443, 10.1124/mol.65.2.443
Gundersen, 1988, Barbiturates depress currents through human brain calcium channels studied in xenopus oocytes, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 247, 824
Gutman, 2003, International union of pharmacology: XLI. Compendium of voltage-gated ion channels: potassium channels, Pharmacol Rev, 55, 583, 10.1124/pr.55.4.9
Haeseler, 2002, The potency of a phenol derivative for direct activation of chloride currents via GABAA receptors is related to the position of methyl and isopropyl groups with respect to the phenolic hydroxyl group, 151
Hales, 1991, The actions of propofol on inhibitory amino acid receptors of bovine adrenomedullary chromaffin cells and rodent central neurones, Br J Pharmacol, 104, 619, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12479.x
Hales, 1994, Basic pharmacology of intravenous induction agents, 295
Hansch, 1987, Hydrophobicity and central nervous system agents:on the principle of minimal hydrophobicity in drug design, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 76, 663, 10.1002/jps.2600760902
Hardman, 2001
Haydon, 1972, Ion transport across thin lipid membranes: a critical discussion of mechanisms in selected systems, Q Rev Biophys, 5, 187, 10.1017/S0033583500000883
Haydon, 1988, Excitation of the squid giant axon by general anaesthetics, J Physiol, 402, 375, 10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017210
Haydon, 1986, The actions of some general anaesthetics on the potassium current of the squid giant axon, J Physiol (Lond), 373, 311, 10.1113/jphysiol.1986.sp016049
Haydon, 1977, The molecular mechanisms of anaesthesia, Nature, 268, 356, 10.1038/268356a0
Haydon, 1977, Anaesthesia by the N-alkanes. A comparative study of nerve impulse blockage and the properties of black lipid bilayer membranes, Biochim Biophys Acta, 470, 17, 10.1016/0005-2736(77)90058-X
Haydon, 1980, Some effects of aliphatic hydrocarbons on the electrical capacity and ionic currents of the squid giant axon membrane, J Physiol, 309, 229, 10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013506
Haydon, 1986, The action of nonionic anesthetics substances on voltage-gated ion conductances in squid giant axons, 267
Haydon, 1988, The potassium conductance of the resting squid axon and its blockage by clinical concentrations of general anaesthetics, J Physiol, 402, 363, 10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017209
He, 2000, Mechanism and selectivity of the effects of halothane on gap junction channel function, Circ Res, 86, E104, 10.1161/01.RES.86.11.e104
Heinke, 2002, In vivo imaging of anaesthetic action in humans: approaches with positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), Br J Anaesth, 89, 112, 10.1093/bja/aef155
Herrington, 1992, Kinetic and pharmacological properties of low voltage-activated Ca2+ current in rat clonal (GH3) pituitary cells, J Neurophysiol, 68, 213, 10.1152/jn.1992.68.1.213
Hertle, 1997, Interaction of midazolam with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of mouse myotubes, Anesth Analg, 85, 174, 10.1097/00000539-199707000-00031
Hille, 2001
Hirota, 1996, I.v. anaesthetic agents do not interact with the verapamil binding site on L-type voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels, Br J Anaesth, 77, 385, 10.1093/bja/77.3.385
Hirota, 2002, The agent- and pathway-specific actions of general anesthetics in hippocampus in vitro, 370
Hirota, 2003, The effects of local and intravenous anesthetics on recombinant rat VR1 vanilloid receptors, Anesth Analg, 96, 1656, 10.1213/01.ANE.0000061580.89627.91
Hladky, 1970, Discreteness of conductance change in bimolecular lipid membranes in the presence of certain antibiotics, Nature, 5231, 451, 10.1038/225451a0
Homer, 1985, The effect of increasing age on thiopental disposition and anesthetic requirement, Anesthesiology, 62, 714, 10.1097/00000542-198506000-00004
Honemann, 2001, The inhibitory effect of bupivacaine on prostaglandin E(2) (EP(1)) receptor functioning: mechanism of action, Anesth Analg, 93, 628, 10.1097/00000539-200109000-00019
Hopkins, 2002, Postgraduate issue: molecular and basic mechanisms of anaesthesia, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 89, 1, 10.1093/bja/aef192
Hormuzdi, 2004, Electrical synapses: a dynamic signaling system that shapes the activity of neuronal networks, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1662, 113, 10.1016/j.bbamem.2003.10.023
Hug, 1990, Does opioid “Anesthesia” exist?, Anesthesiology, 73, 1, 10.1097/00000542-199007000-00001
Huidobro-Toro, 1987, Neurochemical actions of anesthetic drugs on the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-chloride channel complex, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 242, 963
Jacobs, 1995, Aging increases pharmacodynamic sensitivity to the hypnotic effects of midazolam, Anesth Analg, 80, 143, 10.1097/00000539-199501000-00024
Janoff, 1981, Correlation of general anesthetic potency with solubility in membranes, Biochim Biophys Acta, 649, 125, 10.1016/0005-2736(81)90017-1
Jenkins, 1996, Actions of general anaesthetics on 5-HT3 receptors in N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells, Br J Pharmacol, 117, 1507, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15314.x
Jensen, 1994, Propofol induces changes in the cytosolic free calcium concentration and the cytoskeletal organization of cultured human glial cells and primary embryonic rat brain cells, Anesthesiology, 81, 1220, 10.1097/00000542-199411000-00016
Jiang, 2004, Electron microscopic analysis of KvAP voltage-dependent K+ channels in an open conformation, Nature, 430, 806, 10.1038/nature02735
Kaech, 1999, Volatile anesthetics block actin-based motility in dendritic spines, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 96, 10433, 10.1073/pnas.96.18.10433
Katoh, 1998, Electroencephalographic derivatives as a tool for predicting the depth of sedation and anesthesia induced by sevoflurane, Anesthesiology, 88, 642, 10.1097/00000542-199803000-00014
Kaufman, 1977, Biophysical mechanisms of anesthetic action: historical perspective and review of current concepts, Anesthesiology, 46, 49, 10.1097/00000542-197701000-00010
Kauzmann, 1959, Some factors in the interpretation of protein denaturation, Adv Protein Chem, 14, 1, 10.1016/S0065-3233(08)60608-7
Kawano, 2004, Molecular mechanisms of the inhibitory effects of propofol and thiamylal on sarcolemmal adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels, Anesthesiology, 100, 338, 10.1097/00000542-200402000-00024
Kendig, 2002, In vitro networks: subcortical mechanisms of anaesthetic action, Br J Anaesth, 89, 91, 10.1093/bja/aef158
Khakh, 2001, International union of pharmacology: XXIV. Current Status of the nomenclature and properties of P2X receptors and their subunits, Pharmacol Rev, 53, 107
Kindler, 2003, Amide local anesthetics potently inhibit the human tandem pore domain background K+ channel TASK-2 (KCNK5), J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 306, 84, 10.1124/jpet.103.049809
Kita, 1981, The partial molar volumes of anesthetics in lipid bilayers, Biochim Biophys Acta, 647, 130, 10.1016/0005-2736(81)90301-1
Koblin, 2000, Mechanisms of action, 48
Koblin, 1998, Minimum alveolar concentrations of noble gases, nitrogen, and sulfur hexafluoride in rats: helium and neon as nonimmobilizers (nonanesthetics), Anesth Analg, 87, 419, 10.1097/00000539-199808000-00035
Kochs, 1999, Middle latency auditory evoked responses and electroencephalographic derived variables do not predict movement to noxious stimulation during 1 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration isoflurane/nitrous oxide anesthesia, Anesth Analg, 88, 1412, 10.1097/00000539-199906000-00039
Krasowski, 2000, The actions of ether, alcohol and alkane general anaesthetics on GABAA and glycine receptors and the effects of TM2 and TM3 mutations, Br J Pharmacol, 129, 731, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703087
Krasowski, 2001, General anesthetic potencies of a series of propofol analogs correlate with potency for potentiation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) current at the GABAA receptor but not with lipid solubility, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 297, 338
Kurata, 2002, Functional magnetic resonance imaging reveals temporal dynamics of cerebral pain processing, 458
Kwok, 2004, Preconditioning of the myocardium by volatile anesthetics, Curr Med Chem Cardiovasc Hematol Agents, 2, 249, 10.2174/1568016043356318
Larrabee, 1952, Selective action of anesthetics on synapses and axons in mammalian sympathetic ganglia, J Neurophysiol, 15, 91, 10.1152/jn.1952.15.2.91
Lechleiter, 1986, Halothane-induced changes in acetylcholine receptor channel kinetics are attenuated by cholesterol, Biochim Biophys Acta, 856, 640, 10.1016/0005-2736(86)90159-8
Lee, 1976, Model for action of local anaesthetics, Nature, 262, 545, 10.1038/262545a0
Lee-Son, 1992, Stereoselective inhibition of neuronal sodium channels by local anesthetics, evidence for two sites of action?, Anesthesiology, 77, 324, 10.1097/00000542-199208000-00016
Leo, 1971, Partition coefficients and their uses, Chemical Reviews, 71, 525, 10.1021/cr60274a001
Li, 2000, Effects of halothane on GABAA receptor kinetics: evidence for slowed agonist unbinding, J Neurosci, 20, 899, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-03-00899.2000
Lins, 1995, The hydrophobic effect in protein folding, FASEB J, 9, 535, 10.1096/fasebj.9.7.7737462
Lipnick, 1991
Little, 1996, How has molecular pharmacology contributed to our understanding of the mechanism(s) of general anesthesia?, Pharmacol Ther, 69, 37, 10.1016/0163-7258(95)02030-6
Liu, 1993, Is there a cutoff in anesthetic potency for the normal alkanes?, Anesth Analg, 77, 12, 10.1213/00000539-199307000-00004
Loop, 2002, Thiopental inhibits the activation of nuclear factor-B, 341
Louis, 2001, Malignant hyperthermia: an inherited disorder of skeletal muscle Ca+ regulation, Biosci Rep, 21, 155, 10.1023/A:1013644107519
Lu, 2002, The general anesthetic pentobarbital slows desensitization and deactivation of the glycine receptor in the rat spinal dorsal horn neurons, J Biol Chem, 277, 41369, 10.1074/jbc.M206768200
Lukas, 1999, International union of pharmacology: XX. Current status of the nomenclature for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and their subunits, Pharmacol Rev, 51, 397
MacDonald, 1991, Actions of ketamine, phencyclidine and MK-801 on NMDA receptor currents in cultured mouse hippocampal neurones, J Physiol, 432, 483, 10.1113/jphysiol.1991.sp018396
Machleidt, 1972, The hydrophobic expansion of erythrocyte membranes by the phenol anesthetics, Biochim Biophys Acta, 255, 178, 10.1016/0005-2736(72)90020-X
Machu, 1994, Alcohols and anesthetics enhance the function of 5-hydroxytryptamine3 receptors expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 271, 898
MacIver, 1991, Anesthetic effects on resting membrane potential are voltage-dependent and agent-specific, Anesthesiology, 74, 83, 10.1097/00000542-199101000-00014
Martin, 1993, The effect of local anaesthetics on the ryanodine receptor/Ca2+ release channel of brain microsomal membranes, FEBS Lett, 328, 77, 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80969-2
Masaki, 2004, Attenuation of gap-junction-mediated signaling facilitated anesthetic effect of sevoflurane in the central nervous system of rats, Anesth Analg, 98, 647, 10.1213/01.ANE.0000103259.72635.72
Mascia, 1996, Enhancement of homomeric glycine receptor function by long-chain alcohols and anaesthetics, Br J Pharmacol, 119, 1331, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb16042.x
Mashimo, 2005, Basic and systemic mechanisms of anesthesia
McLarnon, 1986, Mechanism of nicotinic channel blockade by anesthetics, 155
McGivern, 1990, General anaesthetics and field currents in unclamped, unmyelinated axons of rat olfactory cortex, Br J Pharmacol, 101, 217, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1990.tb12116.x
Metcalfe, 1968, The proton relaxation of benzyl alcohol in erythrocyte membranes, Mol Pharmacol, 4, 87
Mihic, 1996, Inhibition of Rho1 receptor GABAergic currents by alcohols and volatile anesthetics, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 277, 411
Mihic, 1997, Sites of alcohol and volatile anaesthetic action on GABAA and glycine receptors, Nature, 389, 385, 10.1038/38738
Miller, 1985, The nature of the site of general anesthesia, Int Rev Neurobiol, 27, 1, 10.1016/S0074-7742(08)60555-3
Miller, 1999, Mechanisms of action
Miller, 2000
Miller, 2002, The nature of sites of general anaesthetic action, Br J Anaesth, 89, 17, 10.1093/bja/aef167
Miller, 1987, General anesthetic and specific effects of ethanol on acetylcholine receptors, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 492, 71, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb48656.x
Miller, 1972, Physicochemical approaches to the mode of action of general anesthetics, Anesthesiology, 36, 339, 10.1097/00000542-197204000-00008
Mintun, 2002, In vivo molecular brain imaging: approaches with positron emission tomography, 459
Miro, 1999, Effects of general anaesthetic procedures on mitochondrial function of human skeletal muscle, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 55, 35, 10.1007/s002280050589
Mohammadi, 2001, Structural requirements of phenol derivatives for direct activation of chloride currents via GABAA receptors, Eur J Pharmacol, 421, 85, 10.1016/S0014-2999(01)01033-0
Moody, 1997, Distinct loci mediate the direct and indirect actions of the anesthetic etomidate at GABA(A) receptors, J Neurochem, 69, 1310, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.69031310.x
Moss, 1991, Modulation of the general anesthetic sensitivity of a protein: a transition between two forms of firefly luciferase, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 88, 134, 10.1073/pnas.88.1.134
Mullins, 1954, Some physical mechanisms in narcosis, Chem Rev, 54, 289, 10.1021/cr60168a003
Murat, 1991, The effects of volatile anesthetics on the calcium sensitivity of cardiac myofilaments, Adv Exp Med Biol, 301, 181, 10.1007/978-1-4684-5979-1_16
Nagele, 2002, 262
Nakahiro, 1989, General anesthetics modulate GABA receptor channel complex in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons, FASEB J, 3, 1850, 10.1096/fasebj.3.7.2541038
Nakao, 1989, Effects of volatile anesthetics on cardiac calcium channels, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 33, 326, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1989.tb02917.x
Nakazawa, 1991, Comparison of adenosine triphosphate- and nicotine-activated inward currents in rat phaeochromocytoma cells, J Physiol, 434, 647, 10.1113/jphysiol.1991.sp018491
Nash, 2002, In vivo genetics of anaesthetic action, Br J Anaesth, 89, 143, 10.1093/bja/aef159
Nau, 1999, Stereoselectivity of bupivacaine in local anesthetic-sensitive ion channels of peripheral nerve, Anesthesiology, 91, 786, 10.1097/00000542-199909000-00031
Nishikawa, 2003, The actions of sevoflurane and desflurane on the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor type A: effects of TM2 mutations in the alpha and beta subunits, Anesthesiology, 99, 678, 10.1097/00000542-200309000-00024
Nishikawa, 2000, Excitatory synaptic transmission mediated by NMDA receptors is more sensitive to isoflurane than are non-NMDA receptor-mediated responses, Anesthesiology, 92, 228, 10.1097/00000542-200001000-00035
Nishimura, 2002, General anesthesia supresses nocturnal melatonin secretion, 436
North, 1997, Contrasting membrane localization and behavior of halogenated cyclobutanes that follow or violate the Meyer-Overton hypothesis of general anesthetic potency, Biophys J, 72, 1754, 10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78821-0
Nunn, 1971, Arrest of mitosis by halothane, Br J Anaesth, 43, 524, 10.1093/bja/43.6.524
Olofsen, 1999, The dynamic relationship between end-tidal sevoflurane and isoflurane concentrations and bispectral index and spectral edge frequency of the electroencephalogram, Anesthesiology, 90, 1345, 10.1097/00000542-199905000-00019
O'Shea, 2004, Propofol restores the function of “Hyperekplexic” mutant glycine receptors in xenopus oocytes and mice, J Neurosci, 24, 2322, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4675-03.2004
Orser, 1994, Propofol-induced neuroexcitation and receptor desensitization, Can J Anaesth, 41, 366, 10.1007/BF03009857
Orser, 1997, Multiple mechanisms of ketamine blockade of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, Anesthesiology, 86, 903, 10.1097/00000542-199704000-00021
Orser, 1998, General anaesthetics and their effects on GABAA receptor desensitization, Toxicol Lett, 100–101, 217, 10.1016/S0378-4274(98)00188-X
Orser, 2002, Increased desensitization of ampa receptors may cause hypersensitivity to anesthetics in GluR2 null mutant mice, 311
Oscarsson, 2001, Reorganization of actin in neurons after propofol exposure, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 45, 1215, 10.1034/j.1399-6576.2001.451007.x
Overton, 1901
Patel, 2001, Anesthetic-sensitive 2P domain K+ channels, Anesthesiology, 95, 1013, 10.1097/00000542-200110000-00034
Patel, 2003, 2P domain K+ channels: novel pharmacological targets for volatile general anesthetics, Adv Exp Med Biol, 536, 9, 10.1007/978-1-4419-9280-2_2
Patel, 2003, The general anesthetic propofol increases brain N-arachidonylethanolamine (Anandamide) content and inhibits fatty acid amide hydrolase, Br J Pharmacol, 139, 1005, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705334
Paton, 1967, The margin of safety of neuromuscular transmission, J Physiol, 191, 59, 10.1113/jphysiol.1967.sp008237
Pentyala, 2002, Intravenous anesthetics reduce airway resistance by their action on plasma membrane calcium pump, 404
Peoples, 2002, Inhibition of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors by straight-chain diols: implications for the mechanism of the alcohol cutoff effect, Mol Pharmacol, 61, 169, 10.1124/mol.61.1.169
Perlik, 1992, Somatosensory evoked potential surgical monitoring, observations during combined isoflurane-nitrous oxide anesthesia, Spine, 17, 273, 10.1097/00007632-199203000-00005
Pistis, 1997, The interaction of general anaesthetics with recombinant GABAA and glycine receptors expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes: a comparative study, Br J Pharmacol, 122, 1707, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701563
Planells-Cases, 2000, Arginine-rich peptides are blockers of VR-1 channels with analgesic activity, FEBS Lett, 481, 131, 10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01982-7
Pohorille, 1996, Interactions of anesthetics with the membrane–water interface, Chem Phys, 204, 337, 10.1016/0301-0104(95)00292-8
Pope, 1982, The influence of N-alkanols and cholesterol on the duration and conductance of gramicidin single channels in monoolein bilayers, Biochim Biophys Acta, 688, 279, 10.1016/0005-2736(82)90605-8
Pringle, 1981, Can the lipid theories of anesthesia account for the cutoff in anesthetic potency in homologous series of alcohols?, Mol Pharmacol, 19, 49
Rampil, 1998, A primer for EEG signal processing in anesthesia, Anesthesiology, 89, 980, 10.1097/00000542-199810000-00023
Rebecchi, 2002, Anaesthetic actions on other targets: protein kinase, C. and guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, Br J Anaesth, 89, 62, 10.1093/bja/aef160
Reeves, 2002, The molecular basis of the structure and function of the 5-HT3 receptor: a model ligand-gated ion channel, Mol Membr Biol, 19, 11, 10.1080/09687680110110048
Rehberg, 1999, Comparative pharmacodynamic modeling of the electroencephalography-slowing effect of isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane, Anesthesiology, 91, 397, 10.1097/00000542-199908000-00013
Rehberg, 1999, Suppression of central nervous system sodium channels by propofol, Anesthesiology, 91, 512, 10.1097/00000542-199908000-00026
Rehberg, 1995, Voltage- and frequency-dependent pentobarbital suppression of brain and muscle sodium channels expressed in a mammalian cell line, Mol Pharmacol, 48, 89
Rehberg, 1995, The membrane lipid cholesterol modulates anesthetic actions on a human brain ion channel, Anesthesiology, 82, 749, 10.1097/00000542-199503000-00017
Rehberg, 1996, Central nervous system sodium channels are significantly suppressed at clinical concentrations of volatile anesthetics, Anesthesiology, 84, 1223, 10.1097/00000542-199605000-00025
Reves, 2000, Nonbarbiturate intravenous anesthetics, 228
Reyes, 1979, Effect of the anesthetics benzyl alcohol and chloroform on bilayers made from monolayers, Biophys J, 28, 259, 10.1016/S0006-3495(79)85175-9
Richards, 1980, The mechanisms of general anaesthesia, 1
Richards, 2002, Anaesthetic modulation of synaptic transmission in the mammalian CNS, Br J Anaesth, 89, 79, 10.1093/bja/aef162
Richards, 1998
Richards, 1978, Degenerate perturbations of protein structure as the mechanism of anaesthetic action, Nature, 276, 775, 10.1038/276775a0
Roth, 1986
Roth, 1989, Actions of pentobarbital enantiomers on nicotinic cholinergic receptors, Mol Pharmacol, 36, 874
Roth, 2002, Receptor-mediated excitatory effects of general anesthetics, 381
Rubin, 1991, Molecular and cellular mechanisms of alcohol and anesthetics, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 625, 1, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb33825.x
Rudolph, 2004, Molecular and neuronal substrates for general anaesthetics, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5, 709, 10.1038/nrn1496
Samain, 2002, Isoflurane alters angiotensin II-induced Ca2+ mobilization in aortic smooth muscle cells from hypertensive rats: implication of cytoskeleton, Anesthesiology, 97, 642, 10.1097/00000542-200209000-00019
Sandorfy, 2002, Towards a comprehensive theory of general anesthesia, 66
Sandorfy, 2004, Weak intermolecular associations and anesthesia, Anesthesiology, 101, 1225, 10.1097/00000542-200411000-00024
Sandorfy, 1974, On the biological importance of the hydrogen bond breaking potency of fluorocarbons, Chemical Physics Letters, 26, 466, 10.1016/0009-2614(74)80392-1
Sanna, 1995, Novel properties of homomeric beta 1 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors: actions of the anesthetics propofol and pentobarbital, Mol Pharmacol, 47, 213
Sanna, 1995, Actions of the general anesthetic propofol on recombinant human GABAA receptors: influence of receptor subunits, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 274, 353
Sasaki, 2002, Barbiturates accelerate the recovery from brief hypoxia in area CA1 of rat hippocampal slices, 387
Saxon, 1988, Ryanodine in low concentrations is a Ca-release stimulator rather than inhibitor in rat myocardium, Gen Physiol Biophys, 7, 39
Schapira, 2002, Structural model of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor isotypes bound to acetylcholine and nicotine, BMC Struct Biol, 2, 1, 10.1186/1472-6807-2-1
Scheller, 1995, Enflurane blocks ion current through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther, 30, 370, 10.1055/s-2007-996512
Scheller, 1996, Ketamine blocks currents through mammalian nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channels by interaction with both the open and the closed state, Anesth Analg, 83, 830, 10.1097/00000539-199610000-00031
Scheller, 1997, Isoflurane and sevoflurane interact with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channels in micromolar concentrations, Anesthesiology, 86, 118, 10.1097/00000542-199701000-00016
Scholz, 2002, Mechanisms of (Local) anaesthetics on voltage-gated sodium and other ion channels, Br J Anaesth, 89, 52, 10.1093/bja/aef163
Schüttler, 1990, Steuerung der totalen intravenösen Anästhesie, 72
Schüttler, 1985, infusion strategies to investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of hypnotic drugs: etomidate as an example, Eur J Anaesthesiol, 2, 133
Schwarz, 2002, CNS effects of local anesthetics: novel lidocaine actions in the thalamus, 233
Schwinn, 2000, Basic principles of pharmacology related to anesthesia, 15
Seeman, 1972, The membrane actions of anesthetics and tranquilizers, Pharmacol Rev, 24, 583
Seeman, 1972, General anesthetics expand cell membranes at surgical concentrations, Biochim Biophys Acta, 255, 171, 10.1016/0005-2736(72)90019-3
Singer, 1972, The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes, Science, 175, 720, 10.1126/science.175.4023.720
Slater, 1993, Inhibition of protein kinase C. by alcohols and anaesthetics, Nature, 364, 82, 10.1038/364082a0
Sloan, 1998, Anesthetic effects on electrophysiologic recordings, J Clin Neurophysiol, 15, 217, 10.1097/00004691-199805000-00005
Smith, 1994, The interaction of fentanyl on the Cp50 of propofol for loss of consciousness and skin incision, Anesthesiology, 81, 820, 10.1097/00000542-199410000-00008
Sonner, 1998, Desflurane and the nonimmobilizer 1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane suppress learning by a mechanism independent of the level of unconditioned stimulation, Anesth Analg, 87, 200, 10.1097/00000539-199807000-00041
Sonner, 2003, Inhaled anesthetics and immobility: mechanisms, mysteries, and minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration, Anesth Analg, 97, 718, 10.1213/01.ANE.0000081063.76651.33
Speers, 1971, General anesthetics: 2. Halogenated methyl isopropyl ethers, J Med Chem, 14, 593, 10.1021/jm00289a009
Stanski, 2000, Monitoring depth of anesthesia, 1087
Steinbach, 2001, Modulation of GABAA receptor channel gating by pentobarbital, J Physiol, 537, 715, 10.1113/jphysiol.2001.012818
Stephenson, 1956, A modification of receptor theory, Br J Pharmacol, 11, 379
Stevens, 2005, Molecular properties important for inhaled anesthetic action on human 5-HT3A receptors, Anesth Analg, 100, 1696, 10.1213/01.ANE.0000151720.36988.09
Stoelting, 2001, Nonopiod intravenous anesthetics, 249
Stoelting, 1970, Minimum alveolar concentrations in man on awakening from methoxyflurane, halothane, ether and fluroxene anesthesia: MAC awake, Anesthesiology, 33, 5, 10.1097/00000542-197007000-00004
Suzuki, 2002, Biphasic effects of isoflurane on the cardiac action potential: an ionic basis for anesthetic-induced changes in cardiac electrophysiology, Anesthesiology, 97, 1209, 10.1097/00000542-200211000-00026
Suzuki, 2002, The diverse actions of volatile and gaseous anesthetics on human-cloned 5-hydroxytryptamine3 receptors expressed in xenopus oocytes, Anesthesiology, 96, 699, 10.1097/00000542-200203000-00028
Sweetman, 1982, Effect of the general anaesthetics, alphaxalone, hexobarbitone and halothane on calcium uptake into rat brain mitochondria in vitro and in vivo, Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol, 4, 299
Taheri, 1991, What solvent best represents the site of action of inhaled anesthetics in humans, rats, and dogs?, Anesth Analg, 72, 627, 10.1213/00000539-199105000-00010
Taheri, 1993, Anesthesia by N-alkanes not consistent with the Meyer-Overton hypothesis: determinations of the solubilities of alkanes in saline and various lipids, Anesth Analg, 77, 7, 10.1213/00000539-199307000-00003
Tanford, 1997, How protein chemists learned about the hydrophobic factor, Protein Sci, 6, 1358, 10.1002/pro.5560060627
Tang, 2002, Large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of general anesthetic effects on the ion channel in the fully hydrated membrane: the implication of molecular mechanisms of general anesthesia, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99, 16035, 10.1073/pnas.252522299
Tang, 2000, General anesthetic binding to gramicidin A: the structural requirements, Biophys J, 78, 1804, 10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76730-0
Tang, 2002, Effects of volatile anesthetic on channel structure of gramicidin A, Biophys J, 83, 1413, 10.1016/S0006-3495(02)73912-X
Tang, 1997, Different distribution of fluorinated anesthetics and nonanesthetics in model membrane: a 19F NMR study, Biophys J, 72, 1676, 10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78813-1
Telford, 1992, Fentanyl does not alter the “sleep” plasma concentration of thiopental, Anesth Analg, 75, 523, 10.1213/00000539-199210000-00010
Terrell, 1971, General Anesthetics: 1. Halogenated methyl ethyl ethers as anesthetic agents, J Med Chem, 14, 517, 10.1021/jm00288a014
Terrell, 1972, General anesthetics: 3. Fluorinated methyl ethyl ethers as anesthetic agents, J Med Chem, 15, 604, 10.1021/jm00276a008
Tetko, 2002, Application of associative neural networks for prediction of lipophilicity in ALOGPS 2.1 program, J Chem Inf Comput Sci, 42, 1136, 10.1021/ci025515j
Tetko, 2001, Prediction of N-octanol/water partition coefficients from PHYSPROP database using artificial neural networks and E-state indices, J Chem Inf Comput Sci, 41, 1407, 10.1021/ci010368v
Thompson, 2001, Locating an antagonist in the 5-HT3 receptor binding site: a modeling and radioligand binding study, J Biol Chem, 280, 20476, 10.1074/jbc.M413610200
Thornton, 1984, Effects of halothane or enflurane with controlled ventilation on auditory evoked potentials, Br J Anaesth, 56, 315, 10.1093/bja/56.4.315
Thornton, 1989, Effect of propofol on the auditory evoked response and oesophageal contractility, Br J Anaesth, 63, 411, 10.1093/bja/63.4.411
Ting, 2003, Neuronal network modelling of the effects of anaesthetic agents on somatosensory pathways, Biol Cybern, 88, 99, 10.1007/s00422-002-0346-x
Todorovic, 1998, Pharmacological properties of T-Type Ca2+ current in adult rat sensory neurons: effects of anticonvulsant and anesthetic agents, J Neurophysiol, 79, 240, 10.1152/jn.1998.79.1.240
Todorovic, 2000, Anticonvulsants but not general anesthetics have differential blocking effects on different T-type current variants, Mol Pharmacol, 58, 98, 10.1124/mol.58.1.98
Tomioka, 2000, Propofol potentiates ATP-activated currents of recombinant P2X(4) receptor channels expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, Neurosci Lett, 284, 167, 10.1016/S0304-3940(00)01014-4
Tonner, 1992, The general anesthetic potency of propofol and its dependence on hydrostatic pressure, Anesthesiology, 77, 926, 10.1097/00000542-199211000-00015
Tonner, 1997, Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase decreases anesthetic requirements of intravenous anesthetics in xenopus laevis, Anesthesiology, 87, 1479, 10.1097/00000542-199712000-00027
Tonner, 1999, l-nitroargininemethylester (l-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, increases the anesthetic potency of etomidate, Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther, 34, 136, 10.1055/s-1999-8739
Tosteson, 1969
Trudell, 1977, A unitary theory of anesthesia based on lateral phase separations in nerve membranes, Anesthesiology, 46, 5, 10.1097/00000542-197701000-00003
Trudell, 2002, Molecular modelling of specific and non-specific anaesthetic interactions, Br J Anaesth, 89, 32, 10.1093/bja/aef157
Tsuchiya, 2001, Structure-specific membrane-fluidizing effect of propofol, Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 28, 292, 10.1046/j.1440-1681.2001.03441.x
Tsuchiya, 1990, Halothane impairs the bioenergetic functions of isolated rat liver mitochondria, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 104, 466, 10.1016/0041-008X(90)90168-T
Tsutsumi, 2001, Propofol activates vanilloid receptor channels expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, Neurosci Lett, 312, 45, 10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02185-1
Ueda, 1976, Molecular mechanism of inhibition of firefly luminescence by local anesthetics, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 73, 481, 10.1073/pnas.73.2.481
Ueda, 1986, Do anesthetics fluidize membranes?, Anesthesiology, 64, 67, 10.1097/00000542-198601000-00010
Unwin, 2005, Refined structure of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at 4A resolution, J Mol Biol, 346, 967, 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.12.031
Urban, 1993, Differential effects of gaseous and volatile anaesthetics on sodium and potassium channels, Br J Anaesth, 71, 25, 10.1093/bja/71.1.25
Urban, 2002, Current assessment of targets and theories of anaesthesia, Br J Anaesth, 89, 167, 10.1093/bja/aef165
Urban, 2002
Urban, 2002, Concepts and correlations relevant to general anaesthesia, Br J Anaesth, 89, 3, 10.1093/bja/aef164
Urban, 1987, The actions of halogenated ethers on the ionic currents of the squid giant axon, Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 231, 13, 10.1098/rspb.1987.0032
Urban, 1991, Molecular models of anesthetic action on sodium channels, including those from human brain, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 625, 327, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb33861.x
Vahle-Hinz, 2002, What can in vivo electrophysiology in animal models tell us about mechanisms of anaesthesia?, Br J Anaesth, 89, 123, 10.1093/bja/aef166
Valenzuela, 1995, Stereoselective block of a human cardiac potassium channel (Kv1.5) by bupivacaine enantiomers, Biophysical Journal, 69, 418, 10.1016/S0006-3495(95)79914-3
Vanderkooi, 1977, Interaction of general anesthetics with phospholipid vesicles and biological membranes, Biochim Biophys Acta, 464, 1, 10.1016/0005-2736(77)90366-2
Veselis, 2002, Novel insights into drug-memory interactions using functional neuroimaging (FNI) techniques, 447
Violet, 1997, Differential sensitivities of mammalian neuronal and muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to general anesthetics, Anesthesiology, 86, 866, 10.1097/00000542-199704000-00017
Waizer, 1973, A method for determining minimum alveolar concentration of anesthetic in the rat, Anesthesiology, 39, 394, 10.1097/00000542-197310000-00009
Wakamori, 1991, Effects of two volatile anesthetics and a volatile convulsant on the excitatory and inhibitory amino acid responses in dissociated CNS neurons of the rat, J Neurophysiol, 66, 2014, 10.1152/jn.1991.66.6.2014
Weigl, 2002, G protein gated inwardly rectifying potassium channels are targets for volatile anesthetics, 195
White, 1980, Pharmacology of ketamine isomers in surgical patients, Anesthesiology, 52, 231, 10.1097/00000542-198003000-00008
Wittmann, 2002, Thiopentone and propofol inhibit the expression of FMLP receptors in human neutrophils in vitro, 273
Yaksh, 1998
Yamakura, 2000, Effects of gaseous anesthetics nitrous oxide and xenon on ligand-gated ion channels, comparison with isoflurane and ethanol, Anesthesiology, 93, 1095, 10.1097/00000542-200010000-00034
Yamakura, 1995, Effects of propofol on various AMPA-, kainate- and NMDA-selective glutamate receptor channels expressed in xenopus oocytes, Neurosci Lett, 188, 187, 10.1016/0304-3940(95)11431-U
Yost, 1999, Potassium channels: basic aspects, functional roles, and medical significance, Anesthesiology, 90, 1186, 10.1097/00000542-199904000-00035
Yost, 2003, Update on tandem pore (2P) domain K+ channels, Curr Drug Targets, 4, 347, 10.2174/1389450033491091
Yost, 2002, Tandem pore (2P) domain K+ channels as anesthetic targets, 203
Zhang, 1997, Volatile general anaesthetic actions on recombinant nACh alpha 7, 5-HT3 and chimeric nACh alpha 7-5-HT3 receptors expressed in xenopus oocytes, Br J Pharmacol, 120, 353, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0700934
Zhou, 1996, Pharmacologic characteristics of potentiation of 5-HT3 receptors by alcohols and diethyl ether in NCB-20 neuroblastoma cells, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 278, 732
Zimmerman, 1994, Potentiation of gamma-aminobutyric acida receptor Cl- current correlates with in vivo anesthetic potency, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 270, 987
Zink, 2002, Modulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis by tetracaine in skinned skeletal muscle fibres—reasons for its moderate myotoxicity?, 330
Zink, 2002, Differential effects of bupivacaine on intracellular Ca2+ regulation: potential mechanisms of its myotoxicity, Anesthesiology, 97, 710, 10.1097/00000542-200209000-00026
Zuo, 2001, Dual action of N-alcohols on neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, Mol Pharmacol, 60, 700
Zuo, 2002, Alcohol modulation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors is alpha subunit dependent, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 26, 779